Bone remodeling is a continuous process where bone resorption and formation maintains normal bone mass throughout life. Malocclusion is most often hereditary, resulting from a difference in jaw or tooth size. Thumb sucking before age 4 usually does not cause permanent harm if discontinued, as permanent teeth have not yet erupted.

2. Page 197
5. Concerning hand-wrist radiographs, which of the following
statements is correct?
A. Bone age is estimated by the presence or absence
of osseous centres in particular bones and compared
with standards.
B. Hand-wrist radiographs are a precise measure of
progress in skeletal development in normal children.
C. The hand-wrist radiograph is of little value in
orthodontic diagnosis.
D. The information obtained from
radiographs alone is enough to make an accurate
determination of skeletal age.
Orthodontists can compare a hand-wrist radiograph with the
atlas and find out a child’s skeletal age. With this data, an
orthodontist predicts the next growth spurt and makes a
treatment plan that takes advantage of the timing.
http://uofmhealth.org/health-library/tn2826

3. Page 197
6. In cephalometry, the most stable point in a growing skull is the
A. sella turcica.
B. nasion.
C. Broadbent's point.
D. Bolton point.
The stable anatomical structures in the anterior cranial base are:
http://www.angle-society.com/case/guide.pdf

4. Page 197
7.Which of the following patients should be referred for
orthodontic treatment to close a diastema between
maxillary central incisors?
1. An 8-year old with no abnormal oral habits.
2. A 14-year old with no abnormal oral habits.
3. A 3-year old with a 4mm overjet.
4. An 8-year old with a previous thumb habit.
A. (1) (2) (3) B. (1) and (3) C. (2) and (4) D.
(4) only
E. All of the above
Number one is wrong because the patient is 8 year old so
the canine did not erupt yet .So we should wait until the
eruption of canine to decide if this case need ortho or no.
Number three is wrong because the overjet is with in the
normal range .More than 4mm we must take an action.

5. Page 198
3. The developing permanent tooth
A. lies apically and lingually to primary teeth in the anterior region.
B. may show deviated eruption times if the primary tooth is lost
prematurely.
C. has a more protrusive path of eruption in
the anterior region.
D. All of the above.
The permanent incisors and canines first develop lingual to the deciduous
tooth germs at the level of their occlusal surfaces and in the same bony
crypt. As their deciduous predecessorss erupt, they move to more apical
position and occupy their own bony crypts.
http://books.google.ca/books?id=0HSNr774GHwC&pg=PA179&lpg=PA17
9&dq=the+developing+permanent+tooth+ndeb&source=bl&ots=yZe3eN_
Erj&sig=K7BvL19XI0GZXuRIaxXZH-
4t3U4&hl=en&sa=X&ei=60jDUbrmLsbwiwKqoIDQCg&ved=0CFcQ6AEwB
g#v=onepage&q=the%20developing%20permanent%20tooth%20ndeb&f=
false

6. Page 198
6. Primate spacing in the primary dentition is observed between
1. maxillary canines and first molars.
2. maxillary canines and lateral incisors.
3. mandibular canines and first molars.
4. mandibular canines and lateral incisors.
A. (1) and (3) B. (1) and (4) C. (2) and (3) D. (2) and (4)
E. (4) only
The mandibular primate space is found between the primary mandibular
canine and first molar. The maxillary primate space is found between the
maxillary primary lateral incisor and canine.
Page 86
CONTEMPORARY ORTHODONTICS, FOURTH EDITION
and
http://books.google.ca/books?id=55lKraQcv7cC&pg=PA86&dq=Primate+s
pacing&hl=en&sa=X&ei=AAvFUbDoFqGCiAKqoIH4Dw&ved=0CDcQ6AE
wAg#v=onepage&q=Primate%20spacing&f=false

7. Page 198
7.The anterior component of force may be observed clinically as
A. distal movement of a permanent mandibular cuspid.
B. mesial movement of a permanent maxillary first molar.
C. A. and B.
D. None of the above.

