This document provides an overview of classical and modern organization theory as applied to health care organizations. It discusses several theories of organization including scientific management, administrative management, behavioral, systems, and contingency theories. Scientific management theory focuses on standardization, time studies, and dividing work responsibilities. Administrative theory examines formal structure, rules, and principles of management. Behavioral theory emphasizes human factors like motivation, leadership, and group dynamics. Systems theory views organizations as goal-oriented systems, while contingency theory contends there is no single best way to manage and the approach must fit the situation. The theories provide frameworks for functions like management structures, performance evaluation, process standardization, and adapting to changing environments in health care.
There are several theories which explain the organization and its structure .Classical organization theory includes the scientific management approach, Weber's bureaucratic approach, and administrative theory.
There are several theories which explain the organization and its structure .Classical organization theory includes the scientific management approach, Weber's bureaucratic approach, and administrative theory.
A process of monitoring , comparing ,correcting performance and taking action to ensure desired results.
It sees to it that the right things happen, in the right ways, and at the right time
No doubt management is very important thing in any organization. Organization can never achieve its Objectives without proper management. Management is art of getting thing done with the help of other People. There is jungle of management theories which are categorized as classical, behavioral and Situational management theories. Three well known classical management theories (scientific, Administrative and bureaucratic) were reviewed in this article.
Classical Theory of management is a branch of management theory evolved around the 19th century. It was developed during the industrial revolution when problems related to factory systems began, to recognize the role that management plays in an organization particularly focusing on the efficiency of the work process
Hello Everyone!
This is a ppt on management concepts. It covers most of the topics related to management. By reading this you will get a brief idea about the concepts of management. It will also be very helpful from university exam point of view. Students can also makes notes of it. This topic is very important for opting any management course. Hope you will like the ppt and make a good learning of it.
Read and Enjoy!
Thank You!
A process of monitoring , comparing ,correcting performance and taking action to ensure desired results.
It sees to it that the right things happen, in the right ways, and at the right time
No doubt management is very important thing in any organization. Organization can never achieve its Objectives without proper management. Management is art of getting thing done with the help of other People. There is jungle of management theories which are categorized as classical, behavioral and Situational management theories. Three well known classical management theories (scientific, Administrative and bureaucratic) were reviewed in this article.
Classical Theory of management is a branch of management theory evolved around the 19th century. It was developed during the industrial revolution when problems related to factory systems began, to recognize the role that management plays in an organization particularly focusing on the efficiency of the work process
Hello Everyone!
This is a ppt on management concepts. It covers most of the topics related to management. By reading this you will get a brief idea about the concepts of management. It will also be very helpful from university exam point of view. Students can also makes notes of it. This topic is very important for opting any management course. Hope you will like the ppt and make a good learning of it.
Read and Enjoy!
Thank You!
Hello Everyone!
This is a ppt on management concepts. It covers most of the topics related to management. By reading this you will get a brief idea about the concepts of management. It will also be very helpful from university exam point of view. Students can also makes notes of it. This topic is very important for opting any management course. Hope you will like the ppt and make a good learning of it.
Read and Enjoy!
Thank You!
Management, whether in the media or other organizations, is practiced under several theories. The presentation shed light on existing management theories succinctly.
Factors Associated with Anemia among Pregnant Women of Underprivileged Ethnic...Prabesh Ghimire
Abstract
Background. This study aims at determining the factors associated with anemia among pregnant women of underprivileged ethnic groups attending antenatal care at the provincial level hospital of Province 2. Methods. A hospital-based cross-sectional study was carried out in Janakpur Provincial Hospital of Province 2, Southern Nepal. 287 pregnant women from underprivileged ethnic groups attending antenatal care were selected and interviewed. Face-to-face interviews using a structured questionnaire were undertaken. Anemia status was assessed based on hemoglobin levels determined at the hospital’s laboratory. Bivariate and multiple logistic regression analyses were used to identify the factors associated with anemia. Analyses were performed using IBM SPSS version 23 software. Results. The overall anemia prevalence in the study population was 66.9% (95% CI, 61.1–72.3). The women from most underprivileged ethnic groups (Terai Dalit, Terai Janajati, and Muslims) were twice more likely to be anemic than Madhesi women. Similarly, women having education lower than secondary level were about 3 times more likely to be anemic compared to those with secondary level or higher education. Women who had not completed four antenatal visits were twice more likely to be anemic than those completing all four visits. The odds of anemia were three times higher among pregnant women who had not taken deworming medication compared to their counterparts. Furthermore, women with inadequate dietary diversity were four times more likely to be anemic compared to women having adequate dietary diversity. Conclusions. The prevalence of anemia is a severe public health problem among pregnant women of underprivileged ethnic groups in Province 2. Being Dalit, Janajati, and Muslim, having lower education, less frequent antenatal visits, not receiving deworming medication, and having inadequate dietary diversity are found to be the significant factors. The present study highlights the need of improving the frequency of antenatal visits and coverage of deworming program in ethnic populations. Furthermore, promoting a dietary diversity at the household level would help lower the prevalence of anemia. The study findings also imply that the nutrition interventions to control anemia must target and reach pregnant women from the most-marginalized ethnic groups and those with lower education
Factors Associated with Enrolment of Households in Nepal’s National Health In...Prabesh Ghimire
Abstract
Background: Nepal has made remarkable efforts towards social health protection over the past several years. In 2016, the Government of Nepal introduced a National Health Insurance Program (NHIP) with an aim to ensure equitable and universal access to healthcare by all Nepalese citizens. Following the first year of operation, the scheme has covered 5 percent of its target population. There are wider concerns regarding the capacity of NHIP to achieve adequate population coverage and remain viable. In this context, this study aimed to identify the factors associated with enrolment of households in the NHIP.
