B. Conrady - Simulation of FMD spread and mitigation measures in the Danish l...EuFMD
Session I
As Denmark has not had an foot and mouth disease (FMD)-outbreak since 1983, the objective of this study was to use epidemiological modelling to compare the effects of a set of different mitigation measures on e.g. predicted number of infected and culled herds, and epidemic control duration1. The epidemiological impact of basic mitigation measures was compared to additional mitigation strategies on top of the basic measures. Additionally, the geographical influence and the impact of specific cattle production systems as index herds were analysed in terms of the predictive variables.
The latest outbreak of High Pathogen Avian Influenza in the USA and Canada in the spring of this year and the inability to avoid animal welfare catastrophes ultimately proves that new emergency response strategies are needed. Strategies that are based on taking away the source of infection instead of killing as many animals as possible within 24 hours, regardless the consequences.
The statement that “It’s possible that human infections with these viruses may occur” and that “these viruses have not spread easily to other people” is confusing. Humans can become infected without showing clinical signs. They can become the major carrier of the infection.
Especially during depopulation activities, viruses easily transmit through responders. Tasks like taking layers out of their cages and transport the birds manually through the narrow walkways between the cages, and disposal of infected animals are specific risks that need to be avoided. Simply switching of the electricity so that sick birds don’t have to be handled is not the solution.
Although humans are supposed to be less susceptible, they can become carrier of the virus. Only the highest level of biosecurity could prevent the transmission through the humans and materials that have been in direct contact with infected animals and materials.
Simply switching of the electricity so that sick birds don’t have to be handled is not the solution. Avoid killing animals is always the better option and in Germany, the discussion on the strategy based on neutralizing risks and is in the making. Avoiding situations demands a proactive role of the poultry industry.
This document proposes using an index-based insurance to control African Animal Trypanosomosis in West Africa. The insurance would be based on an index of entomological inoculation rate (EIR), which is a measure of trypanosome transmission risk calculated from tsetse fly density, infection rates, and habitat suitability models using remote sensing data. The EIR index would be validated against bovine trypanosomosis surveillance data to ensure low basis risk before being used to payout insurance. If validated, the index-based insurance could help smallholder farmers manage risks from this economically important livestock disease.
Landkreis Emsland is a district in Lower Saxony, Germany was one of the first to implement a Emergency Response, Management & Control strategy based upon EU 1099/2009. This presentation provides an overview of the consequences of recent large-scale outbreaks and how a successful strategy could contribute to prevent them socio-economic consequenses.
Presentation by A Shee, International Livestock Research Institute, at the CCAFS Workshop on Institutions and Policies to Scale out Climate Smart Agriculture held between 2-5 December 2013, in Colombo, Sri Lanka.
Index-insurance to protect pastoralists from drought shocksILRI
Presented by Francesco Fava, ILRI, at the International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC) Agro-Livestock Workshop–Climate Risks and Innovation in Conflict affected areas Linked to Agro/Livestock Production, Nairobi, 4 December 2019
OS20 - Risk of Foot-and-Mouth Disease spread through cattle movements in Ugan...EuFMD
This document summarizes a risk assessment of the spread of foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) through cattle movement in Uganda. FMD is endemic in western and central Uganda, which follows the Progressive Control Pathway for FMD. Cattle movements from districts along the Uganda-Tanzania border to urban and agro-pastoral areas were qualitatively assessed using the OIE framework. The likelihood of FMDV release and exposure through these movements was found to be high. The findings will inform Uganda's national FMD control strategic plan through targeted vaccination, improved livestock infrastructure, and strengthened surveillance.
B. Conrady - Simulation of FMD spread and mitigation measures in the Danish l...EuFMD
Session I
As Denmark has not had an foot and mouth disease (FMD)-outbreak since 1983, the objective of this study was to use epidemiological modelling to compare the effects of a set of different mitigation measures on e.g. predicted number of infected and culled herds, and epidemic control duration1. The epidemiological impact of basic mitigation measures was compared to additional mitigation strategies on top of the basic measures. Additionally, the geographical influence and the impact of specific cattle production systems as index herds were analysed in terms of the predictive variables.
The latest outbreak of High Pathogen Avian Influenza in the USA and Canada in the spring of this year and the inability to avoid animal welfare catastrophes ultimately proves that new emergency response strategies are needed. Strategies that are based on taking away the source of infection instead of killing as many animals as possible within 24 hours, regardless the consequences.
The statement that “It’s possible that human infections with these viruses may occur” and that “these viruses have not spread easily to other people” is confusing. Humans can become infected without showing clinical signs. They can become the major carrier of the infection.
Especially during depopulation activities, viruses easily transmit through responders. Tasks like taking layers out of their cages and transport the birds manually through the narrow walkways between the cages, and disposal of infected animals are specific risks that need to be avoided. Simply switching of the electricity so that sick birds don’t have to be handled is not the solution.
Although humans are supposed to be less susceptible, they can become carrier of the virus. Only the highest level of biosecurity could prevent the transmission through the humans and materials that have been in direct contact with infected animals and materials.
Simply switching of the electricity so that sick birds don’t have to be handled is not the solution. Avoid killing animals is always the better option and in Germany, the discussion on the strategy based on neutralizing risks and is in the making. Avoiding situations demands a proactive role of the poultry industry.
This document proposes using an index-based insurance to control African Animal Trypanosomosis in West Africa. The insurance would be based on an index of entomological inoculation rate (EIR), which is a measure of trypanosome transmission risk calculated from tsetse fly density, infection rates, and habitat suitability models using remote sensing data. The EIR index would be validated against bovine trypanosomosis surveillance data to ensure low basis risk before being used to payout insurance. If validated, the index-based insurance could help smallholder farmers manage risks from this economically important livestock disease.
Landkreis Emsland is a district in Lower Saxony, Germany was one of the first to implement a Emergency Response, Management & Control strategy based upon EU 1099/2009. This presentation provides an overview of the consequences of recent large-scale outbreaks and how a successful strategy could contribute to prevent them socio-economic consequenses.
