Presented by Francesco Fava, ILRI, at the International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC) Agro-Livestock Workshop–Climate Risks and Innovation in Conflict affected areas Linked to Agro/Livestock Production, Nairobi, 4 December 2019
Sustainable livelihoods through livestock farming in East AfricaILRI
1. Livestock farming is important for sustainable livelihoods in East Africa, providing livelihoods for 600 million people in sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia.
2. Interventions to enhance livestock productivity, market access, and reduce risk can help the poor benefit from growing demand for livestock products.
3. Achieving this requires an integrated approach combining technologies, institutional innovations, and enabling policies along value chains.
Strengthening resilience of pastoralists through Index Based Livestock Insura...ILRI
The document discusses an index-based livestock insurance (IBLI) project in Ethiopia that aims to help pastoral communities manage risks from drought-related livestock losses. Some key points:
- Pastoralists in Ethiopia face regular risks of livestock losses from drought, resulting in poverty. The 2016-2017 failed rains caused over $350 million in losses.
- The IBLI project launched in 2012 and pays out when forage is scarce, allowing pastoralists to care for surviving livestock. Over 11,000 pastoralists have purchased insurance, and payouts have totaled over $73 million.
- Studies found IBLI is linked to reduced distress livestock sales, smaller meal sizes, and less dependence on food
Creating resilience through Index Based Livestock Insurance (IBLI): Insights ...ILRI
The document summarizes the Index Based Livestock Insurance (IBLI) program in Ethiopia. Key points:
- IBLI was launched in 2012 in collaboration with various organizations to provide drought insurance to pastoralists in Borana zone.
- Over 9,000 insurance policies have been sold since 2014 through microfinance institutions. In 2017, over 2,250 pastoralists received a payout of 5.4 million Birr after a drought.
- The program aims to scale up to other regions of Ethiopia using satellite data to calculate payouts when forage conditions decline below a set threshold.
Animal health Product development & adoption Partnership organisation
A not-for-profit Public-Private Partnership – registered charity
Sponsored by the UK Department for International Development (DFID) and The Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation (BMGF) and with projects funded by BMGF, DFID and EC.
Pro-poor focus: working with key partners to make a sustainable difference in access to animal health products for poor livestock keepers
This document discusses ways to scale up agricultural micro-insurance in Africa. It notes that ACRE Africa provides localized micro-insurance solutions to reduce climate risks. However, more work is needed to incorporate risk reduction activities and make insurance demand-driven. Insurance should be one part of a financial education strategy that includes savings, credit, and risk reduction. Case studies show insurance can help farmers invest more and reduce distress after losses, but farmers still see insurance as risky. The document calls for bundling insurance with climate-smart agriculture, using data to improve products, and better linking insurance with farmer services and organizations.
Sustainable livelihoods through livestock farming in East AfricaILRI
1. Livestock farming is important for sustainable livelihoods in East Africa, providing livelihoods for 600 million people in sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia.
2. Interventions to enhance livestock productivity, market access, and reduce risk can help the poor benefit from growing demand for livestock products.
3. Achieving this requires an integrated approach combining technologies, institutional innovations, and enabling policies along value chains.
Strengthening resilience of pastoralists through Index Based Livestock Insura...ILRI
The document discusses an index-based livestock insurance (IBLI) project in Ethiopia that aims to help pastoral communities manage risks from drought-related livestock losses. Some key points:
- Pastoralists in Ethiopia face regular risks of livestock losses from drought, resulting in poverty. The 2016-2017 failed rains caused over $350 million in losses.
- The IBLI project launched in 2012 and pays out when forage is scarce, allowing pastoralists to care for surviving livestock. Over 11,000 pastoralists have purchased insurance, and payouts have totaled over $73 million.
- Studies found IBLI is linked to reduced distress livestock sales, smaller meal sizes, and less dependence on food
Creating resilience through Index Based Livestock Insurance (IBLI): Insights ...ILRI
The document summarizes the Index Based Livestock Insurance (IBLI) program in Ethiopia. Key points:
- IBLI was launched in 2012 in collaboration with various organizations to provide drought insurance to pastoralists in Borana zone.
- Over 9,000 insurance policies have been sold since 2014 through microfinance institutions. In 2017, over 2,250 pastoralists received a payout of 5.4 million Birr after a drought.
- The program aims to scale up to other regions of Ethiopia using satellite data to calculate payouts when forage conditions decline below a set threshold.
Animal health Product development & adoption Partnership organisation
A not-for-profit Public-Private Partnership – registered charity
Sponsored by the UK Department for International Development (DFID) and The Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation (BMGF) and with projects funded by BMGF, DFID and EC.
Pro-poor focus: working with key partners to make a sustainable difference in access to animal health products for poor livestock keepers
This document discusses ways to scale up agricultural micro-insurance in Africa. It notes that ACRE Africa provides localized micro-insurance solutions to reduce climate risks. However, more work is needed to incorporate risk reduction activities and make insurance demand-driven. Insurance should be one part of a financial education strategy that includes savings, credit, and risk reduction. Case studies show insurance can help farmers invest more and reduce distress after losses, but farmers still see insurance as risky. The document calls for bundling insurance with climate-smart agriculture, using data to improve products, and better linking insurance with farmer services and organizations.
Sustainable livestock insurance for pastoralists: From research to practice a...ILRI
This document discusses index-based livestock insurance (IBLI) as a tool to help pastoralists in sub-Saharan Africa manage risks from drought. It notes that over 50 million pastoralists depend on livestock for their livelihoods but face major losses from drought. IBLI uses satellite data on vegetation levels rather than individual livestock losses to trigger payouts when forage is low. The document outlines the development and testing of IBLI contracts in Kenya and Ethiopia, challenges in scaling up adoption, and factors influencing uptake like price, contract design, and household characteristics.
Jordi Renart
Building Resilience through Financial Inclusion: A Review of Existing Evidence and Knowledge Gaps
Co-Organized by IFPRI and Innovations for Poverty Action (IPA)
MAY 9, 2019 - 12:15 PM TO 01:45 PM EDT
Presentation by A Shee, International Livestock Research Institute, at the CCAFS Workshop on Institutions and Policies to Scale out Climate Smart Agriculture held between 2-5 December 2013, in Colombo, Sri Lanka.
