Motivational Theories(Theory-X & Theory-Y)

1. PRESENTATION
ON
THEORY-X
&
THEORY-Y

2. Theory X: Assumptions
on Human Nature
The average human being has an inherent
dislike of work and will avoid it if he can.
Must be controlled
Must be directed
“Hard management”
“Soft management”

3. Theory Y: Assumptions
on Human Nature
The average human being needs to work, actively
seeks responsibility and is creative and
resourceful.
Self-directed / motivated
Seeks responsibility
Problem-solvers
Intellectual capabilities
underused

4. Management Tenets
Theory X Theory Y
Organizes productive
elements according to human
needs
Organizes the elements
according to economic ends
Directs people to fit needs of
organization
Assists people to recognize
and develop responsibility
People are passive and
resistant to organizational
needs
People become passive as
a result of experiences
Management gets things
done through other people
People achieve own goals
by directing their own efforts
toward organizational
objectives

5. Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs
Self Actualization
Esteem
Belonginess
Safety
Shelter
Food
Basis of McGregor’s
“Theory Y”

6. Application of Hierarchy of Needs to
Management and Workplace
Theory X
(ineffective management)
Once a need is met, it no
longer motivates
behavior: therefore only
unmet needs are
motivational.
Theory Y
(effective management)
Motivational emphasis
shifts to social, ego, and
self- actualization since
most employees have
physical and safety needs
met.

7. Hard Management Soft Management
Methods
Close supervision
tight controls
coercion
Permissiveness
needs for satisfaction
Results
Restriction of output
Mutual distrust
Sabotage
Unionism
Failure to perform roles
Employees took advantage
by demanding more but
performing at lower level
* Led to ineffective management
Management Styles of Theory X:

8. Management Styles of Theory Y
Decentralization of decision-
making authority
Delegation
Job enlargement
Participative management
* Led to effective management

9. Management
Theory X Theory Y
Purpose Produce economic Produce economic
results results
Application Production Workers Managers &
Professionals
Conducive to Large scale operations Participation & Problem
Solving
Style Authoritarian Participative
Adopted by Taylorist – followers Mayo’s human relations
followers

10. Management Functions
Theory X
Traditional view of direction and control
Theory Y
Integration of individual & organizational goals
Management Staff
Staff Management

11. Participatory management based on four concepts:
1. Identity
2. Participation
3. Equity
4. Managerial Competence

12. Theory X and Theory Y in Educational Settings
Theory X
1930’s – 1950’s
 Coercion
 Everyone learns the
same / rote methods
Theory Y
1960’s to Present
 Honors divergent
thinking
 Uses various teaching
methodologies

13. Teacher – Student Relationships
Teacher’s managerial role:
• Create (in part) work environment
• Assign jobs
• Promote students
• Interact with students

14. Administrator – Teacher
Relationships
• Delegation of responsibilities
• Job enlargement
• Participative style
• Performance appraisals