Methods: A cross-sectional household survey using face to face interview was carried out in 2 Palikas (municipalities) of Ilam district. 570 households were studied by recruiting equal number of NHIP enrolled and non-enrolled households. We used Pearson’s chi-square test and binary logistic regression to identify the factors associated with household’s enrolment in NHIP. All statistical analyses were performed using IBM SPSS version 23 software.
Results: Enrolment of households in NHIP was found to be associated with ethnicity, socio-economic status, past experience of acute illness in family and presence of chronic illness. The households that belonged to higher socio-economic status were about 4 times more likely to enrol in the scheme. It was also observed that households from privileged ethnic groups such as Brahmin, Chhetri, Gurung, and Newar were 1.7 times more likely to enrol in NHIP compared to those from underprivileged ethnic groups such as janajatis (indigenous people) and dalits (the oppressed). The households with illness experience in 3 months preceding the survey were about 1.5 times more likely to enrol in NHIP compared to households that did not have such experience. Similarly, households in which at least one of the members was chronically ill were 1.8 times more likely to enrol compared to households with no chronic illness.
Conclusion: Belonging to the privileged ethnic group, having a higher socio-economic status, experiencing an acute illness and presence of chronically ill member in the family are the factors associated with enrolment of households in NHIP. This study revealed gaps in enrolment between rich-poor households and privileged-underprivileged ethnic groups. Extension of health insurance coverage to poor and marginalized households is therefore needed to increase equity and accelerate the pace towards achieving universal health coverage.
Recent Advances in Evidence Based Public Health PracticePrabesh Ghimire
This product is the result of compilation from various sources. I acknowledge all direct and indirect sources although they have not been mentioned explicitly in the document.
Observational analytical study: Cross-sectional, Case-control and Cohort stu...Prabesh Ghimire
This presentation provides overview of three observational analytical studies: cross-sectional study design, case-control study design and cohort study design
Development of test instruments
Includes information about:
Methods of collecting information
Interview techniques and tools
Observation: concept and observation checklist
This is the product of compilation from various sources. I would like to acknowledge all direct and indirect sources although they have not been mentioned explicitly within the document.
This product is the result of compilation from various sources. I would like to acknowledge all direct and indirect sources, although they have not been explicitly mentioned within the document.
This product is the result of compilation from various sources. I acknowledge all direct and indirect sources although they have not been mentioned explicitly in the document.
New Organogram of Nepalese Health System (Please check the updated slides on ...Prabesh Ghimire
This slide has been updated to accommodate the recent changes. Please check the following link for the updated presentation:
https://www.slideshare.net/PrabeshGhimire/organogram-organization-structure-of-nepalese-health-system-updated-nov-2021
Bilateral and Multilateral Organizations in NepalPrabesh Ghimire
Declaration: The materials incorporated in this document have come from variety of sources and compiler bears no responsibilities for any information contained herein. The compiler acknowledges all the sources although references have not been explicitly cited for all the contents in this document.
ICH Guidelines for Pharmacovigilance.pdfNEHA GUPTA
The "ICH Guidelines for Pharmacovigilance" PDF provides a comprehensive overview of the International Council for Harmonisation of Technical Requirements for Pharmaceuticals for Human Use (ICH) guidelines related to pharmacovigilance. These guidelines aim to ensure that drugs are safe and effective for patients by monitoring and assessing adverse effects, ensuring proper reporting systems, and improving risk management practices. The document is essential for professionals in the pharmaceutical industry, regulatory authorities, and healthcare providers, offering detailed procedures and standards for pharmacovigilance activities to enhance drug safety and protect public health.