Why is bringing nutrition and resilience together so critical today?2020resilience
The document discusses a side event hosted by the International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies (IFRC) and the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) on bringing together nutrition and resilience. It provides examples of IFRC and Red Cross Red Crescent programs that integrate nutrition and resilience-building activities, such as providing livestock and diversifying livelihoods in Mauritania, Namibia, Niger, Kenya, Rwanda, and Ethiopia. The document concludes by highlighting the Zambezi River Basin Initiative, a collaboration between National Societies across borders aimed at reducing vulnerability and building community resilience through an integrated multi-sectoral approach.
COVID 19 Response for Recovery and Resilience of Agriculture & Food SystemsFrancois Stepman
Vanessa Adams, VP Strategic Partnerships, Alliance for a Green Revolution in Africa (AGRA)
5 May 2020. Webinar German Agribusiness alliance: Making food systems resilient to Covid 19.
The World Bank works with governments to develop agricultural insurance programs through public-private partnerships. These programs help governments address the negative impacts of agricultural production shocks and improve farmer welfare. The World Bank has supported successful programs in India, Mongolia, Senegal, and West Africa by assisting with regulatory frameworks, data collection, product design, and outreach. Agricultural insurance works best with collaboration between public sector support and private sector delivery of insurance.
PlaNet Guarantee is an insurance broker that develops innovative insurance products tailored to the needs of populations excluded from traditional insurance. It has developed index-based agricultural insurance programs in multiple countries in West Africa to protect farmers against risks from climate events. The programs use satellite data and weather station information to automatically payout claims indexed to measures like rainfall levels. This stabilizes farmers' incomes and the broader agriculture sector by securing access to credit, investment, and markets. Partnerships with local insurers, reinsurers, banks, microfinance institutions, and farmer cooperatives facilitate the distribution and management of the insurance programs. [/SUMMARY]
This webinar looked at how governments can catalyse the development of agriculture insurance markets through a variety of interventions such as the provision, administration and management of subsidies, support for developing infrastructure for effective implementation of insurance programmes, investment in collection and sharing of data and customer education. It also looked at the government's role in developing enabling regulations and using insurance as a part of their social protection and agriculture development agendas. This webinar was organized together with the WBG's Global Index Insurance Facility, the USAID & Basis/I4-supported Global Action Network for agriculture insurance.
Speakers: Lena Heron (USAID), Peter Wrede (the World Bank) and Vincent Tithinji Ngari (Government of Kenya).
Better lives through livestock: ILRI in SADC Region ILRI
Presented by Amos Omore and Sikhalazo Dube at the Virtual Food Agriculture and Natural Resources (FANR) / International Cooperating Partner (ICP) Group Meeting on Agriculture and Food Security. Gaborone, Botswana, 7 October 2020.
Introducing some ILRI and CGIAR activities in EthiopiaILRI
Presented by Siboniso Moyo, Barbara Wieland, Carlo Fadda (Bioversity International), Simon Langan (IWMI), Andrew Mude and Peter Ballantyne at the SDC visit to the ILRI Ethiopia campus, 16 July 2015
This presentation is a collection of slides used by speakers on March 1, 2023, during Ethiopia’s Recovery from Crisis – Domains and Options seminar. Key points discussed were Ethiopia’s recovery plans, why livestock matters, and updates on the National Policies and Strategies Initiative were some of the key points discussed during the seminar.
1) Joseph Ejercito Estrada served as the 13th President of the Philippines from 1998 to 2001.
2) During his presidency, he focused on targeting heinous crimes and crimes committed by government officials through task forces like PAOCTF.
3) Estrada implemented social programs to aid the 100 poorest families in each province and city through initiatives providing healthcare, nutrition, housing, education, and livelihood assistance.
The annual report summarizes the activities of the Rural Advancement Foundation International (RAFI) in 2014. Key accomplishments included:
1) Winning reforms to federal crop insurance programs that will better support small and mid-scale diversified farmers.
2) Kicking off new research projects and initiatives to expand farmer sales and access to fresh produce in low-income communities.
3) Providing resources like grants, financial counseling, and training to hundreds of farmers to help support their operations.
The organization focused on policy reform, research, and support for family farmers while taking on challenges around farm policy, agricultural biodiversity, and food security.
BASIX is a microfinance institution established in 1996 in India with a mission to promote sustainable livelihoods for rural poor and women through financial services and technical assistance. It has expanded its services over time to include micro-insurance, agriculture and livelihood services, energy/environment programs, and vocational training. BASIX partners with insurance companies to provide weather index insurance to farmers since 2003, starting with small pilots and expanding coverage over time, with over 34,000 farmers covered as of 2009. Challenges include the voluntary nature of the insurance, availability of weather data, high marketing costs for small products, and lack of customer awareness.
Achieving Agenda 2030: Livestock research and the transformation of small-sca...ILRI
1) Global demand for meat, milk, and eggs is rising rapidly in developing countries, where smallholders currently produce much of the supply.
2) Transforming smallholder livestock production into a more productive and resilient system can help achieve several UN Sustainable Development Goals and benefit women and youth.
3) Livestock research plays a key role in this transformation by developing solutions to improve productivity, health, feeding, and management practices for smallholder farmers.
The document discusses MADE's poultry intervention program in the Niger Delta region of Nigeria. The program aimed to reduce mortality rates and increase incomes for small-scale poultry farmers through improved access to veterinary products and information. MADE partnered with veterinary product companies to establish distribution channels that provided vaccines, drugs, and training to farmers through village-level dealers and vaccinators. Over 69,000 farmers participated in the program and experienced reduced mortality rates of 30% and increased incomes of 25-30% by applying better farming practices and using quality inputs. The case study examines the implementation and impact of the intervention, as well as the lessons learned over the course of the program.
This document discusses managing risk in Philippine agriculture through insurance, credit guarantees, and microfinance. It provides details on the Philippine Crop Insurance Corporation which insures farmers against losses, and the Agricultural Guarantee Fund Pool which guarantees loans to small farmers. It also describes the Rural Household Business Financing program which provides financing for farm and off-farm livelihood projects to diversify farmer incomes and risks. Expansion of these programs is needed to better manage agricultural risks.
