Organ Transplant Disadvantages

Organ Transplant Disadvantages
Organ transplants
Definition:
Organ Transplantation is a surgery that transfers an organ from one body to another and it is often
the last and only way for puzzle out an organ failure, Such as lung failure and heart failure. It is
often very expensive.
Background Information:
The history of organ transplant has a complex background. The first ever organ transplant happened
in 1954 where a kidney transplants occurred. The donor of the kidney was an identical twin. Since
they are identical there were no immune rejections of the kidney. The person who performed this
transplant was named Dr. Joseph Murray won a Nobel Prize for his success. The first ever heart
transplant was performed in 1985 in Poland, Zaigniew Religa, the doctor who performed ... Show
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A single lung transplant could cost a grand total of five hundred thousand USD. And among all the
types of organs they transplant, transplanting Intestine costs the most, about 1.2 million USD,
Which is very expensive. Not only it is expensive, it is hard to even get a hold of the organ, most
people who have a kidney failure often get the required organ from their love ones (if no rejection
occurs) since it is expensive. Other than that people need to wait for the organs. Averages of 10
people die a day waiting for organs to be delivered. Because of that, many people often trade organs
illegally for the money. Organ trade is the trade involving inner organs like heart liver and kidney.
Places that are illegal for trading organs are Angola, Balkan Region, Brazil, Canada, China,
Colombia, Costa Rica, Eastern Europe, India, United States of America, United Kingdom and
Russia. Another Disadvantage of Organ Transplant is: it increase the infection of other diseases,
Organ Transplantation cures the diseases the client has, but in the future the chances of getting
infection due to the immunosuppressant drugs( this drug is also very expensive) that they will
needed for the rest of their
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Transplant Surgery
Transplant surgery can be a very incredible topic. The act of exchanging organs or even body parts
to help or even save another persons life is truly amazing. Transplant surgery can save many lives
without even affecting the donor at all. Organs can come from any body whether it be deceased,
alive, or brain dead. New studies are even trying to get animal organs into humans who need them.
The value of having transplant surgery weighs more than not being able to benefit or save someone
's life. There is nothing un–ethical about where the organs come form as I said organs can come
from any human. Live donors willingly consent to donating a non necessary organ to another. So
obviously there is nothing wrong about taking someone 's knowing ... Show more content on
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They think about what its like to give away a kidney or something as little as bone marrow. You
need to think about the people it benefits. One french woman awoke to find half her face was eaten
off by her dog. Later she ended up having a face transplant surgery where they reconstructed her
missing parts of her face to give her a whole new one. Her life has been benefitted immensely how
she is back to normal. Face Transplant receiver Isabelle Dinoire says, " Dispite their pain, their
mourning, they agreed to give a second life to people in distress. Thanks to them, a door to the
future is open to me and to others." and "in the end I never really suffered." So you see how the
surgery has benefitted her life immensely with little suffering at all. How would you like to walk
around with no face? The face is the most seen part of the body, its never covered up. She is very
happy now and couldn 't be any closer to better if she wanted too. Another man blew his hand off
with a firework and he underwent a hand transplant. All though he is not fully back to normal,
doctors say he is on a good trackbut they are still are watching for blood clotting. Dr. Breidenbach
tells the press, "We 're almost out of danger... Anything can happen." As of now all he can do is
wiggle his fingers a little but they will keep him under close attention giving him every medical
chance there is for him to get his new hand working. This surgery is also perfectly safe. As Dr. Jon

The Contribution Of An Organ Transplant
An organ transplant "is a surgical operation where a failing or damaged organ in the human body is
removed and replaced with a new one" (Center for Bioethics). The first organ transplant was
provided in 1954, where a kidney was taken from one identical brother to another, lasting for eight
years. Eventually more successful organ transplants began to occur such as in 1962 the first
cadaveric transplant was a success prolonging life for almost two years. In 1966 a successful liver
transplant had a lifespan of one year and in 1967 the first successful heart transplant lasted for two
and a half weeks. In 1981 the first successful heart–lung transplant gave life to its recipient for five
years and in 1982 was the first artificial heart transplant was performed. In 1983 Cyclosporine, an
immunosuppressant drug was approved by the FDA. The first successful living–related liver
transplant happened in 1989 and in 1996 the first "split liver" transplant was performed where one
cadaveric liver was split into several pieces to transplant into more than one person. In 2001 the
number of living organ donations passed cadaveric donations and from 2001 to present time several
organizations are doing their best to persuade people to be living organ donors and become a organ
donor after death (Center for Bioethics). If you need an organ you will need to evaluated by a
transplant physician and they will determine where you will be placed on the transplant list. The
transplant list is very

National Organ Transplant
– Define the current kidney transplant situation in the United States (organ origin, patients on a
waiting list, and treatment options while on the waiting list). National organ transplant act of 1984
At the end stage of renal disease, many patients choose to go for kidney transplant. Kidney can be
donated by alive or deceased donor. Alive donors have to at least 18 years of age to give consent for
kidney transplant and if not then have to be with their parent/guardian to provide consent. When a
person applies to be on the waiting list, many measures are considered to look for a compatible
donor Define tissue compatibility and the methods used establish it.
The national Organ Transplant Act(NOTA) was passed in 1984. NOTA established United ... Show
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– What are the implications of the authors' findings? How can this information be applied in the
future?
If there is more data and supporting documents available that provide more precise information
about the HLA incompatible kidney transplantation and its results, the technique can be practiced in
future to contribute towards the increased demand on kidney supply at the end stage of renal
disease, so that more patients have access to kidney on fair chances and more patients have faster
access to kidney. There can be more advanced laws and acts to protect the ethical side of the
transplantation.
– Can you think of additional analyses/experiments that could be performed to enhance the current
transplantation problems?
There are many improved approaches available for individual organ preservation like:
a) Renal preservation by SCS: where each kidney is submerged into ice saline water and each
kidney is surrounded with perfusing solution and placed in a sterile solution and then stored in

Organ Transplant
An organ transplant is a surgical operation conducted to replace an organ unable to function
properly with a new one. An organ, in turn, is an accumulation of cells and tissues gathered to
perform the functions of body. Therefore, any part of the body which acts as a performer of specific
function is called an organ. There are two possible ways of how the organ donation (OD) can take
place. The first is the donation of cadaveric organs (organs from recently deceased people). The
decision to donate in this way requires the consent of a person in the form of an indication on the
driver license, like in the USA (Gruessner, Benedetti, 2008, 54) or health care document as an organ
donor card, in Netherlands, Sweden, Ireland, for example ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
Generally, Buddhism considers OD to be a positive act of human. Buddhists say that when a person
dies, he should be treated with a care, but there is no essential focus on physical integrity, i.e. body
is not necessary to be kept integral (Oliver et al, 2010, 4). From this one might come up with a
thought that buddhists' focus on spiritual development and individual consciousness is given much
attention in the religion, while preservation of physical body might not be crucial. Consequently,
giving an organ to another person would not be perceived as inappropriate act, but rather as an
expression of generosity and altruism.
From the evidences presented above it may be concluded that none of the major religions forbids
OD to be done by a person. Basically, they encourage people to make self–sacrificial,
compassionate and benevolent to the humanity acts, such as donations. Likewise, some religions
leave a space for people to identify whether they suppose OD to be an act of charity or mistreatment
of individual's self–esteem by themselves. Religion mostly directs a person to follow a right, in their
understanding, path on grounds of what is appropriate and what should not be done to avoid
mistakes or improper behavior. Meanwhile, people, being followers of a particular religion, might
interpret