Under Pressure : Kenneth Kruk's StrategyKenneth Kruk
Kenneth Kruk's story of transforming challenges into opportunities by leading successful medical record transitions and bridging scientific knowledge gaps during COVID-19.
CHAPTER 1 SEMESTER V PREVENTIVE-PEDIATRICS.pdfSachin Sharma
This content provides an overview of preventive pediatrics. It defines preventive pediatrics as preventing disease and promoting children's physical, mental, and social well-being to achieve positive health. It discusses antenatal, postnatal, and social preventive pediatrics. It also covers various child health programs like immunization, breastfeeding, ICDS, and the roles of organizations like WHO, UNICEF, and nurses in preventive pediatrics.
The global radiation oncology market size reached US$ 8.1 Billion in 2023. Looking forward, IMARC Group expects the market to reach US$ 14.5 Billion by 2032, exhibiting a growth rate (CAGR) of 6.5% during 2024-2032.
More Info:- https://www.imarcgroup.com/radiation-oncology-market
Health Education on prevention of hypertensionRadhika kulvi
Hypertension is a chronic condition of concern due to its role in the causation of coronary heart diseases. Hypertension is a worldwide epidemic and important risk factor for coronary artery disease, stroke and renal diseases. Blood pressure is the force exerted by the blood against the walls of the blood vessels and is sufficient to maintain tissue perfusion during activity and rest. Hypertension is sustained elevation of BP. In adults, HTN exists when systolic blood pressure is equal to or greater than 140mmHg or diastolic BP is equal to or greater than 90mmHg. The
Letter to MREC - application to conduct studyAzreen Aj
Application to conduct study on research title 'Awareness and knowledge of oral cancer and precancer among dental outpatient in Klinik Pergigian Merlimau, Melaka'
Medical Technology Tackles New Health Care Demand - Research Report - March 2...pchutichetpong
M Capital Group (“MCG”) predicts that with, against, despite, and even without the global pandemic, the medical technology (MedTech) industry shows signs of continuous healthy growth, driven by smaller, faster, and cheaper devices, growing demand for home-based applications, technological innovation, strategic acquisitions, investments, and SPAC listings. MCG predicts that this should reflects itself in annual growth of over 6%, well beyond 2028.
According to Chris Mouchabhani, Managing Partner at M Capital Group, “Despite all economic scenarios that one may consider, beyond overall economic shocks, medical technology should remain one of the most promising and robust sectors over the short to medium term and well beyond 2028.”
There is a movement towards home-based care for the elderly, next generation scanning and MRI devices, wearable technology, artificial intelligence incorporation, and online connectivity. Experts also see a focus on predictive, preventive, personalized, participatory, and precision medicine, with rising levels of integration of home care and technological innovation.
The average cost of treatment has been rising across the board, creating additional financial burdens to governments, healthcare providers and insurance companies. According to MCG, cost-per-inpatient-stay in the United States alone rose on average annually by over 13% between 2014 to 2021, leading MedTech to focus research efforts on optimized medical equipment at lower price points, whilst emphasizing portability and ease of use. Namely, 46% of the 1,008 medical technology companies in the 2021 MedTech Innovator (“MTI”) database are focusing on prevention, wellness, detection, or diagnosis, signaling a clear push for preventive care to also tackle costs.
In addition, there has also been a lasting impact on consumer and medical demand for home care, supported by the pandemic. Lockdowns, closure of care facilities, and healthcare systems subjected to capacity pressure, accelerated demand away from traditional inpatient care. Now, outpatient care solutions are driving industry production, with nearly 70% of recent diagnostics start-up companies producing products in areas such as ambulatory clinics, at-home care, and self-administered diagnostics.
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International Cancer Survivors Day is celebrated during June, placing the spotlight not only on cancer survivors, but also their caregivers.
CANSA has compiled a list of tips and guidelines of support:
https://cansa.org.za/who-cares-for-cancer-patients-caregivers/
This document is designed as an introductory to medical students,nursing students,midwives or other healthcare trainees to improve their understanding about how health system in Sri Lanka cares children health.
LGBTQ+ Adults: Unique Opportunities and Inclusive Approaches to CareVITASAuthor
This webinar helps clinicians understand the unique healthcare needs of the LGBTQ+ community, primarily in relation to end-of-life care. Topics include social and cultural background and challenges, healthcare disparities, advanced care planning, and strategies for reaching the community and improving quality of care.
Rate Controlled Drug Delivery Systems, Activation Modulated Drug Delivery Systems, Mechanically activated, pH activated, Enzyme activated, Osmotic activated Drug Delivery Systems, Feedback regulated Drug Delivery Systems systems are discussed here.
