ITFT_Osi reference model
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The OSI reference model defines a standard framework for how information is communicated between computers. It consists of 7 layers, with each layer defining a set of rules or protocols for how data is formatted and transmitted between devices. The physical layer deals with physical connections and transmission of raw bits. Higher layers deal with networking, routing, sessions, data translation and presentation for applications. Gateways allow communication between systems that use different protocols by translating between protocol layers. The OSI model provides interoperability standards for network communication.
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Osi reference model in Networking
Osi reference model in Networking
for more visit these links
[1] - http://www.newtutorialslab.com/
[2] - http://www.ansmachine.net/
Lalit bhati ppt osi
The document discusses the OSI model, which divides networking into 7 layers (physical, data link, network, transport, session, presentation, application) and standardizes network communication. It established the need for standards to ensure interoperability between different network implementations and describes the basic functions of each OSI layer and how data is encapsulated as it moves down the layers of the model.
Osi Model
The International Standards Organization created the Open Systems Interconnection model to allow diverse systems to communicate across networks. The seven-layer OSI model provides guidelines for developing universally compatible networking protocols, with each layer defining a segment of the process of moving information across a network. The physical layer coordinates transmission over a physical medium, while the data link layer delivers data units without errors. The network layer handles source-to-destination delivery across multiple links, and the transport layer provides process-to-process delivery of entire messages.
Viloria osi layer4-7
The document discusses the Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) reference model, which introduced standards for network communication. The OSI model organizes network functions into seven layers, with each layer building on the services provided by the previous layer. Layers 1-4 deal with flow of data through the network, while layers 5-7 deal with services for applications. The model helps ensure compatibility between different network technologies.
Osi reference model
The document summarizes the seven layers of the OSI reference model:
1. The physical layer defines electrical and physical specifications for transmitting data across a medium.
2. The data link layer provides access to the network media and uses MAC addresses to reliably transmit data across a physical link.
3. The network layer defines logical addressing, routing, and packet fragmentation to enable end-to-end delivery of packets across networks.
The Osi Model
The OSI model was developed by ISO to establish a common way for different networks and systems to communicate. It is a 7 layer model where each layer has a specific function. The physical layer deals with transmitting raw bits of data and the application layer deals with processes and programs. The layers in between ensure data is packaged and transmitted reliably and efficiently between applications on different systems. The OSI model provides a standard framework for designing network protocols and allows systems from different vendors to communicate through the use of common protocols at each layer.
OSI Layers
The OSI model is a layered architecture for networking that breaks down communication functions into 7 distinct layers. Each layer performs a subset of communication functions and relies on the layer below it. Changes to one layer should not require changes in other layers. The layers are physical, data link, network, transport, session, presentation, and application. The physical layer transmits individual bits, the data link layer transmits frames between two nodes, the network layer delivers packets across networks, the transport layer delivers messages between processes, and the upper layers establish communication sessions, define data formats, and provide services to users.
Chapter 1.2 osi model
The Open Systems Interconnection model (OSI model) is a conceptual model that characterizes and standardizes the communication functions of a telecommunication or computing system without regard to its underlying internal structure and technology.
Recommended
Osi reference model in Networking
Osi reference model in Networking
for more visit these links
[1] - http://www.newtutorialslab.com/
[2] - http://www.ansmachine.net/
Lalit bhati ppt osi
The document discusses the OSI model, which divides networking into 7 layers (physical, data link, network, transport, session, presentation, application) and standardizes network communication. It established the need for standards to ensure interoperability between different network implementations and describes the basic functions of each OSI layer and how data is encapsulated as it moves down the layers of the model.
Osi Model
The International Standards Organization created the Open Systems Interconnection model to allow diverse systems to communicate across networks. The seven-layer OSI model provides guidelines for developing universally compatible networking protocols, with each layer defining a segment of the process of moving information across a network. The physical layer coordinates transmission over a physical medium, while the data link layer delivers data units without errors. The network layer handles source-to-destination delivery across multiple links, and the transport layer provides process-to-process delivery of entire messages.
Viloria osi layer4-7
The document discusses the Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) reference model, which introduced standards for network communication. The OSI model organizes network functions into seven layers, with each layer building on the services provided by the previous layer. Layers 1-4 deal with flow of data through the network, while layers 5-7 deal with services for applications. The model helps ensure compatibility between different network technologies.
