The document provides information about the order Poales. It discusses the systematic position of Poales, introducing it as a large order of monocots including families like grasses, bromeliads, and sedges. It describes 16 families within Poales and divides them into 3 groups: the grass group containing 7 families including Poaceae; the cattail group containing Typhaceae and Sparganiaceae; and the sedge group containing Cyperaceae, Juncaceae, and Thurniaceae. It highlights some economically important plants from Poaceae like wheat, millet and sugarcane and discusses the floral structures, affinities and importance of key families like Poaceae, Typhaceae and Cyperaceae.
Characters of Apiaceae:
Stem fistular, leaves alternate, much dissected mostly decompound, sheathing leaf base; inflorescence umbel or compound umbel occasionally simple; flowers epigynous, pentamerous, regular rarely zygomorphic, hermaphrodite; calyx superior, pentafid or 0; corolla five, polypetalous, often inflexed; stamens 5; carpels 2; syncarpous, bicarpellary with 2 pendulous ovules; honey-disc surrounding the stigmas – stylopodium is present; fruit cremocarp; seeds endospermic and oily.
A. Vegetative characters:
Habit:
Plants are mostly herbs which may be annual, biennial or perennial, the herbs may be large (Bupleurum, Heracleum, Agelica) rarely shrubs with aromatic odour due to the presence of oil ducts. Pseudocarum climbs by means of its petioles which are very sensitive to contact.
Characters of Apiaceae:
Stem fistular, leaves alternate, much dissected mostly decompound, sheathing leaf base; inflorescence umbel or compound umbel occasionally simple; flowers epigynous, pentamerous, regular rarely zygomorphic, hermaphrodite; calyx superior, pentafid or 0; corolla five, polypetalous, often inflexed; stamens 5; carpels 2; syncarpous, bicarpellary with 2 pendulous ovules; honey-disc surrounding the stigmas – stylopodium is present; fruit cremocarp; seeds endospermic and oily.
A. Vegetative characters:
Habit:
Plants are mostly herbs which may be annual, biennial or perennial, the herbs may be large (Bupleurum, Heracleum, Agelica) rarely shrubs with aromatic odour due to the presence of oil ducts. Pseudocarum climbs by means of its petioles which are very sensitive to contact.
Family Leguminosae (Fabaceae) is generally characterized by typical legume fruit and the ability to symbiotically fix nitrogen. Among the three subfamilies, Papilionoideae is the largest and possesses the lion’s share of economically important legumes including pulses and forages. Although monophyletic origin is generally considered, traces of polyphyly and paraphyly are evidenced in the subfamilies Mimosoideae and Caesalpinioideae by molecular phylogenetic studies. Development of robust cytogenetic stocks (aneuploids, polyploids, chromosomal aberrations, somaclonal variants, transformants, etc.) and novel functional genomic tools (mutants, molecular markers, DNA libraries, barcode sequences, etc.) have paved the way to legume classical and molecular breeding for high-yield, nutritional quality, biotic and abiotic stress tolerance, and enhancement of its bioactive natural antioxidants.
Rutaceae
CITRUS OR RUE FAMILY
Climate
Citrus grow well in subtropical climates
They can even grow in deserts (Arizona)
Drought tolerant (similar needs to cactus)
Somewhat cold tolerant (can withstand some freezing)
Source of Medicine
Aegle mameoles is used as laxative & in treatment of Dysentry
Pilocarpus source of drug Pilocarpin usedto treat Glucomma.
Peganum hamala seeds give in treatment of Asthama.
Cusparia febrifuga bark is used in treatment of Malaria.
Murraya koeniigii used in treatment of intestinal disorders.
It contains many ornamental plants & some plants are used as contaminents.
the presentation is about plant family Brassicaceae. in this presentation you will study about general introduction of the family, its distributions, vegetative characters, floral characters, floral formula and diagram, important genera of this family and economic importance of this family.
This PPT offers a birds' eye view of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group III to cover the course content and its complexity.It also covers the emerging trend of the plants taxonomic domain.
Embyrology in relation to Taxonomy. It is one of the concepts in Modern Taxonomy.in which embryological data is used to strengthen existing classification system.
