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GLUMIFLORAE- phylogeny and families

The document discusses the phylogeny of Glumiflorae, an order of flowering plants characterized by their grass-like appearance and ecological significance in providing staple crops like corn, rice, wheat, and barley. It reviews various classification systems proposed by botanists such as Bentham and Hooker, Engler and Prantl, Hutchinson, and the APG system, detailing their contributions to the taxonomy and understanding of monocots and their evolutionary relationships. Additionally, it highlights the economic and ecological importance of families within Glumiflorae, particularly Cyperaceae and Poaceae, with examples of key genera and their uses.

Science◦
JAI NARAIN VYAS UNIVERSITY, JODHPUR DEPARTMENT OF BOTANY TOPIC – PHYLOGENY OF GLUMIFLORAE Submitted to - Dr. Seema Sen Submitted by - Anmol Mertiya (M.sc Previous 2nd Sem) PAPER 201- Taxonomy & Diversity Of Seed Plants
GLUMIFLORAE  Easily recognised by “grassy ” appearance.  Flowering petals produces many tiny flowers without showy petals.  Single most important group on planet providing- 4 highest grossing crops. 1. Corn 2. Rice 3. Wheat 4. Barley  Has ecological importance in maintaining soil stability & providing turf.  It is an order of Blooming Plants.  In today’s world, they are clearly the most influential group of organisms on the planet. “Gluma”= husk + “Florae”= flowers
FOSSIL RECORD It has a fossil record dating back to Cretaceous period. Consist of primarily small fruits & seeds. Today, facing a preservational bias as they grow primarily in dry environments. There are macrofossils by Oligocene with rise to dominance of grasslands.
LIFE HISTORY & ECOLOGY  Most continents are populated by stands of grasses, rushes, sedges, cat-tails.  Animals depend upon graminoids for shelter & food.  Birds depend for nesting materials & for cover.  Prairie & Savanna grasses provide both food & cover for rodents.  Ungulates undergone much structural evolution as result of spreading grasslands in Cenozoic.  Example- Modern-day horse.
POSITION OF GLUMIFLORAE • George Bentham & Joseph Dalton Hooker jointly published a monumental work “Genera Plantarum” in 3 volumes. • They placed Ranales in beginning & grasses at the end. • Divided seed plants into –  3 classes 3 subclasses 21 series  25 cohorts 202 orders BENTHAM & HOOKER’S (1862-83)
SERIES 15 SERIES 21 CLASS III MONOCOTYLEDONS MICROSPERMAE GLUMACEAE ORDERS – 196,197,198,199, 200 199TH ORDER CYPERACEAE 200TH ORDER GRAMINEAE
ENGLER AND PRANTL CLASSIFICATION •Adolf Engler & Karl E Prantl did the enormous work in a detailed book titled- “Die Natürlichen Pflanzenfamilien” (1887-1915) •Based on intricacy of flower, fruit and seed development. •Monocots are more primitive than dicots.
ANGIOSPERMS 2 CLASSES MONOCOTS DICOTS 11 ORDERS 45 FAMILIES 44 ORDERS 261 FAMILIES ORDER 9 - GLUMIFLORAE FAMILY 1. Gramineae 2. Cyperaceae SUB- FAMILY 1. Pooideae 2. Panicoideae 1. Scirpoideae 2. Rhynchosporoideae 3. Caricoideae
HUTCHINSON’S SYSTEM •John Hutchinson (1884-1972) proposed a phylogenetic system in 2 volumes. •He published as The families of flowering plants, arranged according to a new system based on their probable phylogeny (two volumes) - in three editions. •Considered angiosperms to be monophyletic from gymnosperms. •Three lines of monocot evolution- 1) Calyciflorae 2) Corolliflorae 3) Glumiflorae
SUBPHYLUM MONOCOTYLEDONS DIVISION- 3 GLUMIFLORAE ORDER- 109 JUNACALES 406. Junaceae 407. Thurniaceae 408. Centrolepidaceae 409. Restionaceae FAMILIES ORDER- 110 CYPERALES ORDER- 111 GRAMINALES FAMILIES FAMILIES 410. Cyperaceae 411. Gramineae (Poaceae)
WETTSTEIN SYSYTEM •The main groups were according to Richard Wettstein’s - Handbuch der Systematischen Botanik (1901-24). •Wettstein was a pioneer of the integration of phylogeny with traditional taxonomy and published a great many new names and combinations. •He was responsible for the Botanical Garden of the University of Vienna.