Presentation by A Shee, International Livestock Research Institute, at the CCAFS Workshop on Institutions and Policies to Scale out Climate Smart Agriculture held between 2-5 December 2013, in Colombo, Sri Lanka.
Index-insurance to protect pastoralists from drought shocksILRI
Presented by Francesco Fava, ILRI, at the International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC) Agro-Livestock Workshop–Climate Risks and Innovation in Conflict affected areas Linked to Agro/Livestock Production, Nairobi, 4 December 2019
OS20 - Risk of Foot-and-Mouth Disease spread through cattle movements in Ugan...EuFMD
This document summarizes a risk assessment of the spread of foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) through cattle movement in Uganda. FMD is endemic in western and central Uganda, which follows the Progressive Control Pathway for FMD. Cattle movements from districts along the Uganda-Tanzania border to urban and agro-pastoral areas were qualitatively assessed using the OIE framework. The likelihood of FMDV release and exposure through these movements was found to be high. The findings will inform Uganda's national FMD control strategic plan through targeted vaccination, improved livestock infrastructure, and strengthened surveillance.
Dr. Sebastian E. Heath - Foot-and-Mouth Disease, Animal Agriculture and Publi...John Blue
Foot-and-Mouth Disease, Animal Agriculture and Public Opinion - Dr. Sebastian E. Heath VetMB PhD, Branch Chief for Program Development - FEMA, from the 2013 NIAA Merging Values and Technology conference, April 15-17, 2013, Louisville, KY, USA.
More presentations at http://www.trufflemedia.com/agmedia/conference/2013-niaa-merging-values-and-technology
En Irlande, les écorégimes ont été construits de manière à engager le maximum d’agriculteurs, en visant la totalité des fermes irlandaises. Deux pratiques parmi huit proposées doivent être mises en place pour toucher les écorégimes. L’aide couplée aux protéines végétales est par ailleurs renforcée. Sur le second pilier, un programme de soutien du troupeau bovin allaitant est reconduit.
Dr. Stephanie Shwiff - The Economic Impact on a Foreign Animal Disease or Dis...John Blue
The Economic Impact on a Foreign Animal Disease or Disease Outbreak - Dr. Stephanie Shwiff, USDA, from the 2017 NIAA Annual Conference, U.S. Animal Agriculture's Future Role In World Food Production - Obstacles & Opportunities, April 4 - 6, Columbus, OH, USA.
More presentations at http://www.trufflemedia.com/agmedia/conference/2017_niaa_us_animal_ag_future_role_world_food_production
Dr. Laura Kahn - One Health and The Politics of Antimicrobial ResistanceJohn Blue
One Health and The Politics of Antimicrobial Resistance - Dr. Laura Kahn, Research Scholar, Princeton University, from the 2017 NIAA Antibiotic Symposium - Antibiotic Stewardship: Collaborative Strategy for Animal Agriculture and Human Health, October 31 - November 2, 2017, Herndon, Virginia, USA.
More presentations at http://www.swinecast.com/2017-niaa-antibiotic-symposium-antibiotic-stewardship
Some key points:
- MVCs utilize motor vehicles equipped with medical/surgical equipment to provide veterinary services directly to farms, reducing stress on animals and the spread of disease.
- Their services include disease surveillance, vaccination, deworming, and clinical treatment to improve livestock health and reduce mortality.
- Interesting findings from pilot MVCs in Bangladesh include reduced calf mortality, increased conception rates, and growth in livestock populations and number of farmers served.
- Disease control strategies discussed include prevention, control, and
ISCN 2016: Session 1: Food Sustainability at the Micro and Macro LevelISCN_Secretariat
Climate change impacts global food security in four key ways: availability, access, utilization, and stability. It threatens to reduce average yields and increase yield variability. The global population is growing while incomes are rising, increasing demand for resource-intensive Western diets. Achieving sustainable agriculture requires intensifying production on existing lands to avoid converting more natural areas while understanding sustainability is complex with no single approach. Spatially, landscapes must be designed smarter to provide multiple goods. Changing diets and reducing food loss and waste can help create more space for sustainability. Significant challenges require increased investment in research and social change.
Measuring and mitigating the risk of mycotoxins in maize and dairy products f...ILRI
1. This document summarizes a project that assessed the risks of mycotoxins, specifically aflatoxins, in maize and dairy products in Kenya and identified technologies to mitigate those risks.
2. The project found high levels of aflatoxins in maize and milk samples in Kenya that exceeded legal limits and were associated with health impacts like stunting in children.
3. The project evaluated post-harvest handling technologies to reduce aflatoxin contamination in maize and found that subsidies combined with market incentives for aflatoxin-safe crops significantly increased farmer adoption of those technologies.
Measuring and mitigating the risk of mycotoxins in maize and dairy products for poor consumers in Kenya, Johanna Lindahl (ILRI) and Alexia Pretari (IFPRI)
The document discusses the impacts of climate change on global food security and agriculture. It notes that climate change is exacerbating hunger and malnutrition by reducing crop productivity and access to food. Smallholder farmers and the poor will be most severely affected. Adaptation is needed to help agricultural systems cope with increasing climate variability, while mitigation opportunities in agriculture must be pursued in a way that benefits smallholders. International initiatives on food security and climate change need to ensure synergies between adaptation, mitigation and development.
OS20 - The epidemiological and economic impact of a potential outbreak of foo...EuFMD
1. A simulation model was used to analyze the potential epidemiological and economic impact of a foot-and-mouth disease outbreak in two regions of Austria under different control scenarios.
2. The total costs of an FMD outbreak in Austria were estimated between €269-581 million, with the majority from export losses. The impact depends on control measures used, location, and available resources.
3. Current estimated resources for surveillance and cleaning/disinfection in Austria would be insufficient, leading to a longer outbreak. Alternative control strategies like vaccination could more efficiently limit the outbreak.
Richard Young - True Cost Accounting in Food and Agricultural PolicySustainable Food Trust
This document discusses the negative external costs associated with nitrogen fertilizer use, antibiotic resistance, and pollinator loss in the UK food system. It provides estimates of the costs for each issue area: £2.9-15 billion/year for nitrogen fertilizer due to environmental and health impacts; £300 million to £1.1 billion/year for antibiotic resistance resulting from farm antibiotic use; and £3.6-5 billion/year if pollinators were lost due to their role in food production. It argues that policies need to incorporate these "true costs" through mechanisms like an EU-wide nitrogen tax. The Sustainable Food Trust's role is to explain these issues to consumers and promote more sustainable farming practices.