This document discusses sustainable development in Africa, focusing on health and wellbeing. It provides examples of how smart agribusiness using new technologies can promote more sustainable development in Africa. These include using satellite imaging, drones, sensors on livestock, and mobile phones to improve efficiency, resilience, and smallholder inclusion in agriculture. International organizations like CGIAR and ILRI are supporting efforts to transform smallholder systems through research, insurance programs, and building scientific capacity in Africa. Overall, the document advocates for development in Africa that promotes sustainability, health, and wellbeing through innovative, inclusive approaches tailored to the African context.
Small ruminant keepers’ knowledge, attitudes and practices towards peste des ...ILRI
Presentation by Guy Ilboudo, Abel Sènabgè Biguezoton, Cheick Abou Kounta Sidibé, Modou Moustapha Lo, Zoë Campbell and Michel Dione at the 6th Peste des Petits Ruminants Global Research and Expertise Networks (PPR-GREN) annual meeting, Bengaluru, India, 28–30 November 2023.
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This document discusses index-based livestock insurance (IBLI) as a tool to help pastoralists in sub-Saharan Africa manage risks from drought. It notes that over 50 million pastoralists depend on livestock for their livelihoods but face major losses from drought. IBLI uses satellite data on vegetation levels rather than individual livestock losses to trigger payouts when forage is low. The document outlines the development and testing of IBLI contracts in Kenya and Ethiopia, challenges in scaling up adoption, and factors influencing uptake like price, contract design, and household characteristics.
Jordi Renart
Building Resilience through Financial Inclusion: A Review of Existing Evidence and Knowledge Gaps
Co-Organized by IFPRI and Innovations for Poverty Action (IPA)
MAY 9, 2019 - 12:15 PM TO 01:45 PM EDT
Presentation by A Shee, International Livestock Research Institute, at the CCAFS Workshop on Institutions and Policies to Scale out Climate Smart Agriculture held between 2-5 December 2013, in Colombo, Sri Lanka.
Why is bringing nutrition and resilience together so critical today?2020resilience
The document discusses a side event hosted by the International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies (IFRC) and the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) on bringing together nutrition and resilience. It provides examples of IFRC and Red Cross Red Crescent programs that integrate nutrition and resilience-building activities, such as providing livestock and diversifying livelihoods in Mauritania, Namibia, Niger, Kenya, Rwanda, and Ethiopia. The document concludes by highlighting the Zambezi River Basin Initiative, a collaboration between National Societies across borders aimed at reducing vulnerability and building community resilience through an integrated multi-sectoral approach.
COVID 19 Response for Recovery and Resilience of Agriculture & Food SystemsFrancois Stepman
Vanessa Adams, VP Strategic Partnerships, Alliance for a Green Revolution in Africa (AGRA)
5 May 2020. Webinar German Agribusiness alliance: Making food systems resilient to Covid 19.
The World Bank works with governments to develop agricultural insurance programs through public-private partnerships. These programs help governments address the negative impacts of agricultural production shocks and improve farmer welfare. The World Bank has supported successful programs in India, Mongolia, Senegal, and West Africa by assisting with regulatory frameworks, data collection, product design, and outreach. Agricultural insurance works best with collaboration between public sector support and private sector delivery of insurance.
PlaNet Guarantee is an insurance broker that develops innovative insurance products tailored to the needs of populations excluded from traditional insurance. It has developed index-based agricultural insurance programs in multiple countries in West Africa to protect farmers against risks from climate events. The programs use satellite data and weather station information to automatically payout claims indexed to measures like rainfall levels. This stabilizes farmers' incomes and the broader agriculture sector by securing access to credit, investment, and markets. Partnerships with local insurers, reinsurers, banks, microfinance institutions, and farmer cooperatives facilitate the distribution and management of the insurance programs. [/SUMMARY]
This webinar looked at how governments can catalyse the development of agriculture insurance markets through a variety of interventions such as the provision, administration and management of subsidies, support for developing infrastructure for effective implementation of insurance programmes, investment in collection and sharing of data and customer education. It also looked at the government's role in developing enabling regulations and using insurance as a part of their social protection and agriculture development agendas. This webinar was organized together with the WBG's Global Index Insurance Facility, the USAID & Basis/I4-supported Global Action Network for agriculture insurance.
Speakers: Lena Heron (USAID), Peter Wrede (the World Bank) and Vincent Tithinji Ngari (Government of Kenya).
Better lives through livestock: ILRI in SADC Region ILRI
Presented by Amos Omore and Sikhalazo Dube at the Virtual Food Agriculture and Natural Resources (FANR) / International Cooperating Partner (ICP) Group Meeting on Agriculture and Food Security. Gaborone, Botswana, 7 October 2020.
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This presentation is a collection of slides used by speakers on March 1, 2023, during Ethiopia’s Recovery from Crisis – Domains and Options seminar. Key points discussed were Ethiopia’s recovery plans, why livestock matters, and updates on the National Policies and Strategies Initiative were some of the key points discussed during the seminar.
1) Joseph Ejercito Estrada served as the 13th President of the Philippines from 1998 to 2001.
2) During his presidency, he focused on targeting heinous crimes and crimes committed by government officials through task forces like PAOCTF.
3) Estrada implemented social programs to aid the 100 poorest families in each province and city through initiatives providing healthcare, nutrition, housing, education, and livelihood assistance.
The annual report summarizes the activities of the Rural Advancement Foundation International (RAFI) in 2014. Key accomplishments included:
1) Winning reforms to federal crop insurance programs that will better support small and mid-scale diversified farmers.
2) Kicking off new research projects and initiatives to expand farmer sales and access to fresh produce in low-income communities.
3) Providing resources like grants, financial counseling, and training to hundreds of farmers to help support their operations.
The organization focused on policy reform, research, and support for family farmers while taking on challenges around farm policy, agricultural biodiversity, and food security.