Family Leguminosae (Fabaceae) is generally characterized by typical legume fruit and the ability to symbiotically fix nitrogen. Among the three subfamilies, Papilionoideae is the largest and possesses the lion’s share of economically important legumes including pulses and forages. Although monophyletic origin is generally considered, traces of polyphyly and paraphyly are evidenced in the subfamilies Mimosoideae and Caesalpinioideae by molecular phylogenetic studies. Development of robust cytogenetic stocks (aneuploids, polyploids, chromosomal aberrations, somaclonal variants, transformants, etc.) and novel functional genomic tools (mutants, molecular markers, DNA libraries, barcode sequences, etc.) have paved the way to legume classical and molecular breeding for high-yield, nutritional quality, biotic and abiotic stress tolerance, and enhancement of its bioactive natural antioxidants.
Rutaceae
CITRUS OR RUE FAMILY
Climate
Citrus grow well in subtropical climates
They can even grow in deserts (Arizona)
Drought tolerant (similar needs to cactus)
Somewhat cold tolerant (can withstand some freezing)
Source of Medicine
Aegle mameoles is used as laxative & in treatment of Dysentry
Pilocarpus source of drug Pilocarpin usedto treat Glucomma.
Peganum hamala seeds give in treatment of Asthama.
Cusparia febrifuga bark is used in treatment of Malaria.
Murraya koeniigii used in treatment of intestinal disorders.
It contains many ornamental plants & some plants are used as contaminents.
the presentation is about plant family Brassicaceae. in this presentation you will study about general introduction of the family, its distributions, vegetative characters, floral characters, floral formula and diagram, important genera of this family and economic importance of this family.
This PPT offers a birds' eye view of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group III to cover the course content and its complexity.It also covers the emerging trend of the plants taxonomic domain.
Embyrology in relation to Taxonomy. It is one of the concepts in Modern Taxonomy.in which embryological data is used to strengthen existing classification system.
Centrospermae : Salient features, floral & families diversity, and phylogeny
Salient features of Centrospermae
Floral diversity in Centrospermae
Diversity of families in Centrospermae
Phylogeny of order Centrospermae
Dr. Praveen Mohil
Assistant Professor,
Department of Botany
University of Rajasthan
Jaipur.
This PPT has been made to explore the plant classification in general and the classification as made by Bentham & Hooker for the classification of the flowering plants. It also offers the history of plant classification along with the merits and demerits of this aforesaid classification.
Asteraceae or aster family is a large family among Dicots with ornamental and medicinal herbs.The name Asteraceae comes from the word Aster"means star in Greek.Previously it is known as compositae; composite inflorescence.
The Arum Family “
The diversity of Aroids”
Dr DON J SCOTT BERIN G BHMS(MD)
DEPARTMENT OF MATERIA MEDICA
WHITE MEMORIAL HOMOEOPATHIC MEDICAL
COLLEGE AND HOSPITAL VEEYANOOR, ATTOOR, K K DIST.
Arrangement of plants in an orderly sequence based upon their similarities and relationship in hierarchy such as species, genus, family, order, class and division in conformity with the nomenclatural system
The closely related plants are kept within a group and unrelated plants are kept far apart in separate groups.
Earliest Galaxies in the JADES Origins Field: Luminosity Function and Cosmic ...Sérgio Sacani
We characterize the earliest galaxy population in the JADES Origins Field (JOF), the deepest
imaging field observed with JWST. We make use of the ancillary Hubble optical images (5 filters
spanning 0.4−0.9µm) and novel JWST images with 14 filters spanning 0.8−5µm, including 7 mediumband filters, and reaching total exposure times of up to 46 hours per filter. We combine all our data
at > 2.3µm to construct an ultradeep image, reaching as deep as ≈ 31.4 AB mag in the stack and
30.3-31.0 AB mag (5σ, r = 0.1” circular aperture) in individual filters. We measure photometric
redshifts and use robust selection criteria to identify a sample of eight galaxy candidates at redshifts
z = 11.5 − 15. These objects show compact half-light radii of R1/2 ∼ 50 − 200pc, stellar masses of
M⋆ ∼ 107−108M⊙, and star-formation rates of SFR ∼ 0.1−1 M⊙ yr−1
. Our search finds no candidates
at 15 < z < 20, placing upper limits at these redshifts. We develop a forward modeling approach to
infer the properties of the evolving luminosity function without binning in redshift or luminosity that
marginalizes over the photometric redshift uncertainty of our candidate galaxies and incorporates the
impact of non-detections. We find a z = 12 luminosity function in good agreement with prior results,
and that the luminosity function normalization and UV luminosity density decline by a factor of ∼ 2.5
from z = 12 to z = 14. We discuss the possible implications of our results in the context of theoretical
models for evolution of the dark matter halo mass function.