Impact of climate_change_on_butterfly_communities_1990-2009Jacqueline Loos
This report presents an updated version of the European Butterfly Climate Change Indicator covering the period 1990-2009. The indicator is based on data from Butterfly Monitoring Schemes in 13 European countries, using almost 4000 transects counted mostly by volunteers. The indicator shows a significant increase in butterfly communities becoming composed of warmer temperature associated species, equivalent to a 75km northward shift. However, the temperature increase over the same period corresponds to a 249km northward shift, indicating butterflies are not keeping pace with climate change. Conservation measures should focus on preserving large populations across landscapes to encourage mobility under climate change. Continued monitoring is important to assess future changes.
Foot and mouth disease preventive and epidemiological aspectsBhoj Raj Singh
FMD: Menace in India
Discusses problems of FMD Control in India like:
Lack of faith in farmers and veterinarians that FMD can be controlled with vaccination (due to repeated failure of vaccines in quality and vaccination failures resulting in FMD outbreaks).
Lack of infrastructure facilities for maintaining the cold chain and efficient transport to the vaccination site.
Lack of human resources for handling/ vaccinating livestock.
Needs for further researches on diagnosis (Pen-side), disinfection, vaccines and vaccination (affording at least a year immunity, quality vaccine etc.) and control strategies.
No-timely investigation or excessively delayed investigation of FMD outbreaks especially those occurring after vaccination.
Transparency in vaccine quality monitoring and vaccine purchases.
Fear in veterinarians for reporting FMD in their area of operation.
False statistics of the disease and vaccination.
No legal punitive action against suppliers of substandard FMD vaccines even after the supply of multiple substandard batches of vaccine.
Sustainable animal production systems in AfricaILRI
Presented by Timothy Robinson, Catherine Pfeifer, Mario Herrero, Thomas van Boeckel and Marius Gilbert at the 61st International Congress of Meat Science & Technology, France, 23–28 August 2015
National Discussions on Priority Adaptation and Mitigation Actions for Agriculture in the National Climate Change Action Plan 2013-2017
More information: http://ccafs.cgiar.org/national-adaptation-planning-event-agriculture#.UhcfJD-LKdk
The document discusses several topics related to using geospatial data and modeling for agricultural research and development in Africa. It describes index-based livestock insurance (IBLI) being piloted in Northern Kenya to protect pastoralists from drought losses. It discusses how normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) data is used to develop a predictive livestock mortality index for IBLI. It also discusses downscaling global climate models to generate high-resolution climate projections and weather data to assess local impacts of climate change on agriculture. Finally, it outlines how ILRI is targeting its work, taking a systems approach, and aiming to have a forward-looking perspective.
The 7-Point Action Plan was jointly developed by the Ministries of Planning and International Cooperation; Finance; Trade; Public Health and Population, Agriculture and Irrigation, Water and Environment; Fish Wealth, as well as the Social Welfare Fund, the Social Fund for Development, the Central Statistics Organization, and the International Food Policy Research Institute.
This document summarizes a biomass-based bioenergy program in Madagascar that aims to generate bioethanol from sugar cane. It discusses the background of poverty and environmental degradation in Madagascar. The program proposes developing sugar cane plantations and using the biomass to produce cooking ethanol, fuel ethanol, and electricity. It outlines the components and status of the program. Expected impacts include reducing pressure on forests through substitution of fuelwood, reducing greenhouse gas emissions, creating jobs, and significantly reducing poverty levels through participation in the bioenergy value chain.
VADEMOS VAccine Demand Estimation Model for FMD.pdfEuFMD
VADEMOS is a decision support tool created by the European Commission for the Control of Foot-and-Mouth Disease to estimate current and future vaccine demand for foot-and-mouth disease at national and regional levels. It uses factors like livestock population forecasts, disease control policies, vaccination schedules, and outbreak forecasts with data from sources like WOAH and FAOSTAT. The model provides outputs on expected vaccine doses needed by geography, type of vaccination, species, and year over a 10-year period. While validation is needed, the tool generally predicts vaccine needs within calculated ranges, though estimates are sometimes too high. Future work will refine inputs, add additional geographical specificity, and expand the model to other diseases.
This document provides an introduction to vaccine value chains and outlines EuFMD/FAO initiatives to strengthen vaccine security. It discusses how vaccine value chains involve both private and public actors across product development, production, allocation, distribution and use. Cross-cutting factors like epidemiology, logistics and stakeholder engagement are also important. EuFMD is supporting activities to improve vaccine access and availability through a multistakeholder platform, prequalification of vaccines, vaccine demand modeling, and strengthening vaccine delivery and demand. Analyzing vaccine value chains can help understand costs and demand to support effective vaccination programs.
More Related Content
Similar to OS18 - 6.b.4 Modelling the Impact of Regional Movement Control Policies for FMD Outbreaks In Disease Free Countries - M. Tildesley
Dr. Sebastian E. Heath - Foot-and-Mouth Disease, Animal Agriculture and Publi...John Blue
Foot-and-Mouth Disease, Animal Agriculture and Public Opinion - Dr. Sebastian E. Heath VetMB PhD, Branch Chief for Program Development - FEMA, from the 2013 NIAA Merging Values and Technology conference, April 15-17, 2013, Louisville, KY, USA.
More presentations at http://www.trufflemedia.com/agmedia/conference/2013-niaa-merging-values-and-technology
En Irlande, les écorégimes ont été construits de manière à engager le maximum d’agriculteurs, en visant la totalité des fermes irlandaises. Deux pratiques parmi huit proposées doivent être mises en place pour toucher les écorégimes. L’aide couplée aux protéines végétales est par ailleurs renforcée. Sur le second pilier, un programme de soutien du troupeau bovin allaitant est reconduit.