BASIX is a microfinance institution established in 1996 in India with a mission to promote sustainable livelihoods for rural poor and women through financial services and technical assistance. It has expanded its services over time to include micro-insurance, agriculture and livelihood services, energy/environment programs, and vocational training. BASIX partners with insurance companies to provide weather index insurance to farmers since 2003, starting with small pilots and expanding coverage over time, with over 34,000 farmers covered as of 2009. Challenges include the voluntary nature of the insurance, availability of weather data, high marketing costs for small products, and lack of customer awareness.
Achieving Agenda 2030: Livestock research and the transformation of small-sca...ILRI
1) Global demand for meat, milk, and eggs is rising rapidly in developing countries, where smallholders currently produce much of the supply.
2) Transforming smallholder livestock production into a more productive and resilient system can help achieve several UN Sustainable Development Goals and benefit women and youth.
3) Livestock research plays a key role in this transformation by developing solutions to improve productivity, health, feeding, and management practices for smallholder farmers.
The document discusses MADE's poultry intervention program in the Niger Delta region of Nigeria. The program aimed to reduce mortality rates and increase incomes for small-scale poultry farmers through improved access to veterinary products and information. MADE partnered with veterinary product companies to establish distribution channels that provided vaccines, drugs, and training to farmers through village-level dealers and vaccinators. Over 69,000 farmers participated in the program and experienced reduced mortality rates of 30% and increased incomes of 25-30% by applying better farming practices and using quality inputs. The case study examines the implementation and impact of the intervention, as well as the lessons learned over the course of the program.
This document discusses managing risk in Philippine agriculture through insurance, credit guarantees, and microfinance. It provides details on the Philippine Crop Insurance Corporation which insures farmers against losses, and the Agricultural Guarantee Fund Pool which guarantees loans to small farmers. It also describes the Rural Household Business Financing program which provides financing for farm and off-farm livelihood projects to diversify farmer incomes and risks. Expansion of these programs is needed to better manage agricultural risks.
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EWOCS-I: The catalog of X-ray sources in Westerlund 1 from the Extended Weste...Sérgio Sacani
Context. With a mass exceeding several 104 M⊙ and a rich and dense population of massive stars, supermassive young star clusters
represent the most massive star-forming environment that is dominated by the feedback from massive stars and gravitational interactions
among stars.
Aims. In this paper we present the Extended Westerlund 1 and 2 Open Clusters Survey (EWOCS) project, which aims to investigate
the influence of the starburst environment on the formation of stars and planets, and on the evolution of both low and high mass stars.
The primary targets of this project are Westerlund 1 and 2, the closest supermassive star clusters to the Sun.
Methods. The project is based primarily on recent observations conducted with the Chandra and JWST observatories. Specifically,
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were carried out using the ACIS-Extract software.
Results. The EWOCS X-ray catalog comprises 5963 validated sources out of the 9420 initially provided to ACIS-Extract, reaching a
photon flux threshold of approximately 2 × 10−8 photons cm−2
s
−1
. The X-ray sources exhibit a highly concentrated spatial distribution,
with 1075 sources located within the central 1 arcmin. We have successfully detected X-ray emissions from 126 out of the 166 known
massive stars of the cluster, and we have collected over 71 000 photons from the magnetar CXO J164710.20-455217.
The binding of cosmological structures by massless topological defectsSérgio Sacani
Assuming spherical symmetry and weak field, it is shown that if one solves the Poisson equation or the Einstein field
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spherical shell without any underlying mass. Moreover, a large-scale structure which exploits this solution by assembling
concentrically a number of such topological defects can establish a flat stellar or galactic rotation curve, and can also deflect
light in the same manner as an equipotential (isothermal) sphere. Thus, the need for dark matter or modified gravity theory is
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Evidence of Jet Activity from the Secondary Black Hole in the OJ 287 Binary S...Sérgio Sacani
Wereport the study of a huge optical intraday flare on 2021 November 12 at 2 a.m. UT in the blazar OJ287. In the binary black hole model, it is associated with an impact of the secondary black hole on the accretion disk of the primary. Our multifrequency observing campaign was set up to search for such a signature of the impact based on a prediction made 8 yr earlier. The first I-band results of the flare have already been reported by Kishore et al. (2024). Here we combine these data with our monitoring in the R-band. There is a big change in the R–I spectral index by 1.0 ±0.1 between the normal background and the flare, suggesting a new component of radiation. The polarization variation during the rise of the flare suggests the same. The limits on the source size place it most reasonably in the jet of the secondary BH. We then ask why we have not seen this phenomenon before. We show that OJ287 was never before observed with sufficient sensitivity on the night when the flare should have happened according to the binary model. We also study the probability that this flare is just an oversized example of intraday variability using the Krakow data set of intense monitoring between 2015 and 2023. We find that the occurrence of a flare of this size and rapidity is unlikely. In machine-readable Tables 1 and 2, we give the full orbit-linked historical light curve of OJ287 as well as the dense monitoring sample of Krakow.
The debris of the ‘last major merger’ is dynamically youngSérgio Sacani
The Milky Way’s (MW) inner stellar halo contains an [Fe/H]-rich component with highly eccentric orbits, often referred to as the
‘last major merger.’ Hypotheses for the origin of this component include Gaia-Sausage/Enceladus (GSE), where the progenitor
collided with the MW proto-disc 8–11 Gyr ago, and the Virgo Radial Merger (VRM), where the progenitor collided with the
MW disc within the last 3 Gyr. These two scenarios make different predictions about observable structure in local phase space,
because the morphology of debris depends on how long it has had to phase mix. The recently identified phase-space folds in Gaia
DR3 have positive caustic velocities, making them fundamentally different than the phase-mixed chevrons found in simulations
at late times. Roughly 20 per cent of the stars in the prograde local stellar halo are associated with the observed caustics. Based
on a simple phase-mixing model, the observed number of caustics are consistent with a merger that occurred 1–2 Gyr ago.
