This document provides an overview of several organizational theories and principles, including: - Bureaucracy, with its key characteristics like hierarchy, rules, and division of labor as described by Max Weber. - Scientific Management as developed by Frederick Taylor, which focused on separating planning from doing work, job analysis, and using financial incentives. - Administrative Management Theory of Henri Fayol, which emphasized unity, authority, discipline, and developing managerial qualities. - Modern theories like Reengineering, Benchmarking, Empowerment, Systems Approach, and Total Quality Management. The document outlines some of the main ideas and approaches of these various organizational frameworks.

1. Organisational theories
And principles
Aravind.T.S
KTU- Syllabus
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2. 3 Basic Theories of OB
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3. BUREAUCRACY
• Bureaucracy refers to the management of large
organisations characterised by hierarchy, Fixed
rules, impersonal relationship, rigid adherence to
procedures, and a highly specialised division of
labor.-Max Webber
Max Webber
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4. Characteristics of
Bureaucracy
• The rules and job responsibilities are written down
and clearly stated
• Clear hierarchy of power is concentrated among a
few high-ranking managers
• Appointments and promotions of officers are
formal, because these officers will be held
accountable.
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5. Characteristics of
Bureaucracy
• Employees are hired based on their skills and
knowledge, not because of favouritism or luck.
• Salaries are tied to a pay-grade system
• Bureaucracies are unable or unwilling to adapt to
changing conditions quickly (Micro- manageable)
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7. Structure of bureaucracy
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8. •Rigid rules and regulations
• Having no consideration for interpersonal
relationship based on emotions and human qualities
•Power has been considered as the dominant factor
to administer the organization
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9. Drawbacks of Bureaucratic model
•There are glaring drawbacks in the bureaucratic
model namely rigidity, impersonal and mechanistic
relationship.
•Lack of co-ordination and interpersonal
communication and lastly existence of blind faith in
rules and regulations.
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10. Application and Effect
•The system may work in large government
organizations or the organization where there is no
change anticipated.
•The theory does not promote fulfilment of human
needs and does not exploit full potential of
employees.
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11. SCIENTIFIC MANAGEMENT -
Knowing exactly what you want men to do and
then see that they do it the best and cheapest way
Fredrick Winslow Taylor
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12. Scientific Managementwww.aravindts.com

13. Scientific Management www.aravindts.com

14. Features of Scientific
Management
•Separation of Planning and doing
•Functional foremanship
•Job Analysis
•Standardisation
•Scientific selection and training of workers
•Financial incentives
•Economies
•Mentalrevolution
•
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15. Separation of Planning and doing
Taylor divided the entire work into two parts namely
planning and doing. It was the responsibility of
supervisors to plan the work that an individual worker
is required to do and ensure that the tools required by
them are made available to them.
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16. Functional Foremanship
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17. Scientific selection and
training of workers
Workers selection should be carried out on
scientific basis. Taylor suggested that workers
should be given adequate training and work allotted
based on their physical and technical aptitude.
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18. Financial incentives
•He fixed targets for each work and they were paid
based on efficiency.
•Anybody who worked beyond the laid down target
were paid higher rate of wages and any employee
who could not meet allotted target was paid below
the laid down rate.
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19. Economies
Taylor insisted that internal economy must been
sured by each worker ensuring that there was no
wastage in time and material while carrying out the
job.
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20. Mental revolution
Taylor was a firm believer that there must be sound
relations between the management and the workers.
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21. Principles of Scientific
Management
• Replacing Rule of Thumb with Science
• Harmony in Group Action
• Co-operation
• Maximum Output and development of workers
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22. PROCESS MANAGEMENT
THEORY
He has used the term ‘administration’ instead of
management emphasising that there is unity of
science of administration.
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23. Industrial Activities
1.Technical – relating to production and maintenance
2. Commercial – buying, selling and exchange.
3. Financial – search for capital and its optimum utilization.
4. Security – protection of property and human beings
5. Accounting – accounting of stores and equipment. Statistics is also covered
under accounting.
6. Managerial – activities include planning, organizing, commanding, coordinating
and control.
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24. Fayol divided his approach of studying
management into three parts.
Managerial Qualities
(a) Physical ability:relating to health,vigour and ability to effectively addresses the
people.
(b) Mental ability:to understand and learn,judgment,mental vigour and adaptability.
(c) Moral ability: energy, firmness, initiative, loyalty, tact and dignity
(d) Educational ability:General acquaintance with matter not belonging exclusively
to the function performed
(e) Technical ability: Particular to function being performed
(f) Experience: Arising out of work
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25. General Principles of
Management
General Principles of Management
.Division of Labour
.Parity of authority and responsibility
.Discipline
.Unity of command
.Unity of direction
.Subordination of individual to general interest
.Fair remuneration to employee:
.Centralisation and decentralisation
.Scalar chain
.Equity
.Esprit de corps -Team work
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27. Neo Classical Theory
Human Relations Era -1927
1. Individual behaviour and sentiments are closely related.
2. Group influences significantly affected individual behaviour.
3. Group standards established individual output.
4. Money was less a factor in determining output.
5. Group standards, group sentiments and security provided by the group were
Responsible for higher productivity.
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28. Need Hierarchy Theory-
Abraham Maslow
Behavioural Theory
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29. Need Hierarchy Theory-
Abraham Maslow
Physiological Needs – Decoration, Vibration, Temperature, Space,
Noise, Gas, and Canteen facilities.
Security Needs – Job description, regularity, role clarity, structure,
communication, safety report meetings, agreements, and contracts.
Social Needs – Joint Tasks, appreciation, sharing offices,
recognition and team membership.
Self – esteem – Being consulted, rank, success, achievement,
encouragement, recognition, pre-requisites.
Self – actualization – Personal or professional growth, autonomy,
worthwhile job.
•
Behavioural Theory
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30. Theory X and Theory Y -
McGregor
Behavioural Theory www.aravindts.com

31. Theory X and Theory Y -
McGregor
Behavioural Theory
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32. Theory X and Theory Y -
McGregor
Behavioural Theory
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34. MODERN MANAGEMENT
THEORIES
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35. Re-engineering
Re-engineering is the fundamental rethinking and
radical redesign of business processes to achieve
dramatic improvements in critical, contemporary
measures of performance, such as cost, quality,
service and speed
Michael Hammer
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36. Re-engineering involves
total redesign of the job
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37. •The process of re- engineering begins with a clean
slate and a job is planned from beginning till end.
•The objective of re-engineering is to improve
efficiency, performance and overall productivity.
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38. Steps in Re-engineering
Process
Mission
Process
Creation of Sense of Urgency
Identification of Customer needs
Organisational Support
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39. Benchmarking
Benchmarking is the process of comparing work and
service methods against the best practices and
outcomes for the purpose of identifying changes that
will result in higher quality output.
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40. Empowerment
Empowerment is defined as “a process that enhances
intrinsic work motivation by positively influencing
impact, competence, meaningfulness and choice.
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41. Systems Approach to
Management
Defines system as an organized, unitary whole
composed of two or more interdependent parts,
components, or sub – systems and delineated by
identifiable boundaries from its environmental system.
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42. TQM
1.Build awareness of the need to improve
2. Set goals for improvement
3. Organize so as to reach the goals
4. Provide training
5. Conduct projects to solve problems
6. Report progress
7. Give recognition
8. Communicate results
9. Keep score of progress achieved
10. Maintain the momentum by making annual improvement part of the regular system
and processes of the company.
F. Juran
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43. Thank you
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