Dr. Stephanie Shwiff - The Economic Impact on a Foreign Animal Disease or Dis...John Blue
The Economic Impact on a Foreign Animal Disease or Disease Outbreak - Dr. Stephanie Shwiff, USDA, from the 2017 NIAA Annual Conference, U.S. Animal Agriculture's Future Role In World Food Production - Obstacles & Opportunities, April 4 - 6, Columbus, OH, USA.
More presentations at http://www.trufflemedia.com/agmedia/conference/2017_niaa_us_animal_ag_future_role_world_food_production
Dr. Laura Kahn - One Health and The Politics of Antimicrobial ResistanceJohn Blue
One Health and The Politics of Antimicrobial Resistance - Dr. Laura Kahn, Research Scholar, Princeton University, from the 2017 NIAA Antibiotic Symposium - Antibiotic Stewardship: Collaborative Strategy for Animal Agriculture and Human Health, October 31 - November 2, 2017, Herndon, Virginia, USA.
More presentations at http://www.swinecast.com/2017-niaa-antibiotic-symposium-antibiotic-stewardship
Some key points:
- MVCs utilize motor vehicles equipped with medical/surgical equipment to provide veterinary services directly to farms, reducing stress on animals and the spread of disease.
- Their services include disease surveillance, vaccination, deworming, and clinical treatment to improve livestock health and reduce mortality.
- Interesting findings from pilot MVCs in Bangladesh include reduced calf mortality, increased conception rates, and growth in livestock populations and number of farmers served.
- Disease control strategies discussed include prevention, control, and
ISCN 2016: Session 1: Food Sustainability at the Micro and Macro LevelISCN_Secretariat
Climate change impacts global food security in four key ways: availability, access, utilization, and stability. It threatens to reduce average yields and increase yield variability. The global population is growing while incomes are rising, increasing demand for resource-intensive Western diets. Achieving sustainable agriculture requires intensifying production on existing lands to avoid converting more natural areas while understanding sustainability is complex with no single approach. Spatially, landscapes must be designed smarter to provide multiple goods. Changing diets and reducing food loss and waste can help create more space for sustainability. Significant challenges require increased investment in research and social change.
Measuring and mitigating the risk of mycotoxins in maize and dairy products f...ILRI
1. This document summarizes a project that assessed the risks of mycotoxins, specifically aflatoxins, in maize and dairy products in Kenya and identified technologies to mitigate those risks.
2. The project found high levels of aflatoxins in maize and milk samples in Kenya that exceeded legal limits and were associated with health impacts like stunting in children.
3. The project evaluated post-harvest handling technologies to reduce aflatoxin contamination in maize and found that subsidies combined with market incentives for aflatoxin-safe crops significantly increased farmer adoption of those technologies.
Measuring and mitigating the risk of mycotoxins in maize and dairy products for poor consumers in Kenya, Johanna Lindahl (ILRI) and Alexia Pretari (IFPRI)
The document discusses the impacts of climate change on global food security and agriculture. It notes that climate change is exacerbating hunger and malnutrition by reducing crop productivity and access to food. Smallholder farmers and the poor will be most severely affected. Adaptation is needed to help agricultural systems cope with increasing climate variability, while mitigation opportunities in agriculture must be pursued in a way that benefits smallholders. International initiatives on food security and climate change need to ensure synergies between adaptation, mitigation and development.
OS20 - The epidemiological and economic impact of a potential outbreak of foo...EuFMD
1. A simulation model was used to analyze the potential epidemiological and economic impact of a foot-and-mouth disease outbreak in two regions of Austria under different control scenarios.
2. The total costs of an FMD outbreak in Austria were estimated between €269-581 million, with the majority from export losses. The impact depends on control measures used, location, and available resources.
3. Current estimated resources for surveillance and cleaning/disinfection in Austria would be insufficient, leading to a longer outbreak. Alternative control strategies like vaccination could more efficiently limit the outbreak.
Richard Young - True Cost Accounting in Food and Agricultural PolicySustainable Food Trust
This document discusses the negative external costs associated with nitrogen fertilizer use, antibiotic resistance, and pollinator loss in the UK food system. It provides estimates of the costs for each issue area: £2.9-15 billion/year for nitrogen fertilizer due to environmental and health impacts; £300 million to £1.1 billion/year for antibiotic resistance resulting from farm antibiotic use; and £3.6-5 billion/year if pollinators were lost due to their role in food production. It argues that policies need to incorporate these "true costs" through mechanisms like an EU-wide nitrogen tax. The Sustainable Food Trust's role is to explain these issues to consumers and promote more sustainable farming practices.
Impact of climate_change_on_butterfly_communities_1990-2009Jacqueline Loos
This report presents an updated version of the European Butterfly Climate Change Indicator covering the period 1990-2009. The indicator is based on data from Butterfly Monitoring Schemes in 13 European countries, using almost 4000 transects counted mostly by volunteers. The indicator shows a significant increase in butterfly communities becoming composed of warmer temperature associated species, equivalent to a 75km northward shift. However, the temperature increase over the same period corresponds to a 249km northward shift, indicating butterflies are not keeping pace with climate change. Conservation measures should focus on preserving large populations across landscapes to encourage mobility under climate change. Continued monitoring is important to assess future changes.
Foot and mouth disease preventive and epidemiological aspectsBhoj Raj Singh
FMD: Menace in India
Discusses problems of FMD Control in India like:
Lack of faith in farmers and veterinarians that FMD can be controlled with vaccination (due to repeated failure of vaccines in quality and vaccination failures resulting in FMD outbreaks).
Lack of infrastructure facilities for maintaining the cold chain and efficient transport to the vaccination site.
Lack of human resources for handling/ vaccinating livestock.
Needs for further researches on diagnosis (Pen-side), disinfection, vaccines and vaccination (affording at least a year immunity, quality vaccine etc.) and control strategies.
No-timely investigation or excessively delayed investigation of FMD outbreaks especially those occurring after vaccination.
Transparency in vaccine quality monitoring and vaccine purchases.
Fear in veterinarians for reporting FMD in their area of operation.
False statistics of the disease and vaccination.
No legal punitive action against suppliers of substandard FMD vaccines even after the supply of multiple substandard batches of vaccine.