We also compare the observed phase-space distribution to FIRE-2 Latte simulations of GSE-like mergers, using a quantitative
measurement of phase mixing (2D causticality). The observed local phase-space distribution best matches the simulated data
1–2 Gyr after collision, and certainly not later than 3 Gyr. This is further evidence that the progenitor of the ‘last major merger’
did not collide with the MW proto-disc at early times, as is thought for the GSE, but instead collided with the MW disc within
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The pathway(s) to seeding the massive black holes (MBHs) that exist at the heart of galaxies in the present and distant Universe remains an unsolved problem. Here we categorise, describe and quantitatively discuss the formation pathways of both light and heavy seeds. We emphasise that the most recent computational models suggest that rather than a bimodal-like mass spectrum between light and heavy seeds with light at one end and heavy at the other that instead a continuum exists. Light seeds being more ubiquitous and the heavier seeds becoming less and less abundant due the rarer environmental conditions required for their formation. We therefore examine the different mechanisms that give rise to different seed mass spectrums. We show how and why the mechanisms that produce the heaviest seeds are also among the rarest events in the Universe and are hence extremely unlikely to be the seeds for the vast majority of the MBH population. We quantify, within the limits of the current large uncertainties in the seeding processes, the expected number densities of the seed mass spectrum. We argue that light seeds must be at least 103 to 105 times more numerous than heavy seeds to explain the MBH population as a whole. Based on our current understanding of the seed population this makes heavy seeds (Mseed > 103 M⊙) a significantly more likely pathway given that heavy seeds have an abundance pattern than is close to and likely in excess of 10−4 compared to light seeds. Finally, we examine the current state-of-the-art in numerical calculations and recent observations and plot a path forward for near-future advances in both domains.
CLASS 12th CHEMISTRY SOLID STATE ppt (Animated)eitps1506
Description:
Dive into the fascinating realm of solid-state physics with our meticulously crafted online PowerPoint presentation. This immersive educational resource offers a comprehensive exploration of the fundamental concepts, theories, and applications within the realm of solid-state physics.
From crystalline structures to semiconductor devices, this presentation delves into the intricate principles governing the behavior of solids, providing clear explanations and illustrative examples to enhance understanding. Whether you're a student delving into the subject for the first time or a seasoned researcher seeking to deepen your knowledge, our presentation offers valuable insights and in-depth analyses to cater to various levels of expertise.
Key topics covered include:
Crystal Structures: Unravel the mysteries of crystalline arrangements and their significance in determining material properties.
Band Theory: Explore the electronic band structure of solids and understand how it influences their conductive properties.
Semiconductor Physics: Delve into the behavior of semiconductors, including doping, carrier transport, and device applications.
Magnetic Properties: Investigate the magnetic behavior of solids, including ferromagnetism, antiferromagnetism, and ferrimagnetism.
Optical Properties: Examine the interaction of light with solids, including absorption, reflection, and transmission phenomena.
With visually engaging slides, informative content, and interactive elements, our online PowerPoint presentation serves as a valuable resource for students, educators, and enthusiasts alike, facilitating a deeper understanding of the captivating world of solid-state physics. Explore the intricacies of solid-state materials and unlock the secrets behind their remarkable properties with our comprehensive presentation.
ESA/ACT Science Coffee: Diego Blas - Gravitational wave detection with orbita...Advanced-Concepts-Team
Presentation in the Science Coffee of the Advanced Concepts Team of the European Space Agency on the 07.06.2024.
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Title: Gravitational wave detection with orbital motion of Moon and artificial
Abstract:
In this talk I will describe some recent ideas to find gravitational waves from supermassive black holes or of primordial origin by studying their secular effect on the orbital motion of the Moon or satellites that are laser ranged.
Immersive Learning That Works: Research Grounding and Paths ForwardLeonel Morgado
We will metaverse into the essence of immersive learning, into its three dimensions and conceptual models. This approach encompasses elements from teaching methodologies to social involvement, through organizational concerns and technologies. Challenging the perception of learning as knowledge transfer, we introduce a 'Uses, Practices & Strategies' model operationalized by the 'Immersive Learning Brain' and ‘Immersion Cube’ frameworks. This approach offers a comprehensive guide through the intricacies of immersive educational experiences and spotlighting research frontiers, along the immersion dimensions of system, narrative, and agency. Our discourse extends to stakeholders beyond the academic sphere, addressing the interests of technologists, instructional designers, and policymakers. We span various contexts, from formal education to organizational transformation to the new horizon of an AI-pervasive society. This keynote aims to unite the iLRN community in a collaborative journey towards a future where immersive learning research and practice coalesce, paving the way for innovative educational research and practice landscapes.
Immersive Learning That Works: Research Grounding and Paths Forward
Index-insurance to protect pastoralists from drought shocks
1. Index-insurance to protect pastoralists from drought shocks
Francesco Fava, ILRI
International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC) Agro-Livestock
Workshop–Climate Risks and Innovation in Conflict affected areas
Linked to Agro/Livestock Production, Nairobi, 4 December 2019
2. LIVESTOCK & PASTORALISM IN E. AFRICA
LIVESTOCK & LIVELIHOODS
In East Africa and the Sahel pastoralism is the principal livelihood for over 40 million people;
In the Horn of Africa, exports of livestock and livestock products exceed $1billion annually.
In the region, estimated contribution of the livestock economy represents up to 60 percent of
agricultural GDP
3. LIVESTOCK & PASTORALISM IN E. AFRICA
LIVESTOCK & LIVELIHOODS
In Kenya and Ethiopia:
Median pastoralist household holds 100% of their productive assets in livestock
Livestock products and sales of livestock are 40% of income for average household
Global economy and environmental/climatic changes are increasing the vulnerability to shocks,
while decreasing the efficiency of copying mechanisms.
4. STANDARD RESPONSES TO DROUGHT ARE COSTLY & INSUFFICIENT
Food aid – slow, expensive, targeting challenges, foster dependency.
Cash aid – targeting challenges, fiscal sustainability, not equally effective for all.
DROUGHT - A MAJOR RISK
Catastrophic herd loss due to drought identified as the major source of vulnerability and cause of
poverty. 75% of livestock losses, among pastoralists, due to drought.
Strong evidence of asset-based poverty trap dynamics.