The Treatment Of Cardiac Transplant Surgery
Cardiac transplant is a surgical procedure to replace the patient's diseased heart and replace it with a
healthy heart from a cadaver or lifeless donor. Most of the end–stage heart failure patients are
undergoing these heart transplant surgery. Cardiac transplant surgery is performed in critical
situation to save the life of the human being who diagnosed as end – stage heart failure.
(NHLBI,2012). A Patient diagnosed with congenital heart disease needed heart transplant procedure
in the mode of palliative care or in the mode of reparative care. The Majority of the children's are
enduring these transplantations from 6months to 6 years. In adolescents, adults commonly 20–40
are going these procedure. Some of the congenital heart disease patients are surviving due to the
other surgical interventions and medical management. However, the mass group of people is in
necessity of cardiac transplant in out of their childhood. (7th para, Esian & Burch).
In cardiac transplant, the patient's survival rate is enriched after the surgery absolutely in the first
year of life. The existence rate is increased up to 88% in the first year, 75% for 5years, and 56% for
10 years. Post–surgery, most of the heart transplant patients are going back to their normal and
optimum level of activity. Moreover, less than 30% of patients going back to work for their personal
reasons. (NHLBI, 2012). A patient who diagnosed with end–stage heart failure, heart valve and
muscle damage, and viral infection of the

Essay on Transplants
Transplants
How many times have you been in line to get a new drivers license and heard the clerk ask very
plainly and without any real inflection of voice, would you like to be an organ donor? You don't
know if you should answer yes or no. What if you answered yes? What would you need to do to
have your wishes fulfilled? I will inform of what you need to know to have your wishes carried out.
Who can donate organs, and how many people are waiting in KY and Nationally for an organ
transplant. I will inform you of the organ waiting list the good and the bad. Who is on the waiting
list and how long they can expect to wait? What can be done to shorten the time on the organ
waiting list? We have all heard the question; would you ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Everyone is looked at as a donor regardless of age and general health. "Most everyone can give
someone a second chance at life." Second Chance At Life Non Profit LouisvillKY .A division of
KODA.
more than 580 people age 65 and older were organ donors. To determine if someone can be a donor,
an organ recovery coordinator conducts an evaluation at the time of death. The coordinator looks at
the patient's past medical and social history, as well as present medical condition. This is done in a
confidential manner.www.optn.org Currently there are 99237 people on the waiting list for a
transplant according to OPTN. www.OPTN.org "The average person can expect to wait three to four
years. 7000 people die each year while waiting for a life saving organ. Modern Healthcare
1/28/2008 vol.38 issue four P17–17 Op Article. Living donors can shorten the waiting list time for
an organ transplant. A living donor is someone who can donate an organ without the loss of life. The
most comman donation is Kidney and Bone marrow. Marrow transplants are the only hope for
survival for many children and adults with leukemia, aplastic anemia, and other fatal blood diseases
and cancers. Unfortunately, nearly 70 percent of these patients cannot find suitably matched marrow
donors within their families. They need to find unrelated marrow donors – people who have
volunteered to donate marrow if ever matched with any

Organ Transplants : An Organization
Lizetth Gonzalez Mrs. Forsythe English 7–8 1B January 20, 2015 Organ Transplants Despite the
fact that more than a million have signed up to become donors the number of donors is still nowhere
near the number of people on waiting for transplants therefore, resulting in an average of eighteen
deaths every day due to the shortage. (Pros) Keep in mind the amount of lives saved or restored
when a single organ donor can save up to eight lives. In addition to saving lives and restoring
broken lives, a donation can reduce medical expenses of patients because they no longer require
regular checkups or medication after a transplant. As well as helping patients, donating organs
provides an opportunity to make a tragic occurrence into a delightful ... Show more content on
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(Pros) As can be seen in the figure below, many organs potentially qualify for transplants providing
the opportunity of saving more than one life from a single donation if all organs qualify for
transplants. (Pros) The graph above represents the number of transplants performed each year for
every organ provided. In 2008, over fifteen thousand kidneys and two thousands hearts provided
new life through transplantation and given to patients in need. Thousands of transplants take place
each year; however, the amount of patients on waiting lists continues to grow with forty–five
percent of certain people remaining on transplant waiting lists. (Pros) The amount of people that
require transplants becomes bigger every day. In 2009, the number of patients on waiting lists was
over one hundred thousand while the number of donors remained under twenty thousand. (Pros)
Everyday donors become a greater necessity in order to help others' lives get better. However, when
a person becomes a donor families may develop issues with the process that takes place before a
donor becomes a qualified donor. For example, some families do not appreciate having their family
member on life support while organs are removed; however, potential donors are first tested and
organ removal does not begin until they are declared brain dead. Some organs require
transplantation in a matter of hours after removal for the sake of the recipient's health and the
functioning of

Benefits Of A Transplant Or A Kidney Transplant
Imagine yourself in a situation where your best friend got in a car accident and needs a kidney
transplant. When the doctor receives the news that you're the only applicable person because of
blood type, all eyes are on you. What would you do? Would you give or keep? Savings lives can be
something that is dreaded or heroic. In fact, each day, an average of 79 people receive organ
transplants because of the generous. However, an average of 21 people die each day waiting for
transplants that can 't take place because of the shortage of donated organs (Organdonor.gov). How
can we fix this? Are you the friend that will give a helping hand or one that will run away?
Currently, more than 120 million people in the U.S. are signed up to be a donor. But statistics can be
hard to come by and something that can change the outlook on the way one looks at life is to
recognize every number as a person. That person could be in need of a lifesaving transplant or a
person who has legacy in being an active organ donor to many hoping for a favor in return. Not
matter what, each number could be a mom, dad, brother, sister, grandparent, child or a best friend.
What matters most is that number equals a life lost or lived by a transplant. Being a donor myself,
there are many stigmas and false accusations about this topic and in becoming an organ donor after
death it is not only an important decision for oneself to know the truth about this opportunity, but it
is also one step closer to simply