Osi reference model
The document summarizes the seven layers of the OSI reference model:
1. The physical layer defines electrical and physical specifications for transmitting data across a medium.
2. The data link layer provides access to the network media and uses MAC addresses to reliably transmit data across a physical link.
3. The network layer defines logical addressing, routing, and packet fragmentation to enable end-to-end delivery of packets across networks.
The Osi Model
The OSI model was developed by ISO to establish a common way for different networks and systems to communicate. It is a 7 layer model where each layer has a specific function. The physical layer deals with transmitting raw bits of data and the application layer deals with processes and programs. The layers in between ensure data is packaged and transmitted reliably and efficiently between applications on different systems. The OSI model provides a standard framework for designing network protocols and allows systems from different vendors to communicate through the use of common protocols at each layer.
OSI Layers
The OSI model is a layered architecture for networking that breaks down communication functions into 7 distinct layers. Each layer performs a subset of communication functions and relies on the layer below it. Changes to one layer should not require changes in other layers. The layers are physical, data link, network, transport, session, presentation, and application. The physical layer transmits individual bits, the data link layer transmits frames between two nodes, the network layer delivers packets across networks, the transport layer delivers messages between processes, and the upper layers establish communication sessions, define data formats, and provide services to users.
Chapter 1.2 osi model
The Open Systems Interconnection model (OSI model) is a conceptual model that characterizes and standardizes the communication functions of a telecommunication or computing system without regard to its underlying internal structure and technology.
OSI Reerence Model
The document discusses the OSI reference model, which defines 7 layers of network communication: physical, data link, network, transport, session, presentation, and application. Each layer has a specific role, such as the physical layer being responsible for transmitting raw bits over a communication medium and the network layer handling routing between devices. The layered approach separates network functionality and allows different aspects of communication to be developed independently.
Osi Layer model provided by TopTechy.com
The document summarizes the Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) model, which describes how information is transferred between software applications running on different computers connected over a network. It explains that the OSI model defines 7 layers - physical, data link, network, transport, session, presentation and application layer - through which data passes as it travels from the source to destination. Each layer adds header information and communicates with its corresponding layer in the source/destination computer as well as with layers above and below it to successfully transfer information between applications across a network.
Osi model(open system interconnection)
The OSI model is a standard reference model for network communication that consists of 7 layers:
1) The physical layer is responsible for the movements of individual bits from one hop to the next.
2) The data link layer is responsible for moving frames from one hop to the next.
3) The network layer is responsible for the delivery of individual packets from the source host to the destination host.
OSI reference model
The Open Systems Interconnection model (OSI model) is a conceptual model that characterizes and standardizes the communication functions of a telecommunication or computing system without regard to their underlying internal structure and technology.
OSI model
The document describes the 7 layers of the Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) model, which is a standard framework for network communication. Each layer builds on the previous one, with Layer 1 being the physical level and Layer 7 the application level. The layers work together to establish and manage the connection between applications across an end-to-end network communication. Each layer has a specific role, such as the transport layer providing reliable data transmission and the network layer handling routing and addressing between nodes.
open system interconnection
Learn what the Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) reference model is and how its seven layers of functions provide vendors and developers with a common language for discussing how messages should be transmitted between any two points in a telecommunication network.
: Instead of serving as protocol, the OSI model has become a teaching tool that shows how different tasks within a network should be handled in order to promote error-free data transmission.
An Introduction to the OSI ModelSource: Flickr/jonjohnson
The open system interconnection model, better known as the OSI model, is a network map that was originally developed as a universal standard for creating networks. But instead of serving as a model with agreed-upon protocols that would be used worldwide, the OSI model has become a teaching tool that shows how different tasks within a network should be handled in order to promote error-free data transmission.
These jobs are split into seven layers, each of which depends on the function’s “handed-off” from other layers. As a result, the OSI model also provides a guide for troubleshooting network problems by tracking them down to a specific layer. Here we’ll take a look at the layers of the OSI model and what functions they perform within a network.