Nutraceutical market, scope and growth: Herbal drug technologyLokesh Patil
As consumer awareness of health and wellness rises, the nutraceutical market—which includes goods like functional meals, drinks, and dietary supplements that provide health advantages beyond basic nutrition—is growing significantly. As healthcare expenses rise, the population ages, and people want natural and preventative health solutions more and more, this industry is increasing quickly. Further driving market expansion are product formulation innovations and the use of cutting-edge technology for customized nutrition. With its worldwide reach, the nutraceutical industry is expected to keep growing and provide significant chances for research and investment in a number of categories, including vitamins, minerals, probiotics, and herbal supplements.
(May 29th, 2024) Advancements in Intravital Microscopy- Insights for Preclini...Scintica Instrumentation
Intravital microscopy (IVM) is a powerful tool utilized to study cellular behavior over time and space in vivo. Much of our understanding of cell biology has been accomplished using various in vitro and ex vivo methods; however, these studies do not necessarily reflect the natural dynamics of biological processes. Unlike traditional cell culture or fixed tissue imaging, IVM allows for the ultra-fast high-resolution imaging of cellular processes over time and space and were studied in its natural environment. Real-time visualization of biological processes in the context of an intact organism helps maintain physiological relevance and provide insights into the progression of disease, response to treatments or developmental processes.
In this webinar we give an overview of advanced applications of the IVM system in preclinical research. IVIM technology is a provider of all-in-one intravital microscopy systems and solutions optimized for in vivo imaging of live animal models at sub-micron resolution. The system’s unique features and user-friendly software enables researchers to probe fast dynamic biological processes such as immune cell tracking, cell-cell interaction as well as vascularization and tumor metastasis with exceptional detail. This webinar will also give an overview of IVM being utilized in drug development, offering a view into the intricate interaction between drugs/nanoparticles and tissues in vivo and allows for the evaluation of therapeutic intervention in a variety of tissues and organs. This interdisciplinary collaboration continues to drive the advancements of novel therapeutic strategies.
Observation of Io’s Resurfacing via Plume Deposition Using Ground-based Adapt...Sérgio Sacani
Since volcanic activity was first discovered on Io from Voyager images in 1979, changes
on Io’s surface have been monitored from both spacecraft and ground-based telescopes.
Here, we present the highest spatial resolution images of Io ever obtained from a groundbased telescope. These images, acquired by the SHARK-VIS instrument on the Large
Binocular Telescope, show evidence of a major resurfacing event on Io’s trailing hemisphere. When compared to the most recent spacecraft images, the SHARK-VIS images
show that a plume deposit from a powerful eruption at Pillan Patera has covered part
of the long-lived Pele plume deposit. Although this type of resurfacing event may be common on Io, few have been detected due to the rarity of spacecraft visits and the previously low spatial resolution available from Earth-based telescopes. The SHARK-VIS instrument ushers in a new era of high resolution imaging of Io’s surface using adaptive
optics at visible wavelengths.
Cancer cell metabolism: special Reference to Lactate PathwayAADYARAJPANDEY1
Normal Cell Metabolism:
Cellular respiration describes the series of steps that cells use to break down sugar and other chemicals to get the energy we need to function.
Energy is stored in the bonds of glucose and when glucose is broken down, much of that energy is released.
Cell utilize energy in the form of ATP.
The first step of respiration is called glycolysis. In a series of steps, glycolysis breaks glucose into two smaller molecules - a chemical called pyruvate. A small amount of ATP is formed during this process.
Most healthy cells continue the breakdown in a second process, called the Kreb's cycle. The Kreb's cycle allows cells to “burn” the pyruvates made in glycolysis to get more ATP.
The last step in the breakdown of glucose is called oxidative phosphorylation (Ox-Phos).
It takes place in specialized cell structures called mitochondria. This process produces a large amount of ATP. Importantly, cells need oxygen to complete oxidative phosphorylation.
If a cell completes only glycolysis, only 2 molecules of ATP are made per glucose. However, if the cell completes the entire respiration process (glycolysis - Kreb's - oxidative phosphorylation), about 36 molecules of ATP are created, giving it much more energy to use.