Sustainable animal production systems in AfricaILRI
Presented by Timothy Robinson, Catherine Pfeifer, Mario Herrero, Thomas van Boeckel and Marius Gilbert at the 61st International Congress of Meat Science & Technology, France, 23–28 August 2015
National Discussions on Priority Adaptation and Mitigation Actions for Agriculture in the National Climate Change Action Plan 2013-2017
More information: http://ccafs.cgiar.org/national-adaptation-planning-event-agriculture#.UhcfJD-LKdk
The document discusses several topics related to using geospatial data and modeling for agricultural research and development in Africa. It describes index-based livestock insurance (IBLI) being piloted in Northern Kenya to protect pastoralists from drought losses. It discusses how normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) data is used to develop a predictive livestock mortality index for IBLI. It also discusses downscaling global climate models to generate high-resolution climate projections and weather data to assess local impacts of climate change on agriculture. Finally, it outlines how ILRI is targeting its work, taking a systems approach, and aiming to have a forward-looking perspective.
The 7-Point Action Plan was jointly developed by the Ministries of Planning and International Cooperation; Finance; Trade; Public Health and Population, Agriculture and Irrigation, Water and Environment; Fish Wealth, as well as the Social Welfare Fund, the Social Fund for Development, the Central Statistics Organization, and the International Food Policy Research Institute.
This document summarizes a biomass-based bioenergy program in Madagascar that aims to generate bioethanol from sugar cane. It discusses the background of poverty and environmental degradation in Madagascar. The program proposes developing sugar cane plantations and using the biomass to produce cooking ethanol, fuel ethanol, and electricity. It outlines the components and status of the program. Expected impacts include reducing pressure on forests through substitution of fuelwood, reducing greenhouse gas emissions, creating jobs, and significantly reducing poverty levels through participation in the bioenergy value chain.
Similar to OS18 - 6.b.4 Modelling the Impact of Regional Movement Control Policies for FMD Outbreaks In Disease Free Countries - M. Tildesley (20)
VADEMOS VAccine Demand Estimation Model for FMD.pdfEuFMD
VADEMOS is a decision support tool created by the European Commission for the Control of Foot-and-Mouth Disease to estimate current and future vaccine demand for foot-and-mouth disease at national and regional levels. It uses factors like livestock population forecasts, disease control policies, vaccination schedules, and outbreak forecasts with data from sources like WOAH and FAOSTAT. The model provides outputs on expected vaccine doses needed by geography, type of vaccination, species, and year over a 10-year period. While validation is needed, the tool generally predicts vaccine needs within calculated ranges, though estimates are sometimes too high. Future work will refine inputs, add additional geographical specificity, and expand the model to other diseases.
This document provides an introduction to vaccine value chains and outlines EuFMD/FAO initiatives to strengthen vaccine security. It discusses how vaccine value chains involve both private and public actors across product development, production, allocation, distribution and use. Cross-cutting factors like epidemiology, logistics and stakeholder engagement are also important. EuFMD is supporting activities to improve vaccine access and availability through a multistakeholder platform, prequalification of vaccines, vaccine demand modeling, and strengthening vaccine delivery and demand. Analyzing vaccine value chains can help understand costs and demand to support effective vaccination programs.
Emergency vaccination workshop presentations 30 May 2023.pdfEuFMD
This document summarizes a presentation on alternative post-vaccination surveillance methods that could be used to demonstrate the absence of foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) virus transmission in vaccinated and unvaccinated livestock populations. It proposes replacing serological testing with bulk milk testing for dairy farms, saliva testing using rope tethers for piggeries, and saliva swab testing for sheep farms. These alternative methods utilize real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction to detect FMD viral RNA from oral fluid samples, which research has shown can identify infected animals. The presentation discussed how these new testing technologies may allow countries to gain freedom from FMD status sooner after an outbreak by providing more effective post-vaccination surveillance.
LSD symposium - A. Sprygin - Subclinical infection its role in transmission a...EuFMD
The document discusses subclinical infection and its role in the transmission and epidemiology of Lumpy Skin Disease Virus (LSDV). It presents the body temperatures of experimental animals infected with LSDV over time. One animal showed clinical signs of LSDV while another showed viremia or presence of the virus in the blood without displaying clinical signs, representing a subclinical infection. The conclusion is that subclinical infection from vaccine-like recombinant LSDV can play a role in transmission of the virus.
LSD symposium - L. Pite - Combating lumpy skin disease in AlbaniaEuFMD
1) The first case of Lumpy Skin Disease (LSD) in Albania was identified in June 2016. From 2016-2017, over 3,500 outbreaks were reported across Albania with morbidity of 42% and mortality of 12%.
2) Surveillance efforts included laboratory testing of over 2,000 samples confirming 881 positive cases. Risk factors for spread included proximity to infected farms (under 5km), livestock movements over longer distances, and seasonal variations correlated with temperature and vector abundance.
3) Control efforts included an emergency vaccination program using live attenuated vaccine beginning in July 2016. Over 500,000 vaccine doses were administered. Modeling estimated vaccine effectiveness was 76.5-62.5% at reducing
LSD symposium - J. Chan - Lumpy skin disease in Hong KongEuFMD
Dr. Jason Chan presented on the outbreak of Lumpy Skin Disease (LSD) in feral cattle populations in Hong Kong from 2020-2021. The key points were:
1) The initial outbreak was reported in October 2020 across multiple country parks. Disease investigation found that 72% of cattle in one herd showed skin lesions and 84% were seropositive.
2) By March 2021, no new clinical cases were reported. Surveillance since found 14 juveniles seronegative, suggesting LSD may have disappeared due to lack of susceptible newborn cattle.
3) Continued clinical and serological surveillance is important since Hong Kong has a small teaching farm. No urgency exists currently to declare freedom
LSD symposium - N. Zainuddin - Indonesian experience on simultaneous LSD and ...EuFMD
1) Lumpy skin disease was first reported in Indonesia in February 2022 in Riau Province, and has since spread to several other provinces, most recently to Central Java in August 2022.