The Osi Model And Layers
The OSI model defines a standard framework for how applications can communicate over a network through 7 layers of abstraction: Physical, Data Link, Network, Transport, Session, Presentation, and Application. Each layer has a specific purpose and set of protocols to convert data between layers, establish connections, route packets, ensure reliable and secure delivery of data, and interface with applications. The layers work together to take a message from an application, convert it to bits for transmission over a physical medium, and reconstruct it back to a message at the destination.
A Technical Seminar on OSI model
The document discusses a technical seminar on the OSI model. It describes the seven layers of the OSI model, including the physical, data link, network, transport, session, presentation and application layers. It explains the functions of each layer and how they interact to exchange data and deliver messages from source to destination across networks.
Osi model
The document discusses the OSI Reference Model, which divides networking functions into 7 layers - physical, data link, network, transport, session, presentation, and application layer. Each layer has distinct responsibilities and provides services to the layer above it. The model was developed by ISO to standardize network communication and ensure compatibility between different systems.
Osi reference model
The document describes the 7-layer OSI reference model developed by ISO in 1983 to standardize communication between systems and devices. It provides an overview of each layer, including the physical layer which defines electrical specifications, the data link layer which handles framing and error control, the network layer which performs routing between networks, the transport layer which provides reliable data transfer, the session layer which establishes connections, the presentation layer which translates between data formats, and the application layer which interacts directly with software applications. The model arranges the layers with each building upon the previous to standardize communication functions across different systems.
OSI models
The document discusses the OSI model, which is a standard framework for network architecture. The OSI model divides network communication into 7 layers, with each layer building on the services of the layer below. The layers are physical, data link, network, transport, session, presentation, and application. Each layer has a specific role, with lower layers handling physical transmission and higher layers focusing on services for applications and users.
006 Osi Model
The document provides an overview of the seven-layer OSI model for computer networking. It describes each layer and its functions, including the physical, data link, network, transport, session, presentation and application layers. The physical layer defines cable specifications, the data link layer provides addressing and error detection, and the network layer enables routing between different networks using logical addresses. Higher layers include the transport layer for reliable data transmission, and the session, presentation and application layers for establishing communication between applications and presenting data to the end user.
Osi model
The document discusses the OSI model, which is a standard networking framework that defines 7 layers of communication. It was developed by ISO in 1984 to establish a common way for diverse communication systems to interconnect. Each layer performs a specific task, with higher layers focusing on software services and lower layers handling physical transmission. Data moves down the layers as it's transmitted, with each layer adding header information.
OSI Model - Open Systems Interconnection
The Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) reference model has served as the most basic elements of computer networking since the inception in 1984. The OSI Reference Model is based on a proposal developed by the International Standards Organization (ISO).
OSI MODEL
The OSI model defines a standard approach to network communication with 7 layers - physical, data link, network, transport, session, presentation and application. Each layer has a specific function, with the lower layers focusing on physical connectivity and error checking and the upper layers providing services to applications. Information is encapsulated as it moves down the layers and headers are added before being de-encapsulated as it moves up the layers at the receiving end. The model separates network functions and allows components from different vendors to work together.
OSI Network model ppt
The OSI Network Model is a 7-layer model created by ISO to provide a logical framework for how data communication processes should interact across networks. The 7 layers are physical, data link, network, transport, session, presentation, and application. Each layer has a specific role, with lower layers focusing on actual data transmission and higher layers providing services to users and applications.
Osi Model
The document discusses the layered architecture model known as the Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) model. The OSI model contains seven layers that each perform a specific communication function and rely on the layer below. It describes the functions of each layer, including the physical, data link, network, transport, session, presentation, and application layers. The layered design philosophy breaks communication tasks into simpler sub-tasks at each independent layer to standardize network communication.
OSI Model
This document discusses network models and addressing in computer networks. It describes the OSI 7-layer model and its layers from physical to application layer. It also discusses the TCP/IP protocol suite and how it maps to the OSI model. Finally, it covers the different types of addressing used in networks, including physical, logical, port, and specific addresses.
Osi layers
The OSI model defines a framework for networking with 7 layers - physical, data link, network, transport, session, presentation and application. Control is passed between layers as data moves up and down the stack. Each layer provides services to the layer above it and receives services from the layer below. Common protocols and technologies are used to implement specific functions at each layer, including routing, addressing, error handling and data formatting.