Organ Transplant Essay
Organ Transplant
What is organ transplantation?
Organ transplantation is a surgical procedure that involves replacing a failed organ with a healthy
organ donated by another individual. Organ transplantation is often reserved as a last resort
therapeutic option in certain individuals with end–stage organ disease. It is generally an option in
individuals that have a life expectancy of 10 or more years. Patients frequently have to undergo a
series of laboratory tests including screening for infectious diseases (eg, HIV, CMV, hepatitis B and
C, tuberculosis) and other conditions prior to being considered a transplant candidate. Individuals
are also normally tested for illicit drug use and screened for coexisting psychological disorders ...
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Patients with end–stage kidney disease are also often bridged to kidney transplantation. They
typically receive placement of a hemodialysis catheter or arteriovenous fistula in order to undergo
dialysis three times per week. Dialysis machines act like the kidneys by filtering blood and
balancing fluid and electrolyte levels.
Patients receiving lung transplantation often have respiratory failure and require continuous oxygen
therapy. Occasionally, these individuals need assisted ventilation with a breathing machine
(mechanical ventilation). Individuals with cirrhosis and end–stage liver disease are normally
managed with medications to treat symptoms and complications of liver disease. They frequently
receive therapeutic paracentesis and occasionally require a TIPS procedure prior to liver
transplantation. Those with fulminant liver failure typically require urgent liver transplantation.
What laboratory tests are ordered in transplant recipients?
Commonly ordered blood tests in transplant recipients typically include a CMP (comprehensive
metabolic panel), CBC (complete blood cell count), and thyroid function studies (TSH, free T4). A
urine analysis, pregnancy test (in women of reproductive age), and urine drug screen are also
normally obtained. Urine is also normally sent for bacterial culture. Your doctor may order blood
tests evaluating for exposure to certain viruses such as human immunodeficiency

Speech On Hair Transplant
HAIR TRANSPLANT
What is Hair Transplant?
Hair transplant is a type of surgery which moves hairs you already have to bald or thinning area.
This surgery usually have to perform in doctor's office. First of all, surgeon will clean your scalp
and injects medicine to numb the back of your head. At Dezire Clinic, we uses FUE technique for
hair transplantation. In FUE procedure, Firstly surgeon's team will shave the scalp of your head.
After that doctor will remove hair follicles one by one or individually from back side of your head,
which is called as Donor area. This area heals with small dots, which your existing hair will cover.
After, surgeon will prepare the grafts, he will clean the numb area where hairs to be implanted,
creates holes by using small needle or it is also called as Scalpel, and places each graft one by one in
holes. To plant the grafts he will get help from other team members also. Depending on the size of
hair transplant, the process will take 4–8 hours.
At Dezire Clinic, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In FUE or Follicular Unit Extraction used to take hairs from donor area in naturally growing
individual groups of 1, 2, or 3 hairs follicles. FUE is actually a tool based procedure. The best
outcome of hair transplant procedure is depend on various factors like good density, direction of
implantation. FUE surgery time varies according to the surgeon's experience, speed of harvesting,
patient characteristics etc. The main advantage of FUE hair restoration procedure is that patient get
scar free skin after the treatment.
Dezire clinic, Pune performs FUE hair restoration procedure by using the semi–robotic equipment's
for the extraction of follicular unit grafts.
If you are considering the Hair Transplant surgery please contact at Dezire Clinic, Pune. Dr.
Prashant Yadav will gather your aspects, and examine the areas of hair loss.
Body Hair

First Heart Transplant
FIRST HEART TRANSPLANT Rodriguez 1
Dinora Rodriguez
Mrs. Williams – ECRD 1211
Medical Assistant Program
Houston Community College – Coleman
FIRST HEART TRANSPLANT Rodriguez 2
Dinora Rodriguez
Medical Assistant Program
Houston Community College – Coleman
"For a dying person, a transplant is not a difficult decision. If a lion chases you to a river filled with
crocodiles, you will leap into the water convinced you have a chance to swim to the other side. But
you would never accept such odds if there were no lion." A heart transplant is a surgery that
removes a diseased heart and is replaced with a functioning heart of a person that has recently died.
Since this procedure is very time consuming and ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
However, many patients were dying soon after the surgeries which caused the number of heart
transplants to drastically drop from 100 in 1968 to only 18 in 1970. It became evident that the
patient's bodies were naturally rejecting the new foreign tissue. In the following years, advances in
studying types of tissues and immunosuppressant drugs caused for more heart transplants and an
increase in the rate of patient survival. In the mid 1970's, Jean Borel discovered cyclosporine, "an
immunosuppressant drug derived from soil fungus." In 1983, Columbia University Medical Center
had a small group of medical centers start clinical trials of cyclosporine. This trial was approved in
November of that same year for commercial use and now it is the most common
immunosuppressant prescribed for organ transplantation.
Research on heart transplants and immunosuppressants continue to this day. The amount of hearts
available and the number of patients in need of a heart are greatly outnumbered. New devices have
also been invented to help patient's during their wait for a new heart. Nevertheless, research
continues to expand in finding "the success of heart transplantation in our treatment of end–stage
cardiac

Kidney Transplant Chart
Kidney Transplant Inpatient Flow Chart
Preparing for a Kidney Transplant can be a daunting task, there's a lot of preparation that goes into
making sure a patient is a good candidate for the procedure. Subsequent to the initial pre–transplant
evaluation, there are a number of consultations and testing that must take place for approval, to go
ahead with the surgery. A person must be in otherwise good health and able to undergo surgery
beyond acute kidney failure. Once the patient information is gathered at patient registration
(admissions) the following is the flow in which the electronic medical record will go.
A major practice which remains imperative is the laboratory testing; a urinalysis and blood test, for
blood type, number of antibodies,

Healthy Heart Transplant
A heart transplant is surgery to remove a damaged or diseased heart and replace it with a healthy
donor heart. Finding a donor heart can be difficult. The heart must be donated by someone who is
brain–dead but is still on life support. The donor heart must be matched as closely as possible to
your tissue type to reduce the chance that your body will reject it. You are put into a deep sleep with
general anesthesia, and a cut is made through the breastbone Your blood flows through a heart–lung
bypass machine while the surgeon works on your heart. This machine does the work of your heart
and lungs while they are stopped, and supplies your body with blood and oxygen. Your diseased
heart is removed and the donor heart is stitched in place. The ... Show more content on
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They will want to make sure that you are a good candidate for a transplant. You will visit many
times over several weeks or even months. You will need to have blood drawn and x–rays taken. The
following may also be done; Blood or skin tests to check for infections, Tests of your kidney and
liver, Tests to evaluate your heart, such as EKG,, echocardiogram, and cardiac catheterization, Tests
to look for cancer, tissue and blood typing, to help make sure your body will not reject the donated
heart, Ultrasound of your neck and legs. If the transplant team believes you are a good candidate,
you will be put on a regional waiting list for a heart, Your place on the list is based on several
factors. Key factors include the type and severity of your heart disease, and how sick you are at the
time you are listed. The amount of time you spend on a waiting list is usually NOT a factor for how
soon you get a heart, except in the case of children.Most, but not all, people who are waiting for a
heart transplant are very ill and need to be in the hospital. Many will need some sort of device to
help their heart pump enough blood to the body. Most often, this is a ventricular assistive device