The Importance of Community Nursing Care.pdfAD Healthcare
NDIS and Community 24/7 Nursing Care is a specific type of support that may be provided under the NDIS for individuals with complex medical needs who require ongoing nursing care in a community setting, such as their home or a supported accommodation facility.
2. Classical Organization Theory
Developed during industrial revolution
Developed from efforts to find the “best way” to perform
and manage tasks.
Three main theories
• Scientific management theory
• Administrative management theory
• Behavioural theory
Prabesh Ghimire 2
3. Scientific Management Theory
Aroused because of the need to increase productivity and
efficiency
• How to increase the output of the average worker
• How to improve the efficiency of management
Major contributors: Frederick Taylor, Henry Gantt, and
Frank and Lillian Gilbreth
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4. Principles of Scientific Management
Theory
Work, equipment and processes should be standardized
Time and task study should be used to determine the
standards for workers
Selection, training and developing workers instead of
allowing them to choose their own tasks and train
themselves.
Cooperate fully with the workers to ensure they use the
proper method
Divide work and responsibility so management is
responsible for planning work methods using scientific
principles and workers are responsible for executing the
work accordingly.
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5. Administrative Management Theory
Focused on total organization
Emphasis was on the development of managerial
principles rather than work methods
Major Contributors: Henry Fayol, Max Weber, Mary
Parker Follet…
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6. Weber’s theory
Disliked organizations managed on personal family like
basis
• Employees loyal to individual supervisors rather than organization
According to Weber
• management should be managed impersonally
• Formal organization structure, where specific rules are followed is
important
• Authority should be something that was part of a person’s job and
passed from individual to individual as one person left and another
took over
Non-personal objective organization- bureaucracy
Prabesh Ghimire 6
7. Weber’s theory of bureaucracy
A well-defined hierarchy
• Positions in bureaucracy should be structured in a way the permits
higher positions to supervise and control the lower positions
• Facilitates control and order in organization
Division of labor and job specialization
• Responsibilities should be specialized so that each employee has
the necessary expertise to do a particular task
• Fosters ability and merit as the primary characteristics of a
bureaucratic organization.
Former rules and regulations
• Standard operating procedures should govern all organization
activities to provider certainty and facilitate coordination
Prabesh Ghimire 7
8. Weber’s theory of bureaucracy
Impersonality
• Managers should maintain impersonal relationship with employees
so that favoritism and personal prejudice do not influence decisions
Competence
• Staffs are selected and appointed based on technical qualifications
and ability, rather than personal loyalty and relationships
Records
• Bureaucracy needs to maintain complete files regarding all its
activities
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9. Fayol’s Principles of Management
1. Division of work
2. Authority and
responsibility
3. Discipline
4. Unity of command
5. Unity of direction
6. Remuneration
7. Subordination of personal
interest to general interest
8. Centralization
9. Scalar chain
10. Order
11. Equity
12. Stability of tenure
13. Esprit de corps
14. Initiative
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10. Behavioural theories of Management
Successful organization depends largely on a manager’s
ability to understand and work with people.
Addresses human dimensions of work: motivation,
leadership, trust, teamwork and conflict management.
Major contributors: Mayo and Roethlsberger, Maslow, Mc
Gregor
Major contributions
• Hawthrone Experiement
• Maslow’s Need Hierarchy Theory
• Mc Gregor Theory of X & Y
• Herzberg’s Motivation Hygiene Theory
Prabesh Ghimire 10
11. Hawthrone Experiment
Organization is a social system not just techno-economic
system.
Employers can be motivate by psychological and social
wants because their behaviour is also influenced by
feelings, emotions and attitudes
Economic incentives are not the only method to motivate
people
Management must learn to develop co-operative attitudes
and not rely merely on command.
Prabesh Ghimire 11
12. Hawthrone Experiment
Productivity is linked with employee satisfaction.
Management must take greater interest in employee
satisfaction
Group psychology plays important role in organization.
We must therefore rely more on informal group effort
Key to higher productivity lies in employee morale. High
morale results in higher output
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13. Maslow’s need hierarchy theory
Theory of motivation
Considerations on five groups of human needs
Assumptions
Human needs are never completely satisfied
Human behaviour is purposeful and is motivated by the
need for satisfaction
Needs can be classified according to a hierarchical
structure of importance, from the lowest to highest
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14. Mc Gregor’s theory X and Y
Dichotomy about the assumptions managers make about
the workers and how these assumptions affect behaviour
Two basic kinds of manager exists
• Theory X manager
• Theory Y manager
Hard guy, soft guy approach of managing people in the
organization.