8. Page 198
8. If a child's teeth do not form, the primary effect will be on the growth of the
A. alveolar bone.
B. mandible.
C. maxilla.
D. palate

10. Page 200
1. A Class II dental occlusion in the mixed dentition will likely
A. develop into a Class I occlusion after normal exfoliation of
the primary molars.
B. worsen with forward growth of the maxilla.
C. develop into a Class I occlusion with late
mandibular growth.
D. develop into a skeletal malocclusion with
growth of the maxilla and mandible.
E. not change as the maxilla and mandible
grow.
Not sure no reference

11. Page 200
2. Alveolar bone is undergoing remodeling
A. through the primary dentition.
B. until the end of mixed dentition.
C. until the complete eruption of permanent
teeth.
D. throughout life.
Although bone may appear superficially as a static tissue, it is actually very
dynamic, undergoing constant remodeling throughout the life
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bone_remodeling_period

12. 6. The best time to correct a permanent maxillary central incisor cross-bite is
A. after the canines erupt.
B. after the central incisors erupt.
C. after the lateral incisors erupt.
D. during the eruptive stage of central
incisors.
if the incisor is in crossbite , it should be corrected as soon as possible ( while it
is erupting )
Dental Deck page 9 orhto card

13. Page 201
4.Class II malocclusions can be prevented by
A. maintaining the integrity of the primary dentition.
B. preventing thumbsucking and lip biting habits.
C. correcting mouth breathing as early as
possible.
D. None of the above.
As class II malocclusion can’t be prevented.

14. Page 201
5. The mechanism of adjustment to maintain the shape and proportions of bone
throughout its growth period is called
A. remodeling.
B. cortical drift.
C. area relocation.
D. translatory growth.
Bone remodeling is a continuous process of bone resorption and formation for the
purpose of maintaining normal bone mass.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bone_remodeling
http://www.wisegeek.org/what-is-bone-remodeling.htm

15. Page 202
1. The most frequent cause of malocclusion is
A. thumbsucking.
B. mouth breathing.
C. heredity.
D. ectopic eruption.
Malocclusion is most often hereditary, which means the condition is passed down
through families. There may be a difference between the size of the upper and
lower jaws or between jaw and tooth size, resulting in overcrowding of teeth or in
abnormal bite patterns.
http://health.nytimes.com/health/guides/disease/malocclusion-of-
teeth/overview.html

16. Page 202
2. In the mandibular dental arch of a 12-year old boy, the permanent first molars
are in contact with the first premolars and the crowns of the second premolars
have erupted lingually. The likely cause is
A. ankylosis of the mandibular second premolars.
B. lack of space.
C. teeth too large for the dental arch.
D. premature loss of deciduous second
molars.
E. faulty lingual eruption of the second
premolars.
http://www.angle.org/doi/pdf/10.1043/0003-
3219(1965)035%3C0249%3ATEOPLO%3E2.0.CO%3B2

17. Page 202
3. Thumb sucking in most cases does not cause permanent harm to the dentition
if the habit is
A. discontinued before four years of age.
B. discontinued before eight years of age.
C. practised only at night.
D. is light in intensity. .
E. None of the above.
Most children stop sucking on thumbs, pacifiers or other objects on their own
between 2 and 4 years of age. No harm is done to their teeth or jaws until
permanent teeth start to erupt.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thumb_sucking
http://books.google.ca/books?id=bs8HqMFRDakC&pg=PA70&dq=Thumbsucking
+in+most+cases+does+not+cause+permanent+harm+to+the+dentition+of+the+ha
bit+is&hl=en&sa=X&ei=m9fDUeqoEMaJiAL9hoGoCw&ved=0CC4Q6AEwAA#v=o
nepage&q=Thumbsucking%20in%20most%20cases%20does%20not%20cause%
20permanent%20harm%20to%20the%20dentition%20of%20the%20habit%20is&f