The Pros And Cons Of Organ Transplants
A major obstacle to obtaining an organ transplant today is that donated organs is the very limited
supply of organs, while the waiting lists are very long (Jenkins, Reilly, Schwab, 1999). Organ
transplants vary in the type of organ needed, and some are more limited than others. Unfortunately,
many individuals pass away waiting on the list rather than living a fulfilled life after receiving their
donated organ (Jenkins, Reilly, Schwab, 1999). Due to the indefinite wait on the transplant list, the
controversy has emerged about who should be allowed to receive one. It is understandable that some
individuals and families of those waiting on the list become frustrated. There are opinions that
anyone with a known substance abuse issue should not have access to a donated organ, especially if
they do not have plans to cessate their addiction post–transplantation. However, others may feel that
everyone is equal and no matter what circumstances, that they should have equal opportunity to
obtain a transplant. In order to comprehensively cover the controversy, we will first discuss
supporting points of organ transplants for current substance abusers. Hepatitis C and alcoholic liver
disease are both leading causes of liver transplantation in the United States (Koch & Banys, 2001).
Liver transplantation in alcoholic patients was well–established, but there was limited research on
the practices and policies regarding past or current substance abuse at the time of liver transplant
(Koch &

The Pros And Cons Of Transplants
They bring the donor to an operation room and they carefully make incisions as they would if the
patient we still alive. they recover any tissues and organs that are still healthy and able to be used in
transplants, such bone, cornea, and skin. ("US Department of Health and Human Resources" ) When
a transplant is successful in surgery, things aren't perfect yet. Sometimes the body detects that a
thing isn't right and can attack the new organ. "Dr. Carrel and other scientists reasoned that the
animals were dying after surgery because their bodies rejected any transplanted organ as foreign
tissue. Their reasoning was based on past research. Doctors had already successfully grafted skin
from one part of a patient's own body to another. However, ... Show more content on
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Only one life can be saved with the second organ. Whether it's the same person who has already had
a previous graft or is a new candidate make no direct difference to someone who is not concerned
about the distribution of a good, but only the aggregate total. A life is a life. Because utilitarians are
not concerned about the distribution of the goods but the aggregate amount of goods. especially if
we exclude considerations of social worth, it should make no difference to the utilitarian which lives
are saved." (Veatch, Robert M. Transplantation Ethics. Washington DC: Georgetown UP, 2000.
Print.). There has been studies and tests that have concluded doctors can perform their duties using a
new technique. 3D printings of organs can be made and used as organs. This process can take a long
time to do because some of the human organs are so complex that the printer would take time to get
every detail right. But in some ways this process is faster than waiting for a perfect match to arrive
and to make sure they are an organ donor. Finding new ways to make organ transplants better, faster
and more effective is crucial. Their findings can help save more people and maybe in a faster time
period as well.
Brain death is a rare way for someone to come by, but it does happen. And may people have a hard
time when their loved one becomes brain dead because they think they can come back from this like
a coma. A person that is considered brain dead can also be an organ donor. It's just another way of
dying and their organs can go to a person who really needs them. Many injuries such as strokes
gunshot wounds and drowning can lead to brain death. 2% of the deaths each year are brain

The Problem Of Organ Transplants
The need for organs is a growing dilemma amongst America and countries all over the world.
Thousands of people sit on waiting lists in hopes to receive a new organ never knowing if they will
actually receive one before their delicate organ gives up. Although many people are willing to be
donors upon the time of their own death, the shortage of organs hangs over the patients and families
who deal with the reality of an organ shortage every day. One solution that has been proposed is
allowing people to be able to sell their own organs in order to meet the need that is out there now.
Constructing a program that allows the sale of an organ would lead to a decrease in the black market
for organs, an increase in organ availability, and create a greater awareness of the need for more
organ donors. Creating a program to control the sale of organs would lead to a decrease in the need
for a black market. Due to a growing need of organ transplants, especially kidneys, unfortunate
scenarios have come about as a result of the shortage. Out of desperation, many people in other
countries have gone searching for organs overseas and even behind the scenes searching for the
"underground market" of organ sales. In some countries like Bangladesh, brokers cut corners to
coerce subjects into donating their organs when the willing donor might not even know what their
organ does (Resnick, 2012). By allowing the sale of organs for those who freely want to participate
in saving lives, this corrupt

How To Legalize Organ Transplants
In the 1950's scientist and doctors realized that they could transplant one person's organ into
another's body performing their first successful transplant. Since then numerous lives have been
saved and prolonged due to organ transplants. Every year since then the amount of people needing
organ transplants have continued to grow. This growth has exceeded the amount of organ donations
leaving thousands waiting for an organ they may never receive. In desperation, people have turned
to illegal alternative methods to obtain an organ for fear of death. They offer monetary gain to others
for much needed organs, however the problem with that is most countries have not legalized the sale
of organs. Therefore, a black market for human body parts supplies ... Show more content on
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As days turn into weeks, weeks into months and months into years, the initial hope begins to fail as
one is knocking on deaths door. The U.S. Department of Health & Human Services reports, "an
average of 18 people die each day waiting for transplants that can't take place because of the
shortage of donated organs" (U.S. Department of Health & Human Services, 2013). An article in
The Penn Center guide to bioethics states, "One of these is a child or a baby. These deaths are
especially tragic because many of them could be prevented if there were more organs available"
(Caplan, 2009). It must remain a frightening matter to realize that one's days are numbered and
devoid of a transplant one will have to leave behind loved ones, incomplete business, and unpaid
bills for others to acquire. Frustration and anger must attack the hearts of those helplessly watching
as loved ones watch their spouses, children, parents, and friends start to fade away. As their hope
dwindles and desperation turns into anger at the realization that death is preventable, many turn to
alternative methods to obtain much–needed organs. Therefore, while laws insist that altruism is the
only way one is to obtain an organ a black market for organs has manifested itself. The black market