Prabesh Ghimire 14
15. Mc Gregor’s theory X and Y
Theory X
Negative assumptions about employee
Assumes that average person has an inherent dislike for
work and will avoid if they can
Employees are lazy, untrustworthy and incapable for
assuming responsibilities
They must be coerced, controlled, directed and
threatened with punishment to get them put forth
adequate efforts towards achievement of organization
objectives
Average employee prefer to be directed. They wish to
avoid responsibility and have little ambition. They are
interested only in security
Prabesh Ghimire 15
16. Mc Gregor’s theory X and Y
Theory Y
Work is as natural as play or rest if the conditions are
favorable
Employees are not only trustworthy and capable of
assuming responsibility, but also have high levels of
motivation.
People will exercise self-direction and self-control to
achieve organizational objectives to which they are
committed
Prabesh Ghimire 16
18. Scientific Management Theory
Hospitals using scientific management can design the
management structure, staffing and number of beds allocated
to particular units to care for a specific number of patients per
year.
Scientific management driven health care organizations can
evaluate health workers’ performance based on performance
indicators including productivity, number of patients seen
Process standardization are widely practiced to ensure health
care quality and efficiency: e.g. standards for Reproductive
Health services, standards for administration of vaccines
Work standardization are important in health organizations:
duty shifts, code of conduct, health ethics
Prabesh Ghimire 18
19. Applications of Bureaucratic Theory
Job specialization should be very explicit in health care
organizations
• General practitioners, Specialist, Nursing, Radiology
Use of standard operating procedures are critical
components of health care procedures
• E.g. core competency steps to be followed for assisting birth
• SOPs for effective vaccine management
• SOPs for storage
Recently, Information management systems have been
an essential part of health care organizations
• HMIS, LMIS, FMIS, TIMS, IMIS
Impersonality and competence is must in health care-
specialized field (life vs death)
Prabesh Ghimire 19
21. Modern Organization Theory
Considers an organization as an adaptive system which
has to adjust to changes in its environment.
Organization is viewed as a structured process in which
individuals interact for attaining objectives
Major theories
• Systems theory
• Contingency theory
Prabesh Ghimire 21
22. Systems management theory
System: Interconnected and interrelated set of elements
functioning as a whole
Every system is goal-oriented and it must have a purpose
or objective to be attained
In designing the system we must establish the necessary
arrangement of the components
Inputs of information, material and energy allocated for
processing as per plan so that outputs can achieve the
objective of the system
Prabesh Ghimire 22
23. Systems management theory
Organization as a system is composed of five
elements
• Inputs- human, finance, material, equipment,
information
• Transformational processes- technological and
managerial
• Outputs- products or services
• Feedback- reaction from the environment
• Environment
Prabesh Ghimire 23
26. Contingency theory
Managerial practices depends on situation
(circumstances)
There is no one best way to manage organization
“If” and “then” approach to management
Considers multivariate nature of organizations
Rather than having a specific solution to solve problems,
it provides a framework where every solution depends
upon the environmental conditions.
• Same problem can have different solutions at different points of
time
• Different problems can have same solution at the same point of
time.
Prabesh Ghimire 26
27. Contingency theory
Manager’s approach must be adjusted to the demands of
specific situations or circumstances.
Management is highly practice-oriented discipline. It is the
function of managers to analyze and understand the
environment in which they function before adopting their
techniques, processes and practices.
This theory is highly dependent on the experience and
judgment of the manager in a given organizational
environment
• Internal: Organization’s policy, culture, technology, structure and
size.
• External: organization’s operating environment
Prabesh Ghimire 27
29. Systems Theory
Six building blocks have been emphasized for efficient
organization of any health system
• Service Delivery, Health workforce, information, medical products
vaccines and technologies, financing and governance
Prabesh Ghimire 29
Service Delivery
Health Workforce
Information
Medical products, vaccines and
technologies
Financing
Leadership/Governance
Improved health
Responsiveness
Social and financial risk protection
Improved efficiency
Access
Coverage
Quality
Safety
WHO Health System Framework
30. Systems Theory
Almost all hospitals and health care projects operates in
a systems perspective
Prabesh Ghimire 30
Fig. Hayajneh Y. Systems & Systems Theory
31. Contingency theory
Health care organization operates in highly unpredictable
situation (outbreaks, PH emergencies, disaster)
Health managers during emergency must build an
organizational culture and structure that improvises and
acknowledges that each disaster is unique.
More dynamic organizational structure could be
structured based on the nature of the problem (hazard)
and who needs to be involved and the actions taken.
Prabesh Ghimire 31