2) As of February 2023, over 249,000 cattle have been vaccinated across 9 provinces as a control measure. Other control measures include movement restrictions, vector control, and educating farmers.
3) Key challenges to control efforts include the extensive animal farming system, illegal animal movement, limited number of vaccinators, and high workload from controlling both lumpy skin disease and foot-and-mouth disease. Recommended solutions include improving handling capacity, better border control, engaging other institutions to assist with vaccination
LSD symposium - R. Ainsworth - Lumpy skin disease (LSD) in Southeast Asia Mar...EuFMD
Lumpy Skin Disease (LSD) is spreading through cattle movements in Southeast Asia. The document discusses how government policies around quarantine, compensation and corruption can accelerate the virus's spread by encouraging illicit cattle movements. It also notes that traditional smuggling routes go against the direction LSD has spread. The rapid transmission of LSD occurred during COVID border closures, and its direction of movement corresponds with prevailing winds rather than cattle trade routes. Government policies and wind patterns may be aiding the long-distance airborne spread of LSD across Southeast Asia.
LSD symposium - P. Malik - Lumpy skin disease experience from IndiaEuFMD
Lumpy Skin Disease (LSD) was first reported in India in 2019. It has since spread to 23 states and union territories, affecting over 3 million animals and causing over 185,000 deaths. The disease manifests as skin nodules and lesions on internal organs. Vaccination is a key control strategy, with over 87 million animals vaccinated to date using a goatpox vaccine. ICAR has also developed an indigenous LSD vaccine that is undergoing field trials and licensing. States are implementing control measures like quarantine, vaccination, vector control and public awareness campaigns to curb the spread and impact of LSD.
LSD symposium - E. Klemen - Modes of transmission of lumpy skin diseaseEuFMD
Indirect transmission, likely through blood-sucking flying insects, is the primary mode of transmission for lumpy skin disease virus. While direct contact can transmit the virus, studies have found no transmission between clinically infected and susceptible cattle housed together without vectors. Mathematical models also indicate indirect transmission alone can explain outbreak dynamics. The virus can spread over long distances, possibly aided by winds carrying infected vectors, though local spread is typically 10 km per week. Subclinical infections may transmit the virus but appear to play a minor role compared to clinical cases.
JAMES WEBB STUDY THE MASSIVE BLACK HOLE SEEDSSérgio Sacani
The pathway(s) to seeding the massive black holes (MBHs) that exist at the heart of galaxies in the present and distant Universe remains an unsolved problem. Here we categorise, describe and quantitatively discuss the formation pathways of both light and heavy seeds. We emphasise that the most recent computational models suggest that rather than a bimodal-like mass spectrum between light and heavy seeds with light at one end and heavy at the other that instead a continuum exists. Light seeds being more ubiquitous and the heavier seeds becoming less and less abundant due the rarer environmental conditions required for their formation. We therefore examine the different mechanisms that give rise to different seed mass spectrums. We show how and why the mechanisms that produce the heaviest seeds are also among the rarest events in the Universe and are hence extremely unlikely to be the seeds for the vast majority of the MBH population. We quantify, within the limits of the current large uncertainties in the seeding processes, the expected number densities of the seed mass spectrum. We argue that light seeds must be at least 103 to 105 times more numerous than heavy seeds to explain the MBH population as a whole. Based on our current understanding of the seed population this makes heavy seeds (Mseed > 103 M⊙) a significantly more likely pathway given that heavy seeds have an abundance pattern than is close to and likely in excess of 10−4 compared to light seeds. Finally, we examine the current state-of-the-art in numerical calculations and recent observations and plot a path forward for near-future advances in both domains.
The binding of cosmological structures by massless topological defectsSérgio Sacani
Assuming spherical symmetry and weak field, it is shown that if one solves the Poisson equation or the Einstein field
equations sourced by a topological defect, i.e. a singularity of a very specific form, the result is a localized gravitational
field capable of driving flat rotation (i.e. Keplerian circular orbits at a constant speed for all radii) of test masses on a thin
spherical shell without any underlying mass. Moreover, a large-scale structure which exploits this solution by assembling
concentrically a number of such topological defects can establish a flat stellar or galactic rotation curve, and can also deflect
light in the same manner as an equipotential (isothermal) sphere. Thus, the need for dark matter or modified gravity theory is
mitigated, at least in part.
Evidence of Jet Activity from the Secondary Black Hole in the OJ 287 Binary S...Sérgio Sacani
Wereport the study of a huge optical intraday flare on 2021 November 12 at 2 a.m. UT in the blazar OJ287. In the binary black hole model, it is associated with an impact of the secondary black hole on the accretion disk of the primary. Our multifrequency observing campaign was set up to search for such a signature of the impact based on a prediction made 8 yr earlier. The first I-band results of the flare have already been reported by Kishore et al. (2024). Here we combine these data with our monitoring in the R-band. There is a big change in the R–I spectral index by 1.0 ±0.1 between the normal background and the flare, suggesting a new component of radiation. The polarization variation during the rise of the flare suggests the same. The limits on the source size place it most reasonably in the jet of the secondary BH. We then ask why we have not seen this phenomenon before. We show that OJ287 was never before observed with sufficient sensitivity on the night when the flare should have happened according to the binary model. We also study the probability that this flare is just an oversized example of intraday variability using the Krakow data set of intense monitoring between 2015 and 2023. We find that the occurrence of a flare of this size and rapidity is unlikely. In machine-readable Tables 1 and 2, we give the full orbit-linked historical light curve of OJ287 as well as the dense monitoring sample of Krakow.
PPT on Alternate Wetting and Drying presented at the three-day 'Training and Validation Workshop on Modules of Climate Smart Agriculture (CSA) Technologies in South Asia' workshop on April 22, 2024.