Kidney Transplants
Kidney transplants have been known since 1954 when it was first performed at Brigham & Woman's
hospital in Boston. Although technology and technique involved have improved, the waiting list for
a kidney transplant (which is the most common transplanted organ) continues to increase. In 2012
there were 95,000 individuals waiting for a transplant yet only about 16,500 transplants were
performed that year. Introducing a new system that offers compensation for people who give up
their organs is what some believe the most effective way to decrease the waiting list. Individuals
waiting on a transplant and their family members endure many hardships such as; the high cost of
the transplant, hardships of dialysis, and reduced life expectancy.Individuals ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
Paying someone $15,000 for a kidney will save money and time based solely on common sense.
Even if this new system only increases organ donations by a small percentage the overall outcome
will be a lot better then what it is now. Although this system seems practical and efficient, to many it
is immoral. Paying individuals $15,000 for a kidney would ultimately save the recipient about
$330,000 and an improved liberalized lifestyle. In a transplant the recipient of the kidney is the only
person receiving a tangible benefit. If the person who donates receives compensation in return this
individual will also benefit financially. The word donation is defined as "an act or instance of
presenting something as a gift, grant, or contribution". Taking this definition into account the idea of
organ donations would be nonexistent. The article presents the fact that the waiting list is getting
larger and larger due to the lack of donations. Setting up a capitalist market for body parts may in no
doubt increase the 'donations' yet, who are the people that will be selling their organs? The less
wealthy therefore implementing a system in which the poor are working as replacement parts for the
rich. Paying for organs is immoral because it treats the human body as a commodity, but is it more
immoral to ignore the fact that we can possibly prevent thousands of deaths by

The Treatment Of Heart Transplant Essay
Background
Heart transplant have grown to be a therapeutic strategies for patients with heart failure, and
respectively offers improved quality life and survival. Many various techniques have been used to
ensure safety and survival of pediatric patients, however in the case of rejection, death rate have
enormously been reviewed. This process whereby recipient's immune system attacks the
transplanted organ is quite harmful as substances like antigens coats organ surface, therefore,
immune system respond by attacking the transplanted organ as it detects it to be foreign (virus or
bacteria).37
Although diagnosis have been procured, endomyocardial biopsy seems to be a standard method to
monitor rejection, and due to long–term outcomes after heart transplant, many other models have
been considered by most researchers to improve rejection after heart transplant in pediatric patients.
These are immunosuppressive, surgical techniques, transplant selection, and postoperative care.39
Hence, with respect to plausible rejections in pediatric patients after heart transplant, outcomes,
limitation, diagnosis, future perspectives, treatments, and other variations will rational clinical and
literature studies to better improve and minimize the rate of mortality and morbidity in rejection.
Types of Rejection
Acute cellular rejection is the most common rejection which appears at any time and generally
develops within the first 3–6months after transplantation. Analysis from studies shows that

Organ Transplants
Organ Transplants are done everyday, hearts, lungs, kidneys and so many more. The strange thing is
people and scientist are beginning to think that possible memories are stored in these organs. People
have began to show different characteristics after they have had an organ transplant surgery. Most
scientist have had actual meetings with recipients and the donors to actually try and figure out why
our organs are able to do this. Even though the research scientist have done does not fully say for
sure whether or not this is actually a proven fact they are almost positive this could be the reasoning
behind the recipients starting to have different characteristics in the way they live. Organ donors
maybe doing more for someone ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Considering they can make a person change their characteristics after receiving a donor's heart,
kidney, and liver. There is just to much research for me in my opinion to not be able to think that
this is true. Many scientist have come in contact with people and talked about their characteristics
altering after their operation. I do believe in the possibility of other people's organs and our hearts
transmitting electromagnetic fields which are leading people to believe this is why we feel the way
we do around certain people. Or this could be the reason why our moods are able to change when
were are around people who we are close to according to their

The Treatment Of Pancreatic Transplants
Pancreatic transplants have had a lot of advancements over the last several years to help patients
with Type 1 DM and the complications that arise from the disease. The increasing numbers of
people with diabetes is cause for concern. In some cases diabetes can be prevented but in others its
more about genetics; but with many medical advances patients have a better chance for survival.
With advancements in surgical procedures pancreatic transplants are improving as well as the
increased odds of curing Type 1. When this happens this will decrease the number of other co–
morbidities like DKA, heart disease, nephropathy, blindness, and even amputation from infection
and decreased blood flow to the extremities. I see on a daily basis the ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Diabetes effects all body systems not just the endocrine. All three types can effect and cause damage
to the neurological, renal, and circulatory systems.
There are different treatment options for Type 1 and 2 diabetes that include oral medications, insulin
injections, and insulin pumps(Diabetes and Kidney Disease). Oral medications are the most
commonly used because of their ease of use and usually lowers the hemoglobin A1C effectively but
can at times cause hypoglycemia (glucose levels falling below normal range of values). Oral
medications are also mostly used for Type 2. Insulin is the method of choice in type 1 diabetes
treatment plans. Insulin injections help reproduce the secretions of the pancreas. There are two types
of insulin that is used, long acting and short acting. These help to better manage a person depending
on meal consumption, caloric intake, and carbohydrate intake. Another way to manage type 1 is by
an insulin pump. An insulin pump delivers continuous subcutaneous infusion of insulin (Lemur and
Batuman 210). Only 1 insulin is used in a pump, fasting acting. Also a pump can be programmed to
release different amounts of insulin depending on the time of day to better manage glucose levels
without multiple injections daily.
Diabetes can lead to other co–morbidities making the body more difficult to manage and maintain
balance. When this happens a condition called

Should Organ Transplants Be Legal?
In the past century, science has made remarkable improvements in individual's daily lives, from
landing a man on the moon to transplanting organs between two people; science has taken a leap
forward in helping humanity. The scientific discovery that absolutely fascinates many people is how
surgeons can remove a failed organ from one person and implant a healthy organ inside the same
person so that they can survive and live a longer and healthier life (1). Organ transplants are
important in our society and there should be more funding from the government for research on
organ transplants because not only has it been important that doctors have transplanted vital organs,
but wouldn 't it be an honor to say that a doctor or scientist in America was the first to successfully
transplant brain tissue? The government should fund programs for extensive research on organ
transplants so that in the future people who suffer from organ failure can benefit from the research
conducted. Despite the fact that organ transplants have not been around a long time, it is a discovery
that has definitely benefited many people. According to the website Transplant Australia, the first
successful transplant was of eye tissue, which was achieved in 1905 (2). The transplant was by an
Austrian man by the name of Eduard Zirm, who conducted the transplant on a man who was blinded
in an accident (3). This transplant revolutionized the medical field because doctors were not
attempting to transplant animal

The Benefits Of Pig Organ Transplants
The first successful human transplant recorded in medical science history occurred in 1954. These
transplants included the following: kidney, heart and liver. As the years pass by other organ
transplant are on the rise such as kidney–pancreas and heart–lung. Every year, an outstanding
number of patients lose their life waiting for a brand–new organ. This has left the medical field in
search of a new solution to solve this problem. The benefits of having a pig organ transplant into
human is that this would provide a supply of organs to the people in need, would allow scientist to
open up new areas of research.
Prior to this, the history behind pig transplant started in the 1960 with a surgeon who had inserted a
baboon and chimpanzee kidneys into humans. As a result to this, only a few had a slight success and
patients began to die a couple of months later due to their immune system attacking and rejecting
the organ. Years later in the early 1990s a surgeon name David ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
In addition, Allen has found, in the United States alone, 3,000 people die each year waiting to
receive an organ (Allen). By this result, researchers are desperately searching for a plan to give
patients the organs they need. Researchers started visualizing farm animals, including pigs and
thought not only can they be raised for their meat, but for their organs. For instance, studies have
shown that an organ of a piglet is compatible to an organ of a child. In the same reason an adult pig's
organs are similarly to an adult organ. Pig transplant may be the answer that surgeons are searching
for to be able to give these people the organs they need. Thus, explains the reason why organ
transplant from pig should take place. In addition, this would reduce the amount of people who are
in need of a new organ and would expand their life