IN CANCER CELL:
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
introduction to WARBERG PHENOMENA:
WARBURG EFFECT Usually, cancer cells are highly glycolytic (glucose addiction) and take up more glucose than do normal cells from outside.
Otto Heinrich Warburg (; 8 October 1883 – 1 August 1970) In 1931 was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology for his "discovery of the nature and mode of action of the respiratory enzyme.
WARNBURG EFFECT : cancer cells under aerobic (well-oxygenated) conditions to metabolize glucose to lactate (aerobic glycolysis) is known as the Warburg effect. Warburg made the observation that tumor slices consume glucose and secrete lactate at a higher rate than normal tissues.
Slide 1: Title Slide
Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Slide 2: Introduction to Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Definition: Extrachromosomal inheritance refers to the transmission of genetic material that is not found within the nucleus.
Key Components: Involves genes located in mitochondria, chloroplasts, and plasmids.
Slide 3: Mitochondrial Inheritance
Mitochondria: Organelles responsible for energy production.
Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in mitochondria.
Inheritance Pattern: Maternally inherited, meaning it is passed from mothers to all their offspring.
Diseases: Examples include Leber’s hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON) and mitochondrial myopathy.
Slide 4: Chloroplast Inheritance
Chloroplasts: Organelles responsible for photosynthesis in plants.
Chloroplast DNA (cpDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in chloroplasts.
Inheritance Pattern: Often maternally inherited in most plants, but can vary in some species.
Examples: Variegation in plants, where leaf color patterns are determined by chloroplast DNA.
Slide 5: Plasmid Inheritance
Plasmids: Small, circular DNA molecules found in bacteria and some eukaryotes.
Features: Can carry antibiotic resistance genes and can be transferred between cells through processes like conjugation.
Significance: Important in biotechnology for gene cloning and genetic engineering.
Slide 6: Mechanisms of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Non-Mendelian Patterns: Do not follow Mendel’s laws of inheritance.
Cytoplasmic Segregation: During cell division, organelles like mitochondria and chloroplasts are randomly distributed to daughter cells.
Heteroplasmy: Presence of more than one type of organellar genome within a cell, leading to variation in expression.
Slide 7: Examples of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Four O’clock Plant (Mirabilis jalapa): Shows variegated leaves due to different cpDNA in leaf cells.
Petite Mutants in Yeast: Result from mutations in mitochondrial DNA affecting respiration.
Slide 8: Importance of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Evolution: Provides insight into the evolution of eukaryotic cells.
Medicine: Understanding mitochondrial inheritance helps in diagnosing and treating mitochondrial diseases.
Agriculture: Chloroplast inheritance can be used in plant breeding and genetic modification.
Slide 9: Recent Research and Advances
Gene Editing: Techniques like CRISPR-Cas9 are being used to edit mitochondrial and chloroplast DNA.
Therapies: Development of mitochondrial replacement therapy (MRT) for preventing mitochondrial diseases.
Slide 10: Conclusion
Summary: Extrachromosomal inheritance involves the transmission of genetic material outside the nucleus and plays a crucial role in genetics, medicine, and biotechnology.
Future Directions: Continued research and technological advancements hold promise for new treatments and applications.
Slide 11: Questions and Discussion
Invite Audience: Open the floor for any questions or further discussion on the topic.
1. ORDER : POALES
Presented by,
Tina Kalita
Ranamantu Das
Jyotirmay Nath
Rajashree Nath
Krishna Ram Basumatary
2. CONTENTS
Systematic position
Introduction
Salient features
Groups & families
Affinities
Range of floral structures
Economic importance
3. SYSTEMATIC POSITION
According to APG III System ( 2009 )
Domain:Eukaryota
Kingdom:Plantae
Clade:Tracheophytes
Clade:Angiosperms
Clade:Monocots
Clade:Commelinids
Order:Poales
4. INTRODUCTION
The Poales are a large order of flowering plants in
the monocotyledons, and includes families of plants
such as the grasses, bromeliads, and sedges.
The APG III system (2009) accepts the order within
a monocot clade called commelinids, and accepts
the 16 families.
Common wheat (Triticum aestivum)
5. SALIENT FEATURES
The flowers are typically small, enclosed by bracts.
They are arranged in inflorescences (except in three species of the genus Mayaca ,
which possess very reduced, one-flowered inflorescences)
The flowers of many species are wind pollinated; the seeds usually contain starch.