Discovery of An Apparent Red, High-Velocity Type Ia Supernova at 𝐳 = 2.9 wi...Sérgio Sacani
We present the JWST discovery of SN 2023adsy, a transient object located in a host galaxy JADES-GS
+
53.13485
−
27.82088
with a host spectroscopic redshift of
2.903
±
0.007
. The transient was identified in deep James Webb Space Telescope (JWST)/NIRCam imaging from the JWST Advanced Deep Extragalactic Survey (JADES) program. Photometric and spectroscopic followup with NIRCam and NIRSpec, respectively, confirm the redshift and yield UV-NIR light-curve, NIR color, and spectroscopic information all consistent with a Type Ia classification. Despite its classification as a likely SN Ia, SN 2023adsy is both fairly red (
�
(
�
−
�
)
∼
0.9
) despite a host galaxy with low-extinction and has a high Ca II velocity (
19
,
000
±
2
,
000
km/s) compared to the general population of SNe Ia. While these characteristics are consistent with some Ca-rich SNe Ia, particularly SN 2016hnk, SN 2023adsy is intrinsically brighter than the low-
�
Ca-rich population. Although such an object is too red for any low-
�
cosmological sample, we apply a fiducial standardization approach to SN 2023adsy and find that the SN 2023adsy luminosity distance measurement is in excellent agreement (
≲
1
�
) with
Λ
CDM. Therefore unlike low-
�
Ca-rich SNe Ia, SN 2023adsy is standardizable and gives no indication that SN Ia standardized luminosities change significantly with redshift. A larger sample of distant SNe Ia is required to determine if SN Ia population characteristics at high-
�
truly diverge from their low-
�
counterparts, and to confirm that standardized luminosities nevertheless remain constant with redshift.
The debris of the ‘last major merger’ is dynamically youngSérgio Sacani
The Milky Way’s (MW) inner stellar halo contains an [Fe/H]-rich component with highly eccentric orbits, often referred to as the
‘last major merger.’ Hypotheses for the origin of this component include Gaia-Sausage/Enceladus (GSE), where the progenitor
collided with the MW proto-disc 8–11 Gyr ago, and the Virgo Radial Merger (VRM), where the progenitor collided with the
MW disc within the last 3 Gyr. These two scenarios make different predictions about observable structure in local phase space,
because the morphology of debris depends on how long it has had to phase mix. The recently identified phase-space folds in Gaia
DR3 have positive caustic velocities, making them fundamentally different than the phase-mixed chevrons found in simulations
at late times. Roughly 20 per cent of the stars in the prograde local stellar halo are associated with the observed caustics. Based
on a simple phase-mixing model, the observed number of caustics are consistent with a merger that occurred 1–2 Gyr ago.
We also compare the observed phase-space distribution to FIRE-2 Latte simulations of GSE-like mergers, using a quantitative
measurement of phase mixing (2D causticality). The observed local phase-space distribution best matches the simulated data
1–2 Gyr after collision, and certainly not later than 3 Gyr. This is further evidence that the progenitor of the ‘last major merger’
did not collide with the MW proto-disc at early times, as is thought for the GSE, but instead collided with the MW disc within
the last few Gyr, consistent with the body of work surrounding the VRM.
Travis Hills of MN is Making Clean Water Accessible to All Through High Flux ...Travis Hills MN
By harnessing the power of High Flux Vacuum Membrane Distillation, Travis Hills from MN envisions a future where clean and safe drinking water is accessible to all, regardless of geographical location or economic status.
Describing and Interpreting an Immersive Learning Case with the Immersion Cub...Leonel Morgado
Current descriptions of immersive learning cases are often difficult or impossible to compare. This is due to a myriad of different options on what details to include, which aspects are relevant, and on the descriptive approaches employed. Also, these aspects often combine very specific details with more general guidelines or indicate intents and rationales without clarifying their implementation. In this paper we provide a method to describe immersive learning cases that is structured to enable comparisons, yet flexible enough to allow researchers and practitioners to decide which aspects to include. This method leverages a taxonomy that classifies educational aspects at three levels (uses, practices, and strategies) and then utilizes two frameworks, the Immersive Learning Brain and the Immersion Cube, to enable a structured description and interpretation of immersive learning cases. The method is then demonstrated on a published immersive learning case on training for wind turbine maintenance using virtual reality. Applying the method results in a structured artifact, the Immersive Learning Case Sheet, that tags the case with its proximal uses, practices, and strategies, and refines the free text case description to ensure that matching details are included. This contribution is thus a case description method in support of future comparative research of immersive learning cases. We then discuss how the resulting description and interpretation can be leveraged to change immersion learning cases, by enriching them (considering low-effort changes or additions) or innovating (exploring more challenging avenues of transformation). The method holds significant promise to support better-grounded research in immersive learning.
Authoring a personal GPT for your research and practice: How we created the Q...Leonel Morgado
Thematic analysis in qualitative research is a time-consuming and systematic task, typically done using teams. Team members must ground their activities on common understandings of the major concepts underlying the thematic analysis, and define criteria for its development. However, conceptual misunderstandings, equivocations, and lack of adherence to criteria are challenges to the quality and speed of this process. Given the distributed and uncertain nature of this process, we wondered if the tasks in thematic analysis could be supported by readily available artificial intelligence chatbots. Our early efforts point to potential benefits: not just saving time in the coding process but better adherence to criteria and grounding, by increasing triangulation between humans and artificial intelligence. This tutorial will provide a description and demonstration of the process we followed, as two academic researchers, to develop a custom ChatGPT to assist with qualitative coding in the thematic data analysis process of immersive learning accounts in a survey of the academic literature: QUAL-E Immersive Learning Thematic Analysis Helper. In the hands-on time, participants will try out QUAL-E and develop their ideas for their own qualitative coding ChatGPT. Participants that have the paid ChatGPT Plus subscription can create a draft of their assistants. The organizers will provide course materials and slide deck that participants will be able to utilize to continue development of their custom GPT. The paid subscription to ChatGPT Plus is not required to participate in this workshop, just for trying out personal GPTs during it.
Gadgets for management of stored product pests_Dr.UPR.pdf
OS18 - 6.b.4 Modelling the Impact of Regional Movement Control Policies for FMD Outbreaks In Disease Free Countries - M. Tildesley
1. Modelling the Impact of Regional
Movement Control for FMD
Outbreaks
Mike Tildesley
2. Movement Controls
• Movement restrictions of live animals are
enforced to reduce transmission risk of
infectious diseases.