Heterotopic Transplant
The surgery itself for the organ transplant is very important and it is critical that everything goes
according to plan. The surgery itself takes about 3 hours. The patient is given anesthesia which helps
the patient relax, control the pain, help keep a healthy heart flow, and control breathing. In a organ
transplantation surgery, there are two different types of transplant. There is a heterotopic transplant
and an orthotopic transplant. There is a major difference between these two types of transplants. In
an heterotopic transplant, the donated organ is placed in a different location and not in the same
location as the organ that's being replaced. Kidney transplants are often performed in the heterotopic
method. In this case, the donated kidney ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Transmission of West Nile virus through organ transplantation was suspected. We identified West
Nile virus infection in the organ donor and in all four organ recipients. Encephalitis developed in
three of the organ recipients, and febrile illness developed in one. Three recipients became
seropositive for West Nile virus IgM antibody." (Iwamoto, 7). In this case, a more serious type of
disease called the West Nile Virus spread from the organ donor to the organ recipients through an
organ transplantation. Although this was a rare cause, it shows the potential of transmitting diseases
and the potential dangers of an organ transplant. In another rare case, an organ donor transmitted
rabies to their recipients. "This report documenting the transmission of rabies virus from an organ
donor to multiple recipients underscores the challenges of preventing and detecting transmission of
unusual pathogens through transplantation." (Srinivasan, 11). And in this case, the disease was so
serious that the recipients who got the rabies virus actually ended up dying. This goes to show that
although it is rare, it still has the chance of happening and it can be life

Prisoners Receiving Transplants
As the prison population in America grows in numbers and increases in age, questions and debates
about the allocation of medical resources to prisoners will grow in urgency. One issue which arises
every so often is whether convicted felons, especially those who are awaiting capital punishment,
should receive the same level of medical care as others in society – including scarce donor organs
for the purpose of transplantation. As is often the case, the debate over whether a death row inmate
should receive an organ transplant is not a single controversy, but rather several rolled into one.
Being able to address the larger question requires disentangling the smaller questions and examining
each in turn. What role, if any, should a person 's ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This represents an important shift because it eliminates many of the potential problems and dangers
inherent in assessing the social and moral worth of other human beings. There is a long–recognized
legal principle that while people who are not members of a community may deserve certain basic
rights and privileges, they do not necessarily deserve all of the rights and privileges accorded to
members. Thus, non–members have rights to life, liberty, free speech, etc., but they do not have the
right to vote.
There is very little debate over whether this principle is valid in general, but there is quite a bit of
debate over just what qualifies as basic, minimum rights and privileges which everyone should
have, regardless of their membership or citizenship status. This is especially true when it comes to
health care because there is such a wide range of possible treatments available to people.
Should prisoners receive only the very minimum necessary to keep them comfortable? Should
expensive diagnostic and treatment options be made available to them? Where exactly should the
line be drawn? If a prisoner does receive a lower standard of medical treatment and is later found to
be innocent, what sort of responsibility do the state and society bear if he now leaves prison sicker
than when he entered? Most people

Transplant Surgery Timeline
The Development of Transplant Surgeries The development of transplant surgeries has been created
to help thousands of people. Scientists experimented with organ transplants for many years before
they reached a breakthrough. The first successful transplant surgery took place many years ago.
There were thousands people who suffered from illnesses that could be cured with a transplant
surgery. The development of transplant surgeries impact the world in many ways through the uses of
technique, medicine, and technology. During the 18th century, the first successful transplant surgery
took place. The surgery consisted of a kidney transplant. The surgery occurred in Boston,
Massachusetts at the Peter Bent Brigham Hospital. The event happened through ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
The Organ Procurement and Transplantation Network is a public and private organization that was
created in 1984. The organization was created by the National Organ Transplant Act. The network
joins all professionals that support and who are involved in the organ donation and transplantation
system throughout the United States. The institution also connects people that have signed donor
cards and who also support the system of organ donation and transplantation. The main goal of the
OPTN is to raise the number of organ transplants and to improve the access to organ transplants as
well. The organization also thrives to create higher survival rates for after a transplantation and to
ensure patient safety. The Organ Procurement and Transplantation Network has supported over
30,000 organ transplant surgeries, those of which have saved thousands of lives. The OPTN has
contributed to the success of organ transplantation for many years and it continues to do

The Organ Transplant Industry
Dagny Layman Mia Wall AP English C 23 May 2015 Tough Choices: Efficiency vs. Equity in the
Organ Transplant Industry Across the country, sick men, women, and children wait for new chances
at life: donor organs. A young woman, chest riddled with cancerous tumors, learns that in order to
survive she needs new heart within the next year. A grandfather, withered and jaundiced, slips
slowly into a coma as years of heavy drinking take their final toll. A tiny infant, born with
underdeveloped lungs, lies motionless in an oxygen–rich, tank–like crib as his mother holds his
minuscule hand and prays he will hang on just a little bit longer. Some patients wait for hours,
months, or even years before an organ becomes available and they are given a ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
Alcoholics wait hopelessly, knowing that due to the nature of their illness, they have slim chances of
getting new livers. After all, who would give a new organ to someone who destroyed his previous
one? And as these thousands of patients wait and hope, committees of medical professionals create
policies to regulate organ allocation, policies that give the gift of new life to some patients and
destine others to wait for chances that will never come. When medical professionals create organ
allocation policies, their main decision comes down to a simple question: should their policies place
a higher emphasis on equity or efficiency? Policies emphasizing efficiency primarily aim to avoid
wasting organs. Although the definition of "waste" varies, efficiency advocates discourage
allocation to those estimated to die soon, such as the elderly, or those who have caused their own
disease. Pro–equity advocates tend to consider such judgments of value biased and unfair. Policies
emphasizing equity are concerned with fairness in the allocation process: assuring the criteria
remain unbiased towards any one group (e.g. race, sex, age, sexual orientation, etc.). Opening up the
use of "worth" as a criterion leaves room for human bias. Fortunately, the United Network for Organ
Sharing continuously reviews and modifies organ allocation policies within the United States.
Within