The order consists of several lineages that have traditionally been recognized as
groups, the members of which have often migrated from one group to another.
This order can be divided into 3 groups - grass group, cattail group and sedge
group.
7. GROUPS AND FAMILIES
GRASS GROUP
The seven families that make up the grass group
within Poales are Poaceae , Restionaceae ,
Centrolepidaceae , Anarthriaceae , Ecdeiocoleaceae
, Flagellariaceae and Joinvilleaceae .
Generally, plants in the group exhibit reduced
(simplified) flowers with a one- to three-chambered
ovary containing only one pendulous ovule per
chamber.
There are one to three stamens (male pollen-
producing structures) in all .
This latter family, which has a single genus and four
species, also differs in being composed of climbers
with elongate leaves ending in a tendril, by which
they climb. Pollination is mostly by wind. The
associated Joinvilleaceae are hollow-stemmed
reedlike herbs of the Malaysian and Pacific regions. Avena sativa
8. POACEAE
Distribution of Poaceae:
The family is commonly known as grass family. It is
one of the largest among the angiospermic
families. It consists of 620 genera and 6,000
species. The members are cosmopolitan in
distribution. The plants represent all the 3
ecological types as hydrophytes, xerophytes and
mesophytes. In India it is represented by 850
species.
Characters of Poaceae:
Mostly herbs, stem jointed, fistular, cylindrical;
leaves simple, alternate, sheathing, sheath open,
ligulate; inflorescence compound spike; flowers
zygomorphic, hypogynous, protected by palea;
perianth represented by 2 or 3 minute scales
(lodicules); stamens 3, versatile; carpel one, style
2 or 3, stigmas feathery, basal placentation; fruit
caryopsis; testa fused with pericarp.
9. CATTAIL GROUP
The cattails comprise two families
(Sparganiaceae and Typhaceae) and
two genera (Sparganium and Typha) of
erect or floating marsh, pond, and
streamside plants found mainly in
temperate and cold regions of the
Northern and Southern hemispheres.
The two families are closely related
and have similar technical characters,
including separate petalless, wind-
pollinated male and female flowers in
dense inflorescences (clusters), but the
plants differ significantly in
appearance.
Typha angustifolia L.
10. TYPHACEAE
Distribution of Typhaceae:
Small family of monotypic genus –
Typha and with 15-20 species, which
are distributed both in temperate and
tropical regions.
Characters of Typhaceae:
Herb tall of marshy places, perennial,
leaves erect, linear, distichous, thick
and spongy; flowers monoecious,
minute, densely crowded in cylindrical
bracteate spikes; perianth of 5 hair or
O; male flower with stamens 2-5,
filament capillary, anther erect, bi-
celled; female flower – ovary 1,
unilocular; fruits nutlets; seeds
endospermic
11. SEDGE GROUP
The three families of the sedge group
are Cyperaceae, Juncaceae,
and Thurniaceae.
The flowers of these families are
usually small, greenish, and bisexual,
and they are crowded into dense
terminal or lateral clusters.
The members of this group are
pollinated typically by the wind. The
plants grow from a horizontal or upright
rootstock that produces one leafy
shoot annually.
Carex sp.
12. CYPERACEAE
Distribution of Cyperaceae:
The family is commonly known as ‘Sedge
family’. It is distributed throughout the world
but most abundant in temperate zones. It
comprises 70 genera and 4000 species. In
India it is represented by 441 species.
Characters of Cyperaceae:
Plants usually herbs with 3 angled stem,
solid culm; leaves with entire sheathing
base not split on one side; flowers in
spikelets of cymes, subtended by a single
glume, naked or with perianth of scales or
hairs; stamens 1 to 3; carpels 2 or 3, ovary
superior, unilocular with single basal ovule;
fruit an achene or nut, seed endospermic.
13. RANGE OF FLORAL STRUCTURE :
Poales is an order which has variety of families and thus it also has a
variety in floral structures also.The inflorescence of poales is usually
spike or a penicle of spikelets.
Each spikelets consists of one or few flower and its base includes two
empty bracts which is also known as glumes.
A third glume,called lemma stand opposite to the second glume,the
lemma enclses a flower in its axil.
It may have bristle like appendage known as awn.
Opposite to the lemma,there is smaller glume called palea.the spikelet
may be sessile or stalked.