3. Movement Controls
• Movement restrictions of live animals are
enforced to reduce transmission risk of
infectious diseases.
• For epidemic diseases in the UK, movement
restrictions are typically put in place
nationwide.
4. Movement Controls
• Movement restrictions of live animals are
enforced to reduce transmission risk of
infectious diseases.
• For epidemic diseases in the UK, movement
restrictions are typically put in place
nationwide.
• In some instances, restrictions are “relaxed”
after a period without cases.
6. UK 2001 epidemic timescale
Epidemic peak occurred in
late March/early April.
FMD entered the UK in
early February.
Over 10,000 farms were affected by the epidemic (either infected or
culled as part of the control) and a total of 850,000 cattle and 4,000,000
sheep were culled.
Very long epidemic tail.
7. Spatial spread of Disease
Infected
Farms
2026 premises were infected during the
outbreak (Infected Premises)
Major epidemic hot spots in:
Devon – 172 IPs + 775 control culls
Wales – 113 IPs + 684 control culls
Scottish Borders – 187 IPs + 1266 control culls
Cumbria – 892 IPs + 2952 control culls
8. Foot and Mouth Disease
• For outbreaks of FMD in the UK, nationwide
controls are introduced, regardless of location
of outbreak.
9. Foot and Mouth Disease
• For outbreaks of FMD in the UK, nationwide
controls are introduced, regardless of location
of outbreak.
• In 2001, a delay in introduction of control
caused spread around the country.
10. Foot and Mouth Disease
• For outbreaks of FMD in the UK, nationwide
controls are introduced, regardless of location
of outbreak.
• In 2001, a delay in introduction of control
caused spread around the country.
• In 2007, there were 9 premises infected with
FMD in Surrey.
11. Foot and Mouth Disease
• For outbreaks of FMD, nationwide controls are
introduced, regardless of location of outbreak.
• In 2001, a delay in introduction of control
caused spread around the country.
• In 2007, there were 9 premises infected with
FMD in Surrey.
• In this outbreak, the largest cost of the
outbreak was due to this movement ban.
12. Economic Costs of the Outbreak
The costs of the UK 2001 outbreak can be split into five main
categories:
Direct Costs to the Farmer (compensation and disposal) - £3 billion
Welfare Cull costs - £0.2 billion
Costs to the Wider Agricultural Sector - £0.3 billion
Costs to the Tourist Industry - £5 billion
Export Costs - £0.3 billion
The nationwide movement ban and related restrictions was directly
responsible for increased costs in several of these categories (though
may, of course, have significantly reduced the outbreak size).
14. Are nationwide movement
restrictions always justified for
FMD epidemics?
We will use the Warwick FMD
model to simulate the economic
impact of regional movement
control
15. How do we calculate costs?
Direct Costs: Proportional to total livestock culled (~£1200/cattle,
~£320 sheep)
All of these figures have been estimated from the 2002 Anderson
Lessons to be Learned Enquiry (sensitivity to these shown later).
Welfare Costs: Proportional to total number of farms per day subject
to movement restrictions ( ~£5 per Farm Day Restricted)
Agricultural Costs: Proportional to total number of movements
prevented (~£140 per movement prevented)
Export Costs: Proportional to length of the export ban (~£400,000
per day)
Tourism Costs: Proportion to scale of outbreak (~£170 per Farm Day
Restricted)
16. The Warwick Model
The model was originally used during the 2001 FMD outbreak, to
predict the risk of local spread, after a nationwide movement
ban.
A B
Risk of infection = “Infectiousness” of Farm A
×
“Susceptibility” of Farm B
×
Distance Factor (The closer the farm,
the higher the risk)
17. The Local Spread Model
Sc/s - susceptibility of cattle/sheep.
N i
c/s - number of cattle/sheep on farm i.
Tc,s - Transmission rate of cattle/sheep.
K(dij) - The transmission kernel. A parameter which weights the
probability of infection based on the distance between
farm i and farm j.
Infected j
Probability of infection per day for every susceptible farm is given by:
Prob = 1 - exp - [ScNc,i
pc+ SsNs,i
ps] [TcNc,j
qc + TsNs,j
qs]K(dij)[ ]i
TransmissionRisk
Distance from source
Kernel
18. Modelling Movements
In addition, we want to consider the risk of
transmission via livestock movements.
When a farm is reported, we will consider
the following options:
• No movement control
• Movement ban within a certain radius of
infected premises
• Nationwide movement ban
We utilize data from the cattle tracing scheme and the animal movement license
scheme in the UK to simulate transmission risk via movements.
19. Results
Nationwide movement ban optimal
for minimising direct costs.
Cumbria
Small radius (~20km) movement ban
optimal for minimising overall costs.
Devon
Impact of tourism costs lower in
Devon.
Higher radius movement control
optimal overall.
20. Sensitivity to Cost Assumptions
The presented results are dependent upon the specific costs defined.
We can therefore test the sensitivity of our results to different cost assumptions.
This can be done using our freely accessible Shiny App:
https://livestockmovements.shinyapps.io/movement_control/
21. Sensitivity to Cost Assumptions
https://livestockmovements.shinyapps.io/movement_control/
22. Sensitivity to Cost Assumptions
https://livestockmovements.shinyapps.io/movement_control/
23. Sensitivity to Cost Assumptions
https://livestockmovements.shinyapps.io/movement_control/
24. Sensitivity to Cost Assumptions
https://livestockmovements.shinyapps.io/movement_control/
25. Sensitivity to Cost Assumptions
https://livestockmovements.shinyapps.io/movement_control/
26. Sensitivity to Cost Assumptions
https://livestockmovements.shinyapps.io/movement_control/
27. Sensitivity to Cost Assumptions
https://livestockmovements.shinyapps.io/movement_control/
28. Summary
The evidence suggests that for future outbreaks it may be cost effective not to
ban movements nationwide.
The scale of any future movement ban is dependent upon the region of
introduction and the priorities for control.
Even if indirect (tourism) costs are ignored, radial movement bans are more cost
effective than nationwide bans.
The advantage with regional movement bans is that farmers not immediately
affected by an outbreak can operate “as normal”.