DROUGHT RESPONSE
5. DISASTER RISK FINANCING & INSURANCE (DRFI)
In order to better prepare for disaster events,
governments and institutions should have
a coordinated plan for post-disaster early
response agreed in advance,
clearly defined rules and triggers for early
disaster response, and
risk financing to ensure that the plan can be
implemented in the event of a disaster
IMPORTANCE OF LINKAGE WITH ACTION MECHANISMS (including financial)
• Early warning
• Early action
• Backed by early
finance
6. Objective: Offer a timely, sustainable, safety net against catastrophic drought shocks on
pastoralists.
IBLI Program was launched in 2008 by ILRI to design an index-insurance product protecting
pastoralists from asset losses during drought shocks.
INDEX-BASED LIVESTOCK INSURANCE
https://www.drylandinnovations.com/
7. WHAT IS INDEX-BASED INSURANCE
Conventional insurance
Loss Claim Verification
Indemnity
Very high transactions costs for
verification, etc.
Moral hazard
Index-based insurance
It does not insure individual losses
It is based on an “index” strongly
correlated with impacts (no
claims)
The Index is objectively verifiable,
available at low cost
8. o Since 2010 IBLI has been scaled-up commercially in
Kenyan and Ethiopian drylands through various
programs
o Since 2015, fully subsidized IBLI coverage is also
provided to thousands of vulnerable pastoralists in
Kenya under the KLIP (Kenyan Livestock Insurance
Program), as part as Kenyan social protection policies.
o Under KLIP, over 10 million USD of payouts have been
distributed since 2016 to over 18000 pastoral
households.
o Several countries are evaluating to implement IBLI like
contracts in East and West Africa
o IBLI has been implemented in multiple modalities
(micro-insurance, macro-insurance social protection,
sovereign level insurance)
IBLI SCALING
9. 1. Precise contract design;
2. Evidence of value and impact;
3. Establishing informed effective demand;
4. Low cost, efficient supply chain;
5. Policy and institutional infrastructure.
HOW A GOOD SCIENTIFIC IDEA CAN BECOME AN
EFFECTIVE (SCALABLE) OPERATIONAL PROGRAM?
RESEARCH – DEVELOPMENT DYCOTOMY?
RESEARCH – DEVELOPMENT FEEDBACK LOOP
10. Z-scoring to get seasonal index
Vrieling et al., 2014, IJAEG
Standardization and deviation
from ‘historical’ mean
Temporal accumulating
Seasonal cumulated NDVI
NDVI spatially aggregated
1-10 May 2011
MODIS NDVI image (10 day)
Spatial
aggregation
400 km
PRODUCT DESIGN – INDEX OF FORAGE AVAILABILITY
11. NDVI-based Forage Scarcity contracts – ASSET PROTECTION
Payouts at the end of the rainy season
Sum Insured: cost to keep livestock alive during drought
PRODUCT DESIGN – ASSET PROTECTION
12. If the trigger threshold is reached, the payout is proportional do the degree of forage scarcity
severity (as estimated from z-cum NDVI)
PAYOUT FUNCTION
PRODUCT DESIGN – PAYOUT MODEL
13. o The KLIP Policy:
o Based on ILRI-designed asset protection NDVI-based index
o Covers 5 Tropical Livestock Units for targeted households. Total covered value
is Ksh 70,000
o Payment triggers below 20th percentile.
o Government selects beneficiary households and holds policy on behalf of the
insured
o Payouts are delivered directly to beneficiary Households
o Voluntary purchase options under implementation
KLIP POLICY
14. Hirfrot , Barrett, Lentz and Taddesse2014; Janzen
and Carter 2013 NBER
EVIDENCE OF IMPACT AND VALUE
IMPACT ON PRODUCTION AND WELFARE
Increase herd survival rates by reducing
risk of catastrophic loss
Increase investments in maintaining
livestock through procurement of
veterinary and services
Improved production outcomes: increases
milk productivity
Positive impact on nutrition (i.e. child mid-
upper arm circumference )
IMPACT ON COPING STRATEGIES
IBLI improves post-drought coping. After
catastrophic 2011 drought:
reduction in likelihood of distress
livestock sales, especially (64%) among
modestly better-off HHs (>8.4 TLU)
25% reduction in likelihood of reducing
meals as a coping strategy, especially
(43%) among those with small or no herds
Chantarat, Mude, Barrett & Turvey 2017, World Dev.)
(Jensen, Barrett & Mude 2016, Cornell Working paper)
15. Pastoralists’ access and use of indemnity payouts through KLIP
Chelanga et al., 2018
LRLD Drought 2017SRSD Drought 2016
Is there anything that you spent money on because of the KLIP payment that you could not have done so without
the payment?
EVIDENCE OF IMPACT AND VALUE
16. CAPACITY DEVELOPMENT, EXTENSION, MARKETING
Across the delivery chain – insurance underwriters, implementing partners, government agencies, regulators,
extension and sales agents
Fundamentally, for sustainable scale, the client needs to understand the product and trust the delivery
mechanism.
IBLI CAPACITY DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY
Level 1: Knowledge and tools for
government and insurance industry
policy makers
Level 2: Knowledge, skills and job aids for
IBLI/KLIP sales agents and promoters
Level 3: Awareness raising for potential
clients
ESTABLISH INFORMED DEMAND
17. EFFICIENT DELIVERY MECHANISMS
Mobile and digital solutions could potential solve may of
the delivery challenges
Efficient agency models and tools
Developed mobile sales transactions applications with
back end MIS for insurance companies
KLIP program leveraging provision of bank accounts
through HSNP program in Northern Kenya
Bundling of extension services
18. Snapshot of Use of Digital Technology in IBLI/KLIP
DIGITAL INNOVATION – M-factor
19. INSTITUTIONAL INFRASTRUCTURE
Sustainable, large-scale index insurance program
requires a clear and well articulated policy
structure
No example of unsubsidized private market for
index insurance in developing countries. Globally
only 7% of transaction volume is purely private
Experience and evidence suggests that for
programs to go to scale they need to build on
strong, well-coordinated public and private
sectors
21. TOWARD SUSTAINABLE SCALING
Growing body of evidence continues to highlight the
socioeconomic and risk-management value of index
insurance programs, and the logic of public support.
IBLI experience has made a contribution to this
evidence, and to identifying/solving some of the
barriers to scale
Going to scale will require careful research and
development efforts to further unlock the barriers,
and an alignment of policy and technological forces.