Osi reference model
This document provides an overview of the Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) model, which defines seven layers of network communication. It describes each layer's functions and responsibilities, including the physical layer for transmitting bits, the data link layer for framing and addressing, the network layer for routing packets, the transport layer for process-to-process delivery, the session layer for dialog control, the presentation layer for data translation, and the application layer for user interfaces and services. The OSI model was designed by ISO in the late 1970s to provide a standard framework for network protocol implementation across different systems.
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OSI Reerence Model
The document discusses the OSI reference model, which defines 7 layers of network communication: physical, data link, network, transport, session, presentation, and application. Each layer has a specific role, such as the physical layer being responsible for transmitting raw bits over a communication medium and the network layer handling routing between devices. The layered approach separates network functionality and allows different aspects of communication to be developed independently.
Osi Layer model provided by TopTechy.com
The document summarizes the Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) model, which describes how information is transferred between software applications running on different computers connected over a network. It explains that the OSI model defines 7 layers - physical, data link, network, transport, session, presentation and application layer - through which data passes as it travels from the source to destination. Each layer adds header information and communicates with its corresponding layer in the source/destination computer as well as with layers above and below it to successfully transfer information between applications across a network.
Osi model(open system interconnection)
The OSI model is a standard reference model for network communication that consists of 7 layers:
1) The physical layer is responsible for the movements of individual bits from one hop to the next.
2) The data link layer is responsible for moving frames from one hop to the next.
3) The network layer is responsible for the delivery of individual packets from the source host to the destination host.
OSI reference model
The Open Systems Interconnection model (OSI model) is a conceptual model that characterizes and standardizes the communication functions of a telecommunication or computing system without regard to their underlying internal structure and technology.
OSI model
The document describes the 7 layers of the Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) model, which is a standard framework for network communication. Each layer builds on the previous one, with Layer 1 being the physical level and Layer 7 the application level. The layers work together to establish and manage the connection between applications across an end-to-end network communication. Each layer has a specific role, such as the transport layer providing reliable data transmission and the network layer handling routing and addressing between nodes.
open system interconnection
Learn what the Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) reference model is and how its seven layers of functions provide vendors and developers with a common language for discussing how messages should be transmitted between any two points in a telecommunication network.
: Instead of serving as protocol, the OSI model has become a teaching tool that shows how different tasks within a network should be handled in order to promote error-free data transmission.
An Introduction to the OSI ModelSource: Flickr/jonjohnson
The open system interconnection model, better known as the OSI model, is a network map that was originally developed as a universal standard for creating networks. But instead of serving as a model with agreed-upon protocols that would be used worldwide, the OSI model has become a teaching tool that shows how different tasks within a network should be handled in order to promote error-free data transmission.
These jobs are split into seven layers, each of which depends on the function’s “handed-off” from other layers. As a result, the OSI model also provides a guide for troubleshooting network problems by tracking them down to a specific layer. Here we’ll take a look at the layers of the OSI model and what functions they perform within a network.
The Osi Model And Layers
The OSI model defines a standard framework for how applications can communicate over a network through 7 layers of abstraction: Physical, Data Link, Network, Transport, Session, Presentation, and Application. Each layer has a specific purpose and set of protocols to convert data between layers, establish connections, route packets, ensure reliable and secure delivery of data, and interface with applications. The layers work together to take a message from an application, convert it to bits for transmission over a physical medium, and reconstruct it back to a message at the destination.
A Technical Seminar on OSI model
The document discusses a technical seminar on the OSI model. It describes the seven layers of the OSI model, including the physical, data link, network, transport, session, presentation and application layers. It explains the functions of each layer and how they interact to exchange data and deliver messages from source to destination across networks.
Osi model
The document discusses the OSI Reference Model, which divides networking functions into 7 layers - physical, data link, network, transport, session, presentation, and application layer. Each layer has distinct responsibilities and provides services to the layer above it. The model was developed by ISO to standardize network communication and ensure compatibility between different systems.
Osi reference model
The document describes the 7-layer OSI reference model developed by ISO in 1983 to standardize communication between systems and devices. It provides an overview of each layer, including the physical layer which defines electrical specifications, the data link layer which handles framing and error control, the network layer which performs routing between networks, the transport layer which provides reliable data transfer, the session layer which establishes connections, the presentation layer which translates between data formats, and the application layer which interacts directly with software applications. The model arranges the layers with each building upon the previous to standardize communication functions across different systems.