Kidney Transplant Surgery
Last week I read the article, "Transplant surgery–Kidney transplant." I found this on the website,
Transplantation Surgery University of California San Francisco, and it was written by The
University of California. The article that I read was 9 pages long back–to– back. This article was
about kidney transplants. The reason that I chose this article is because it seemed interesting to learn
about, and because I want to learn more about different types of surgery out their and what there
like. Kidney disease is a major health issue in the US affecting more than 8 million American
citizens. When a person's kidney drops down to a certain level patients are required to get either a
dialysis or a kidney transplant to save their life. A dialysis ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
Serology is were there testing for viruses such as HIV, Hepatitis and CMV (cytomegalovirus) so that
they know the right preventive medicine for you. After all of these tests are run there's a pre–
transplant period. This refers to the amount of time that you're on the waiting list for a deceased
donor or an evaluation for a living donor. During this time there are more test that are taken. The
tests all vary by age, cause, gender and other medical needs. Finally, when all the tests are done they
do the transplant surgery. This surgery is done under general anesthesia. This operation usually take
sugions 2–4 hours. This operation is a heterotopic transplant. Heterotopic means that the kidney is
placed in a different location than the previous kidney. The original kidneys are not usually taken
out unless they're causing severe problems such as EXTREMELY high blood pressure, frequent
kidney infections, or if they are enlarged. Recovery in the hospital is usually 3–7 days. This article
was very interesting. It was complicated to read through, but I could comprehend it enough to
understand the article. The article was stacked with facts and details. For instance, the author gave a
lot of different details about the surgery and procedure. This made the topic easier to

Organ Of A Organ Transplant
Organ Transplant How do you feel when you really want something, but you have to wait for it?
Especially if it was the result of either life or death. People all across America are in this situation.
They need an organ transplant in order to live but they are put on a waiting list to see if they qualify
for an organ which may come in time before they are to sick, or it may not come in time which ends
in death. Some of the points we will discuss is what is an organ transplant, how can we determine
the value of a human life, and reasons why certain individuals that we chose deserve an organ
transplant the most and which individuals don't. With this in mind, what exactly is an organ
transplant? An organ transplant is an operation that places a healthy organ from another person into
your body. The organ can come from someone who died (a deceased donor) and who has signed
their states donor registry or told their family their wishes to become a donor. The organs that can be
replaced are the kidneys, heart, liver, lungs, pancreas, intestine, and thymus. There are no set age
limits that exists for certain organ transplant. You can receive a transplant at any age, but most
commonly occurs with teenagers. Women are more prone to have complications, organ rejection, or
even die from the organ transplant than men. In addition, organ transplants are more common in
females than males for the fact men's organs are two times stronger. This is the result of why most
organ donors are

The First Human Organ Transplant
In December of 1954, the first human organ transplant was performed in the United States between
identical twin brothers. In the past sixty years, organ transplantation has become the gold standard in
the treatment of organ failure from a number of underlying causes with dramatic improvements to
recipients' health and quality of life (Kaserman, 2007). From the first kidney transplant in 1954 to
the late 1980's, one of the biggest advancements was the use of cadaver organs. Organ rejection was
the primary concern from the transplant team who knew that the use of cadaver organs posed higher
risks of failure.
The successful use of cadaver organs was made possible by the development of immunosuppressive
drugs like cyclosporine. The practice of utilizing immunosuppressive drugs has led to a decrease of
transplant failure–rejection of a new organ– by the recipient's own immune system (Kaserman,
2007). As research continues to look for new ways to decrease organ rejection rates, the majority of
recipients take immunosuppressive drugs and will need to do so indefinitely (Ehlers, 2002).
Kaserman states that as the transplant industry grew, a need for guidelines became apparent and
hence requested that Congress create a governing body (2007). In response, the United States
government created the current system in 1984 which has been revised several times. The system is
governed by the National Organ Transplant Act. NOTA is based off the ethical ideal of altruism: "To
give freely

Lung Transplant Thesis
Headline: Lung Transplant: What Is the Prognosis?
Keywords: Lung Transplant, Prognosis, organ, surgery, survival
Page Description: Lung transplant is a surgery used to remove the damaged lung and replace it with
a healthy lung taken from donor. Prognosis of this organ transplant depends upon various factors.
Age is considered to be an important factor of survival from this transplant.
Text:
{
Lung Transplant
Lung transplant is a surgery used to replace the diseased lung with a healthy lung taken from a
donor. Lung organ is usually donated by patients whose are under the age of 65 and are brain dread,
though still on life support. In the lung transplant surgery, a surgical cut is made in the chest. During
this organ surgery, patient ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Immune–suppressing drugs used may also have side effects viz. kidney damage, infections, diabetes
etc. Long term survival rate is not as promising as other organ transplants. Rejection of new lungs
can be slowed but cannot be stopped entirely.
Survival Rate
It has found that more than 80 percent have survival rate at least one year after the organ transplant.
Between 50 to 70 percent of people who had this organ transplant had survival after 3 years of the
transplant. Age is considered to be an important factor that influences this organ transplant survival.
There has been some improvement in the short term survival transplant.
Statistical data on single lung transplant has showed that 78 percent of patients had survival for the
first year, 63 percent of the patients had survival for three years and 51 percent of patients had
survival for five years. Survival rates for double lung transplant have been found to be better.
Data from recent research shows that the median survival for the single lung recipients is 4.6 years
while the median survival for double lung recipients is 6.6 years.
}

Author: I am a Freelance Content Writer and have been writing different types of content in various
domains viz. technical writing, non–technical writing and medical

Organ Donation For An Organ Transplant
According to the United States Department of Health and Human Services 18 people die each day
waiting for an organ transplant. They also state that one organ donor can save up to eight lives.
Those are significant numbers that should make us very much aware of the monumental impact
organ donation can have on the lives of so many critically ill patients and their families. Although
the tragedy of an accident or horrifying event is sometimes unbearable for the patient and the
patient's family, it may result in what some may call a "new hope" for those who are awaiting organ
transplantation. Emergency department doctors and nurses play an integral part between life and
death, between trying to save the patient and preserving the option of organ donation in the patient
who cannot be saved.
There are two sources for donor organs. The first source removes organs from recently deceased
people. These organs are called cadaveric organs. A person becomes a cadaveric organ donor by
indicating that they would like to be an organ donor when they die. This decision is usually noted
either on a driver's license or on a health care directive. (Ethics of Organ Transplantation, 2004) The
second source for donor organs is a living person. Living donors are often related to the patient, but
that is not always the case and certainly does not have to be the case. The one factor that must occur
for cadaveric organ donation to be possible is brain death. Brain death is defined as