Data: World Bank, FAO, Esri
22. Case study – East Hararghe, Oromia
In 2018, ICRC implemented a livelihood program in the
lowland areas of Oromia region, with the aim of
protecting/restoring animal health and production capacity
of conflict-affected pastoral communities.
Target population: 8,000 pastoralist households in
Meyumuluke woreda, affected by the inter-communal
conflict and were assisted with food and emergency
household items (EHI).
Drought/critical water shortage, livestock diseases, shortage
of veterinary service delivery, market and predators were
identified as the major five livestock production constraints
ICRC opted to focus on addressing the challenges of livestock
diseases.
Similar activities are now expanding in the adjacent Erer
zone of Somali Regional State (SRS).
Kumbi
Meyu Muleke
Golo Oda
Midhaga Tola
Girawa
Bedeno
Burqua Dhintu
Fedis Fedis
Lege Hida
Meyu North
Meyu East
Meyu South
Meyu Central
¯
0 25 5012.5
Kilometers
Legend
IBLI Clusters
Meyu Woreda
Neighboring Woredas
SOMALI REGION
Somali
Oromia
Afar
Amhara
SNNPR
Tigray
Gambela
Beneshangul Gumu
Dire Dawa
Hareri
Addis Ababa
23. Intervention area
Meyumuluke is one of the 20 woredas (districts) constituting
the East Hararghe zone of Oromia National Regional State
Meyumuluke has a land area of 4500 – 5,000 km2
Altitude that varies from 900 meters above sea level (masl) to
about 1400 masl, with a mean annual rainfall ranging from
500mm - 700mm and an average day time temperature of 30 –
370C (warm semi-arid)
The bulk of the rural population in Meyumuluke woreda are
either pastoralists or agro-pastoralists
The district possesses large livestock resources of which cattle
constitutes the majority followed by goats, camel, and sheep;
24. Conflicts
At the end of 2016, heavy clashes with Oromo pastoral
communities occurred in Erer zone (Somali region) woredas
bordering Oromia region, resulting in population
displacement, looting of their livestock and destruction of
community´s productive assets.
The conflict but it also happened in bordering kebeles of
most woredas along the Somali-Oromia border.
Political reasons are considered to be the prime cause of
the violence that caused destruction in 2016
The conflict negatively impacted on the already stressed
livelihoods of the community due to El Nino-induced
drought that occurred in 2016-2017
Inter-communal conflict is also caused by competition over
grazing land and watering points
25. Interventions for conflict mitigation
WHY INSURANCE?
ASSUMPTION: Migration duration stress times and inter-communal conflict.
Hp that insurance could be used:
o To enable pastoralists access feed/fodder, thereby reducing the need for travelling further
afield in search of animal feed and water, thus reducing the competition over natural
resources
o as a vehicle for facilitating inter-community interaction and dialogue.
Risk reduction activities in the context of ICRC operations – Community-Based Protection
o Raising Awareness in Relation to a Risk
o Developing Self-Protection Strategies
o Providing Assistance aiming to Reduce Risk Exposure
o Facilitating Engagement Strategies
o Supporting Self-Organization and Community Cooperation Processes
26. Feasibility assessment
-
• Idea conceptualization: problem statement and conceptual framework design based on direct experiences, literature review and interactions with index-
insurance actors.
3-6m
• Feasibility assessment (country level): agro-ecological context, product technical design suitabiliy, rural development and macroeconomic context,
natural hazard vulnerability, potential demand for insurance, weather/satellite/agricultural data infrastructure, private insurance infrastructure, distribution channels,
institutional context and capacity, existing policies, legal & regulatory environment, stakeholders/partners interest and capacity, ongoing related projects and
initiatives, potential for financial support.
6m-1y
• Preparation (sub-country level): pilot area(s) identification, initial product design, risk modelling and pricing, product design tools (i.e. pricing, claim
settlments, etc) development, public/private stakeholders/partners engagement at local and national level, capacity needs assessment, cap. dev. material
development, detailed market study, implementation model design (i.e. distribution mechanism), implementation tools development (e.g. sales platform),
legal/regulatory product approval process, design of M&E framework and baseline, funding mechanism and source identification.
3-5yrs
• Implementation: testing and implementation of all components of the insurance program. Refinement of product design in response to stakeholders feedback
and validation studies, generate evidences of impact, support informed demand, support policy and regulatory infrastructure, develop cost-effective delivery channels,
refine business and implementation models, multi-level capacity building.
- • Support Actions for Sustainable scaling: target actions and interventions to support enabling conditions for program scaling and long-term
sustainability.
27. Feasibility assessment
• Biophysical (contract design)
Can we technically design an IBLI product in the region?
• Socio-economic (product value and potential demand)
Can we expect that IBLI would be a valuable interventions for supporting livelihoods and that there will
be demand for the product?
• Operational/institutional (product supply)
Are there the conditions for supplying the product? What type of investment would be needed to create
the necessary infrastructure and capacity?
31. Socio-economic (summary)
Pros
• Shared interest toward the product
• Centrality of livestock for pastoralist welfare
• Extreme vulnerability to drought
• High cost of drought response in the area
Challenges
• Strong interaction between drought and disease.
Potential confusion.
• Need of subsidies
Pros & Cons
• Existing traditional social support mechanisms
during drought
• Existing safety net programs (PSNP)
32. Operational
Pros
• Presence of OIC in Ethiopia and willingness to underwrite
• Existing CAHWS network (potential distribution)
• Existence of rural savings and co-operatives
• Excellent mobile network
• No rigid requirements for Sharia
• Seemingly institutional support and national level policy
under development
Challenges
• Limited financial literacy and awareness about insurance
• Lack of value chain interventions addressing fodder
markets and water resources
• OIC needs incentives/support to move in the area
• Very small area of intervention
33. Summary – way forward
Preparatory and pilot intervention under discussion for 2020
Smart subsidies scheme initially donor-supported
Use of CAWHS or alternative organizations to support awareness creation, capacity building, and product
distribution
Need of exploring how to link the project to IBLI initiatives in Borana, Somali and at national level for long
term sustainability (high potential)
Need to further explore mechanisms for good use of payouts (value chain)
This study can be an opportunity
to test hypotheses and design innovative solutions around the role of insurance in conflict mitigation.
to understand how this type of intervention could be linked to ICRC standard operations for livelihood
support, beyond Ethiopia.
to demonstrate the value of such interventions for reducing humanitarian crisis (and costs) during drought
34. Open questions
Is IBLI a meaningful interventions in post-conflict situation?