15. AFFINITIES :
Affinities of Poaceae:
The family Poaceae (Gramineae) closely resembles the family Cyperaceae and the two
families have been placed in same order Glumiflorae by Engler and Prantl, and
Glumaceae by Bentham and Hooker. Hutchinson (1964), Butzin (1965) and Takhtajan
(1969) placed the families into 2 separate orders, the Cyperales and Graminales on the
basis of many differences viz., 1. leaf sheath, 2. jointed and unjointed stem, 3. single
bract and lemma and palea, 4. seed coat etc.
Cronquist (1968) considered that the families are also related on account of some
chemical data. Hegnauer (1963) has also supported the same view.
Hutchinson (1959) believes that the origin of Grasses i.e., the family Poaceae
(Gramineae) took place on parallel line with Cyperaceae through Juncaceae which was
derived directly from Liliforean stock.
16. Affinities of Typhaceae:
Bentham and Hooker placed the family in the series Nudiflorae while Engler and Rendle
placed it in series Pandanales. According to Engler and Rendle it is the first and most
primitive in the Monocotyledons because of simple unisexual flowers consisting of one for few
essential organs; where as Hutchinson placed it in separate order Typhales with
Sparganiceae after Arales, he regards Typhales as very reduced order derived from Liliaceae
on parallel line with Araceae. Typhaceae has some affinity with Araecae.
Affinities of Cyperaceae:
The family Cyperaceae closely resembles Poaceae (Gramineae), hence most of the
taxonomists have included it with Poaceae (Gramineae) under Glumiflorae. Hutchinson and
Wettestein placed the family Cyperaceae in a separate monotypic order Cyperales and
considered it to have been derived from the members of Juncales or Juncaceae on parallel
line with Poaceae (Gramineae).
Snell, R.S. (1936) and Blasser, H.W. (1940) indicated that Cyperaceae is not related to
Poaceae (Gramineae).
17. ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE :
Importance of Poaceae:
Food:
Triticum aestivum, Oryza sativa, Zea mays (Maize), Hordeum vulgare (Jaw), Sorghum vulgare (Jowar), Avena
sativa (Oats), Pennisetum typhoides (Bajra) are cultivated for cereals and food grains.
Fodder:
Many grasses as Cynodon dactylon, Panicum, Cymbopogon, Agrostis, Poa are grown for fodder.
Saccharum officinarum (Sugarcane; H. Ganna) is cultivated for gur and sugar.
Aromatic grasses:
Many grasses yield scented oils which are used in perfumery viz. Vetiveria zizanioides (H. Khus khus) yields
vetiver oil from the roots. The roots are also woven into curtains. Andropogon odoratus (Ginger grass),
Cymbopogon citratus (Lemon grass), Cymbopogon martini (Geranium grass), Cymbopogon jawarancusa etc.
also yield oil.
Medicinal:
Phragmites karka, Cymbopogon schoenanthus etc. are medicinal.
Secale cereale is cultivated for infection of its inflorescence by Claviceps purpurea for production of Ergot and
for extraction of ergotine. Ergotine is an excellent remedy for uterine contraction.
Paper:
It is manufactured from certain species of grasses and bamboos.
18. IMPORTANCE OF TYPHACEAE:
The root stock of T. angustata is astringent and diuretic. The down of the ripe fruit of T. elephantina
is used as an application to wounds and ulcers, which acts as a medicated cotton. The root stocks
are used in measels, dysentery and gonorrhoea. The stamens and pollen grains of T. laxmanni are
astringent and styptic.
The leaves of T. elephantina are used for thatching. The leaves of T. latifolia are used to
manufacture baskets, mats, and seats of chair. According to Cook (1958) the flowers of T.
angustata are used in the preparation of a yellow cake called Bur and is eaten by the natives all
over Sind area.
Importance of Cyperaceae:
Food:
The tubers of Cyperus esculentus (H. Kaseru) are used as food due to their high oil content. The
tubers yield 25 to 30% oil of pleasant taste. The tubers of Eleocharis tuberosa are also edible.
Fodder:
Many species of Cyperus are taken by cattle as fodder.
Medicinal:
The tubers and rhizomes of Cyperus articulatus, C. iria, C. longus are carminative, stimulant and
tonic. The tubers of Cyperus stoloniferous are stimulant for heart.
The tubers of Scirpus kysoor, S. grossus are used in diarrhoea and vomitting. Scirpus articulatus is
purgative.