OSI models
The document discusses the OSI model, which is a standard framework for network architecture. The OSI model divides network communication into 7 layers, with each layer building on the services of the layer below. The layers are physical, data link, network, transport, session, presentation, and application. Each layer has a specific role, with lower layers handling physical transmission and higher layers focusing on services for applications and users.
006 Osi Model
The document provides an overview of the seven-layer OSI model for computer networking. It describes each layer and its functions, including the physical, data link, network, transport, session, presentation and application layers. The physical layer defines cable specifications, the data link layer provides addressing and error detection, and the network layer enables routing between different networks using logical addresses. Higher layers include the transport layer for reliable data transmission, and the session, presentation and application layers for establishing communication between applications and presenting data to the end user.
Osi model
The document discusses the OSI model, which is a standard networking framework that defines 7 layers of communication. It was developed by ISO in 1984 to establish a common way for diverse communication systems to interconnect. Each layer performs a specific task, with higher layers focusing on software services and lower layers handling physical transmission. Data moves down the layers as it's transmitted, with each layer adding header information.
OSI Model - Open Systems Interconnection
The Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) reference model has served as the most basic elements of computer networking since the inception in 1984. The OSI Reference Model is based on a proposal developed by the International Standards Organization (ISO).
OSI MODEL
The OSI model defines a standard approach to network communication with 7 layers - physical, data link, network, transport, session, presentation and application. Each layer has a specific function, with the lower layers focusing on physical connectivity and error checking and the upper layers providing services to applications. Information is encapsulated as it moves down the layers and headers are added before being de-encapsulated as it moves up the layers at the receiving end. The model separates network functions and allows components from different vendors to work together.
OSI Network model ppt
The OSI Network Model is a 7-layer model created by ISO to provide a logical framework for how data communication processes should interact across networks. The 7 layers are physical, data link, network, transport, session, presentation, and application. Each layer has a specific role, with lower layers focusing on actual data transmission and higher layers providing services to users and applications.
Osi Model
The document discusses the layered architecture model known as the Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) model. The OSI model contains seven layers that each perform a specific communication function and rely on the layer below. It describes the functions of each layer, including the physical, data link, network, transport, session, presentation, and application layers. The layered design philosophy breaks communication tasks into simpler sub-tasks at each independent layer to standardize network communication.
OSI Model
This document discusses network models and addressing in computer networks. It describes the OSI 7-layer model and its layers from physical to application layer. It also discusses the TCP/IP protocol suite and how it maps to the OSI model. Finally, it covers the different types of addressing used in networks, including physical, logical, port, and specific addresses.
Osi layers
The OSI model defines a framework for networking with 7 layers - physical, data link, network, transport, session, presentation and application. Control is passed between layers as data moves up and down the stack. Each layer provides services to the layer above it and receives services from the layer below. Common protocols and technologies are used to implement specific functions at each layer, including routing, addressing, error handling and data formatting.
Osi reference model
This document provides an overview of the Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) model, which defines seven layers of network communication. It describes each layer's functions and responsibilities, including the physical layer for transmitting bits, the data link layer for framing and addressing, the network layer for routing packets, the transport layer for process-to-process delivery, the session layer for dialog control, the presentation layer for data translation, and the application layer for user interfaces and services. The OSI model was designed by ISO in the late 1970s to provide a standard framework for network protocol implementation across different systems.
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- The TCP/IP model has 4 layers - host-to-network, internet, transport and application. The internet layer uses IP to route packets independently to their destination.
- Popular application layer protocols like FTP, SSH and Telnet are described in detail regarding their functions and how they establish secure connections to transmit data over networks.
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Dc lec-06 & 07 (osi model)
The document discusses the OSI model, which is a conceptual model that characterizes and standardizes the communication functions of a networking system without regard to their underlying internal structure and technology. It describes the seven layers of the OSI model from physical layer to application layer, and explains the functions of each layer, including physical addressing, framing, routing, error control, and providing services to applications. The layered architecture allows complete interoperability between different systems.