CONFLICTS. Can IBLI really be valuable for conflict mitigation? How?
direct effect (e.g. migration control during drought, premium incentives for good
practices, vehicle for community dialogue etc.)
Indirect effect (resilience building, livelihood support, etc.)
ICRC Operation. Can IBLI really be sustainable? How (especially for those areas where index-
insurance is not present)? Who can sustain the cost of implementation?
36. FROM PIXELS TO PEOPLE
NDVI limitations and long term data continuity.
How to improve the index? Can we use new/multiple
indicators (e.g soil moisture, RFE) or different datasets (e.g.
Sentinels)?
Poor characterization of rangeland systems (e.g. in relation
to palatability/quality and land condition)
Rangeland mask, multi-scale mapping (high/very high res.
satellites).
Poor link between vegetation and livestock production.
Forage quality, grazing patterns, livestock mapping, water
points mapping
Lack of long term data for “validation” of mapping products.
Crowdsourcing, ground networks (webcams), drones.
SOME GAPS & OPPORTUNITIES FOR THE
EO COMMUNITY
Editor's Notes
Here there is not much to add to the slide content. The message is: livestock is central for the country economy and for a substantial fraction of the population
In E. African drylands livestock is essential for household welfare and livelihood. Pastoralists have strategies to cope with drought, but environmental and climatic changes are increasing the vulnerability of these already fragile populations and decreasing the efficiency of traditional coping strategies (such as destocking and migration)
Drought has catastrophic impacts on livestock assets and when pastoralists lose their animals there are evidences they are not able to recover and remain trapped into permanent poverty
Standard response interventions (cash transfer/food aid) are extremely costly and happen too late, when drought is already impacting key assets and livelihoods.
Here it is mostly all written. The cash/food aid logic of humanitarian response is now shifting toward a disaster risk financing approach toward effective early response. Early saving response allow early action toward prevention of major impacts on livestock and livelihood which is much more efficient. Here you can mention that EO is playing a growing role in triggering financial response mechanisms.
IBLI works with this logic. It is an index-insurance product designed to provide timely payouts to pastoralists to protect their livestock in case of drought. Timely means that payouts given early in the growing season in case of there is a deficit in forage production. Thus payouts are given before the dry seasons when grazing resources would be quickly depleted and livestock will start to starve.
IBLI is an index-insurance product. Traditional insurance (claim based, like the car ones) cannot work in these remote and low populated contexts because of the high transaction costs in verifying the claims.
Instead index-insurance is based on an objective INDEX of the risk. If the index falls below a pre-agreed level, then payout are given independently from a claim process. No verification.
The INDEX is based on EO-based indicators in most cases.
Just read. Plans to scale up KLIP up to 100k households.
Feasibility analyses done in Somalia, Uganda, Niger and several other countries are asking
Several ingredients are necessary to make a disaster risk financing solution work. As listed.
However, one critical area of interest for the EO community, is product design. It is of paramount importance of accurately assessing the risk you are covering and the potential of EO methods is huge in this respect and yet poorly explored. This is a clear case on EO technologies delivering impact.
- Evidence of value and impact refers to impact studies demonstrating the benefits of IBLI for household welfare and copying strategies (vast literature)
- Informed demand refers to awareness creation and capacity building efforts
Supply chain refers to the development of tools (ICT based/mobile) to reduce the transactions costs to deliver the insurance product for the private sector (e.g. sales apps, mobile payments, electronic registration etc)
Policy and institutional work is critical for creating the necessary enabling conditions for scaling (e.g. regulatory frameworks, policies, etc)
This could be effectively achieved with a continuous research effort to respond to implementation needs.
For IBLI we used MODIS NDVI imagery according to the methodology illustrated (spatial aggregation at insurance unit level, taking into account the extensive nature of grazing lands in the region and migration), then aggregated over the growing season(s) (there are two in East Africa) and finally an anomaly is calculated with respect to long term mean (z-score) to assess the current condition.
You can also skip this eventually. It is reiterating that the design of IBLI is done for early response for asset protection. The payouts can serve to purchase feed/fodder, water, veterinary services etc to protect the livestock before mortality occur so the total sum insured (the maximum amount one can get) is equal to the cost of keeping an animal alive during drought. There are two seasons in East Africa, the short rains shor dry (oct to feb) and the long rains long dry (march to sept)
When a pre-defined trigger is reached (so the forage availability falls below a certain level), then payout are linearly dependent on the forage availability index.
Feasibility assessment is the first phase of the IBLI implementation cycle. It is a critical step to evaluate if investments to introduce IBLI are meaningful and to understand the modality of implementation
The EO community could greatly contribute the development of index-insurance or, more broadly speaking, disaster risk financing solutions for the African drylands. And this in turn could have dramatic impacts on poverty reduction and SDGs.
However, more efforts should be done to understand the specificity and complexity of rangeland systems in Africa and to design approaches that are tailored to these ecological systems.
Can we go beyond NDVI and test new models to improve the assessment of forage resources? We need operational, near-real time and long term datasets and indicators that are tested and validated in the African context (e.g. RAPP PV/NPV/BS calibrated in Africa?)
Can we improve our characterizations of rangelands to recognize the heterogeneity of these systems which has dramatic implications on their usability and value for grazing? Rangeland are still not clearly defined and we do not have a recognized rangeland cover product…
Can we explore more the potential of remote sensing for assessing forage quality (beyond quantity) and invest in generating reliable geospatial datasets to better monitor livestock production (e.g. livestock density, water points,etc?
Finally, for this to be possible we need to address the huge issue of data scarcity in the pastoral drylands and support efforts to design effective networks of in situ measurements for model calibration/intercomparing/accuracy assessment. Given the cost of data collection in these remote region, new technologies should be tested.