The Pros And Cons Of Heart Transplants
Did you know another name is added to the national transplant waiting list every 10 minutes
(Facts).Many things have cautions, a few have more than others. Although bodies react differently
toward procedures, Anyone at all could overcome these obstacles. A heart transplant is an operation
in which a failing heart is replaced with a healthier donor heart, it has many, many risk but could
also save your life (heart). The heart is about the size of an adult fist. The heart is located behind the
breast bone(transplant). The heart pumps deoxygenated blood that flows from the heart to the lungs,
that give off carbon dioxide and freshly oxygenated (Transplant). The article I read was about a
baby who needed a heart transplant, but the hospital,

First Heart Transplants
1 FIRST HEART TRANSPLANT PAPER God planted in every single human the desire to live, and
knowing that, men have searched for so many ways to live a longer life. Knowing so many humans
were dying because of their heart not functioning well and looking at others die with a perfectly
healthy heart gave humans a great idea! The idea of saving people's life through a heart transplant,
something never on earth heard of but worth giving a try. The research of a finding a way to give a
heart transplant to many people with heart diseases had begun. From the late 1700s until the early
1900s, many different scientist began gathering all types of information. Surgeons back then would
transplant organs in the lab research, and many of those transplants ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
It was in December that Lewis Washkansky was given more life by a group of surgeons. The face of
Washkansky showed how proud he was after the surgery. I'm pretty sure that smile gave surgeons a
motivation to continue to bless more people with their life giving techniques. 2 FIRST HEART
TRANSPLANT PAPER Unfortunately, like any other subject there had to be more improvements in
the transplant surgery. After the surgery, Lewis was prescribed medications to restrain his immune
system and keep his body from rejecting the heart. Sadly after eighteen days of the surgery Lewis
Washkansky passed away. Doctors say his heart functioned really well until the day he died. Lewis
Washkansky gave surgeons the motivation to keep working on heart transplants because they were
successful! Nowadays, doctors, scientist, all of us are searching for a way to live a longer or fulfilled
life. We have heart transplants successfully functioning thanks to many scientist who worked hard to
look over every small detail to come up with a perfect heart transplant. To this day humans keep
searching for ways to make other's lives easier. All because God gave us the desire of wanting to
live for

Organ Transplants : The Advantage Of Donation And Transplants
According to the Global Observatory on Donation and Transplant (2016), there was an estimated
62,446 transplantation of kidneys globally in 2016 with 19,280 of those kidneys coming from living
donors. While there appears to be a rise in the demand for organ transplants, the supply has yet to
meet this rise. This shortage of organ availability has led to illegal international organ trade and the
harvesting of organs on the black market (Shimazono, 2007). It is estimated that approximately 10%
of all transplants that occur are performed illegally (Delmonica, 2009) and that organ trade is ranked
as one of the ten most profitable crimes world wide (Frederike & Willem, 2016). The majority of
legal organs transplanted come from either a living or deceased donor where consent to the
procedure has been made prior to the transplant and financial incentives or reimbursements for
organ donations are not acceptable in a large majority of the world. However, in Iran the sale of
one's own kidney is legal and therefore the country has no shortage of the organ (Dehghan, 2012).
While Iran is the only country that allows for legal organ trade, other countries such as Singapore,
Australia, Israel, and Saudi Arabia have legalized financial reimbursements for individuals who
choose to donate (Apte, 2015). These include things like paid wages from days missed at work and
coverage for both present and future medical bills compensated by either the recipient of the organ
or the government (Apte,

Advances in Liver Transplants
Advances in surgery and immunosuppressive therapy have improved clinical outcomes and
opportunities for liver transplantation among those previously excluded (e.g., older adults) (1).
During the liver allocation system prior to 2002, liver transplant recipients > 60 years old were
reported to have promising graft and patient survival rates similar to younger cohorts (1–12).Other
published reports have cited significant mortality and complications among older recipients (13–18),
though important clinical outcomes like functional status have been infrequently studied. (7, 13).
In 2002, the Model for End Stage Liver Disease (MELD) system for liver allocation was
implemented and it resulted in lower waiting list death rates among recipients without changing 1–
year graft and patient survival (19, 20), including those > 65 years (21) in comparison to the pre–
MELD era. However, functional status and long–term clinical outcomes among older liver
transplant recipients in the MELD era are unclear.
Based on the Scientific Registry of Transplant Recipients (SRTR), the number of waitlisted older
adults (> 65 years) for liver transplantation has significantly increased in the past decade from 9.9%
(1,637) in 2001 to 16% (2,460) in 2011 (22). The demand for liver transplantation is expected to
increase with high rates of Hepatitis C infection among individuals born between 1945– 1965 who
are at risk for cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) (23). Given the increasing numbers

The Importance Of Organ Transplants
Organ transplants are necessary for the survival for millions of people around the world. While the
need for transplants is often something that increases in frequency with age, adolescents are also
subject to ailments which require transplants. Surrounding these organ transplants, there is a
massive amount of care both before and after the procedure which allows the patients to properly
heal. While most professionals agree that physical care is necessary, the need for psychological care
is often seen as much less of a priority. Seeing psychological care as less important is a threat to the
mental health of these children. This lack of focus on psychological care has impacts that are
extremely negative for these children, and can lead to things like depression, anxiety, and post
traumatic stress disorder. I argue that adolescent patients of liver transplants need psychological care
equally as much as they need physical care. The lack of psychological care before and after surgery
is massively overlooked by healthcare professionals. The most common reason for needing a liver
transplant, in both adults and adolescents, is acute liver failure (ALF), which is defined by Maryam
Moini as "the rapid onset of liver dysfunction characterized by mental deterioration and
coagulopathy in a patient without pre–existing liver disease"(1). Acute liver failure is a rare
condition which occurs in between 1 and 8 per 1 million people annually (1). This is most
commonly caused by infection,

Organ Donation : A Transplant
"Organ donation is the surgical process of providing one or more organs to be used for
transplantation into another person. Organ donors can be deceased or living" (U.S. Department of
Health and Human Services, 2016, p. 1). The very first successful organ transplant was a kidney
transplant performed in 1954. By the late 1960's they were successfully transplanting livers, hearts
and pancreases. Lung and intestinal transplants came shortly after in the 1980's. At this very second
121,574 people are waiting for an organ and every day 22 people will die while they wait. A single
organ donor can save up to 8 lives (HRSA, 2016). The number one reason for an organ transplant is
end–stage organ failure which can be caused by a number of diseases. Examples of diseases that can
lead to needed an organ transplant is Cardiomyopathy, Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease,
Hepatitis and Cirrhosis. Once somebody finds out that they need a transplant the first step is to get a
referral from their physician to be seen by a transplant program to find out if they qualify as a
candidate. The second step is to pick a transplant program. It's important to do as much research as
one can to find exactly which one meets the patient's needs. The final step is to get listed. Once a
patient is deemed a suitable candidate the transplant team will add you to the Organ Procurement
Transplant Network (OPTN) list. (HRSA, 2016) Organ donation only happens with organ donors.
Anybody can enroll in their

Organ Transplant Disadvantages

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