Osi model 7 Layers
OSI layers describes how the data can be send from one parties to another during data communication. it also gives the detailed information of how the data functionally divided into small pieces and reaches the destination.
tcpiposi.pptx
A document about TCP/IP and OSI would typically cover two major networking models: the TCP/IP model and the OSI model. These models are both conceptual frameworks that describe the layers of communication protocols that are necessary for data to be transmitted over a network.
The TCP/IP model is a four-layer model that is used by the Internet. It includes the Application layer, Transport layer, Internet layer, and Network Access layer. Each layer has a specific function, such as providing application-level services, ensuring reliable data transmission, routing packets over the Internet, and controlling the physical transmission of data over the network.
The OSI model, on the other hand, is a seven-layer model that was developed by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO). It includes the Application layer, Presentation layer, Session layer, Transport layer, Network layer, Data Link layer, and Physical layer. Each layer in this model also has a specific function, such as formatting data for presentation, managing communication sessions between network nodes, and managing physical connections between network devices.
In a document about TCP/IP and OSI, you might find information on the similarities and differences between the two models, the advantages and disadvantages of each model, and examples of how each model is used in real-world networking scenarios. You might also find information on specific protocols that are used within each model, such as TCP, UDP, IP, and Ethernet, and how these protocols work together to facilitate communication between network devices.
open system interconnection referencemodel.ppt
The document provides information about the OSI model and TCP/IP reference model. It describes the seven layers of the OSI model from the physical layer to the application layer and summarizes the responsibilities of each layer. It then compares the OSI model to the TCP/IP reference model, noting their similarities like layered architecture and application layers, as well as differences such as TCP/IP combining layers and being more simplified.
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ITFT_Osi reference model
- 2. Why to learn OSI reference Model? The answer is too simple that It tells us that how communication takes place between computers on internet but how??
- 3. Nowadays, When we talk about communication of computer we got to know a term communication protocols. What are they?? Set of rules which defines the rules followed by all involved in the process of communication but what are they actually??
- 4. What if someone is using some other rules/Protocols? If it is necessary to communicate with computers following totally different protocols then we have to connect a device called Gateway between such systems. Gateways are computers loaded with special software, which do the job of translation work from one protocol to other so that communication between heterogeneous systems may take place.
- 5. The Seven-layer Architecture of the OSI model
- 6. PHYSICAL LAYER TRANSMISSION MEDIUM From Data link Layer To Data link Layer
- 7. • Physical layer is the bottom layer of OSI model • It is responsible for the actual physical connection between the devices. Such physical connection may be made by using twisted pair cable, fiber-optic, coaxial cable or wireless communication. • Physical layer is concerned with transmitting raw bits over a communication channel.
- 8. Function of Physical layer • Transforming bits into signals • Bit Synchronization • Provides physical characteristics of interfaces and medium • Bit rate control • Line configuration • Transmission mode • Physical topologies • Multiplexing • Circuit switching
- 10. Functions of Data link layer • Framing • Physical Addressing • Flow control • Error control • Access Control • Feedback
- 11. Network Layer
- 12. Functions of Network layer • Logical Addressing • Routing
- 13. Transport Layer • Transport layer provides two types of services • Connection oriented • Connectionless
- 14. Session Layer
- 15. Function of Transport layer • Segmentation of message into packet and reassembly of packets into message • Connection management • Service point addressing • Flow control • Error control
- 16. Function of Session layer • Establishment, maintaining and ending a session • Dialog control • Dialog separation or Synchronization
- 17. Presentation Layer • Different computers may use different coding schemes for data transmission. For example some computers may send the most significant bit of a byte first and least significant bit last and in some other computers it may be other way round, the sequence may be different at byte level also. The job of the presentation layer is to do the job of code translation and present the data in the format used at the destination computer.
- 18. Functions of presentation layer • Data Presentation or Translation • Data Encryption • Data compression
- 19. Application Layer • This is the layer with which users have direct interface. At the transmitting computer the message originates at this layer and at the destination computer the message is finally received by this layer and presented to the user in desired format. The data packets at the application layer are known as messages
- 20. Functions of Application Layer • Network Virtual Terminal • File transfer, access and management (FTAM) • Mail services • Directory services
- 21. THANKS HOUSE IS OPEN FOR QUERIES