CLASSIS 2 MONOCOTYLEDONES 1 DICOTYLEDONES 4th ORDO 5th ORDO GLUMIFLORAE CYPERALES CYPERACEAE GRAMINEAE {POACEAE} FAMILIA FAMILIA
TAKHTAJAN SYSTEM • It was published by Armen Takhtajan in several versions from 1950 onwards. • It ususally compared to Cronquist system & admits paraphyletic groups. • There are 3 systems in this- i. 1966 SYSTEM ii. 1997 SYSTEM iii. 2009 SYSTEM
CLASS LILIOPSIDA {MONOCOTYLEDONS} SUB-CLASS COMMELINIDEAE SUPERORDER (7) 6TH JUNACEAE 7TH POANAE ORDER 1. JUNACALES 2. CYPERALES 1. FLAGELLARIALES 2. RESTIONALES 3. CENTROLEPIDALES 4. POALES
CRONQUIST SYSTEM • Arthur Cronquist presented an elaborate interpretation of his concept pf classification. • It was- I. “The evolution & classification of flowering plants” (1968) II. “An integrated system of classification of flowering plants” (1981) • Provided charts to show relationship of orders within carious subclasses.
CLASS LILIOPSIDA {MONOCOTYLEDONS} SUB-CLASS COMMELINIDEAE {7 ORDERS} 4TH ORDER 5TH ORDER JUNCALES CYPERALES FAMILY 1. JUNCEAE 2. THURNIACEAE 1. CYPERACEAE 2. POACEAE
APG SYSTEM • APG- Angiosperm Phylogeny Group System • First version of modern, mostly molecular- based system of plant taxonomy. • Published in- i. APG I in 1998 ii. APG II IN 2003 iii. APG III in 2009 iv. APG IV in 2016 • Major outcome of this classification is disappearance of traditional divisions of flowering plants i.e. monocots & dicots. • Monocots are recognised as a clade but dicots are not.
CLADE COMMELINOIDS {MONOCOTYLEDONS} ORDER POALES FAMILY TOTAL 16 3RD FAMILY 10TH FAMILY CYPERACEAE POACEAE
CYPERACEAE (SEDGE FAMILY) • DISTRIBUTION- Throughout world Dominant in temperate zones 70 genera & 4000 species India – 441 species • ECONOMIC USE- Used as fodder, food, medicine, poison, as sand binders, matting purpose, aromatic scented oils, as ornaments.
IMPORTANT GENERA • Cyperus rotundus (ordinary sedge)- weed of cultivated lands. • Carex- leaves are sharp,saw-like edges • Eriophorum comosum (cotton sedge)- glaborous herb for stuffing. • Frimbistylis- weed having glaborous stem. • Scirpus- club rush or bull rush
Cyperus rotundus (nut grass) Carex (sedge)
Eriophorum comosum (cotton sedge) Frimbistylis Scirpus (bul rush)
POACEAE (GRAMINEAE) •DISTRIBUTION- Cosmopolitan in distribution 620 genera & 6000 species India – 900 species These are hydrophytes, xerophytes, mesophytes. •ECONOMIC USE- Used as fodder, food, as sugar, aromatic oils, paper industry, alcohol, beverages, ropes, bamboo in building material, boat making, carts, pipes etc.
IMPORTANT GENERA • Triticum aestivum (wheat) • Avena sativa (oat) • Bambusa (bamboo) • Saccharum officinarum (sugarcane) • Pennisetum americanus (bajra) • Panicum (panic grass) • Poa • Zea mays (corn) • Oryza sativa (rice) • Secale cereale (rye) • Hordeum vulgare (barley) • Cynodon dactylon (bermuda grass) • Cymbopogon (lemon grass) • Sorghum vulgare (jowar)
REFERENCES • Bentham, G and J.D.Hooker,1862. Genera plantarum 3vols,Reeve & Co., London • Bessey, C.E., 1915 Phylogenetic taxonomy of flowering plants, Ann. Mo. Bot. Gard,2:109-164. • Engler, A.W & K.Prantl, 1887-1915 Die Naturlichen Pflanzenfamilien, 23, vols. Leipzig. • Hutchinson, J., 1969, Evolution & Phylogeny of the Flowering Plants, Academic Press, London. • Sharma,O.P. Plant taxonomy (second edition)2010. The Mac Graw Hill Company, Kolkata. • Singh, V & D.K.Jain 1981. Taxonomy of Angiosperms, Rastogi Publications, Meerut.