Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification
APG I
APG II
APG III
APG IV
Molecular Based system
features and organization
Merits and demerits
Difference in APG system.
Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification
APG I
APG II
APG III
APG IV
Molecular Based system
features and organization
Merits and demerits
Difference in APG system.
Angiosperms are the flowering plants also known as Magnoliophyta. The botanical term "Angiosperm" meaning ‘bottle or vessel’ is derived from the ancient Greek. These are the most diverse group of land plants. Angiosperms are seed-producing plants and the distinguished features of angiosperms over gymnosperms are angiosperms bear flowers, endosperm within the seeds and the production of fruits that contain the seed. According to the botanists the flowering plants diversified and widespread 120 million years ago. The classification of the flowering plants also has a long history.
In the past, classification systems were typically produced by an individual botanist or by a small group resulting large number of systems. Different systems and their updates were generally favored in different countries. Bentham and Hooker’s system was popular in the Britain and the Engler’s system was famous in the Europe etc. These systems were introduced before the availability of genetic evidences and angiosperms were classified using their morphology and biochemistry. After the 1980’s genetic evidences were available and phylogenetic methods came into the classification procedures.
In the late 1990s, an informal group of researchers from major institutions worldwide came together and they established the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group (APG). The objective was to provide a widely accepted and more stable point of reference for angiosperm classification. APG I was published in 1998 as their first attempt in Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden. The initial 1998 paper by the APG made angiosperms the first large group of organisms to be systematically re-classified primarily on the basis of genetic characteristics. The group emphasized the need for a classification system for angiosperms at the level of families, orders and above. The existed systems are rejected is because they are not phylogenetically classified. The outline of a phylogenetic tree of all flowering plants became established and several well supported major clades involving many families of flowering plants were identified. The new knowledge of phylogeny revealed relationships in conflict with the then widely used modern classifications.
The principles of APG system are retaining the Linnean system of orders and families, Use of monophyletic groups (Consist of all descendants of a common ancestor), taking a broad approach to defining the limits of groups such as orders and families and use of term ‘clades’ above or parallel to the level of orders and families. A major outcome of the classification is the disappearance of the traditional division of the flowering plants into two groups, which are monocots and dicots.
Even though there are several controversies about APG the botanists worldwide are influenced by the concept and are currently practice the system.
This PPT offers a birds' eye view of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group III to cover the course content and its complexity.It also covers the emerging trend of the plants taxonomic domain.
Botany is the science and art of studying plants, that carry
out photosynthesis. Botany includes a wide range of scientific sub disciplines
t h a t s t u d y t h e s t r u c t u r e , g r o w t h , r e p r o d u c t i o n ,
metabolism, development, diseases, ecology and
evolution of plants. The study of plants is important because they are a
fundamental part of life on Earth, generating food, oxygen, fuel,
medicine and fibers that allow other life forms to exist. Through
photosynthesis they absorb carbon dioxide, a waste
product generated by most animals and a greenhouse gas that
contributes to global warming.
Plant embryology and palynology, history of plant embryology, General basic terms in embryology (sporogenesis, Gametogenesis, Pollination, Fertilization, Double fertilization, Endosperm, Embryogenesis), Diagnostic embryological characters, Primitive and advance embryological characters, Role of embryology and palynology in taxonomy.
Angiosperms are the flowering plants also known as Magnoliophyta. The botanical term "Angiosperm" meaning ‘bottle or vessel’ is derived from the ancient Greek. These are the most diverse group of land plants. Angiosperms are seed-producing plants and the distinguished features of angiosperms over gymnosperms are angiosperms bear flowers, endosperm within the seeds and the production of fruits that contain the seed. According to the botanists the flowering plants diversified and widespread 120 million years ago. The classification of the flowering plants also has a long history.
In the past, classification systems were typically produced by an individual botanist or by a small group resulting large number of systems. Different systems and their updates were generally favored in different countries. Bentham and Hooker’s system was popular in the Britain and the Engler’s system was famous in the Europe etc. These systems were introduced before the availability of genetic evidences and angiosperms were classified using their morphology and biochemistry. After the 1980’s genetic evidences were available and phylogenetic methods came into the classification procedures.
In the late 1990s, an informal group of researchers from major institutions worldwide came together and they established the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group (APG). The objective was to provide a widely accepted and more stable point of reference for angiosperm classification. APG I was published in 1998 as their first attempt in Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden. The initial 1998 paper by the APG made angiosperms the first large group of organisms to be systematically re-classified primarily on the basis of genetic characteristics. The group emphasized the need for a classification system for angiosperms at the level of families, orders and above. The existed systems are rejected is because they are not phylogenetically classified. The outline of a phylogenetic tree of all flowering plants became established and several well supported major clades involving many families of flowering plants were identified. The new knowledge of phylogeny revealed relationships in conflict with the then widely used modern classifications.
The principles of APG system are retaining the Linnean system of orders and families, Use of monophyletic groups (Consist of all descendants of a common ancestor), taking a broad approach to defining the limits of groups such as orders and families and use of term ‘clades’ above or parallel to the level of orders and families. A major outcome of the classification is the disappearance of the traditional division of the flowering plants into two groups, which are monocots and dicots.
Even though there are several controversies about APG the botanists worldwide are influenced by the concept and are currently practice the system.
This PPT offers a birds' eye view of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group III to cover the course content and its complexity.It also covers the emerging trend of the plants taxonomic domain.
Botany is the science and art of studying plants, that carry
out photosynthesis. Botany includes a wide range of scientific sub disciplines
t h a t s t u d y t h e s t r u c t u r e , g r o w t h , r e p r o d u c t i o n ,
metabolism, development, diseases, ecology and
evolution of plants. The study of plants is important because they are a
fundamental part of life on Earth, generating food, oxygen, fuel,
medicine and fibers that allow other life forms to exist. Through
photosynthesis they absorb carbon dioxide, a waste
product generated by most animals and a greenhouse gas that
contributes to global warming.
Plant embryology and palynology, history of plant embryology, General basic terms in embryology (sporogenesis, Gametogenesis, Pollination, Fertilization, Double fertilization, Endosperm, Embryogenesis), Diagnostic embryological characters, Primitive and advance embryological characters, Role of embryology and palynology in taxonomy.
In this slide described the physiology of rice on the basis of breeding purpose. covered information about golden rice and hybrid rice. Also list out the varieties of rice developed in Maharashtra state and by Dr. Punjabrao Deshmukh Agriculture University, Akola.
Similar to GLUMIFLORAE- phylogeny and families (20)
Cancer cell metabolism: special Reference to Lactate PathwayAADYARAJPANDEY1
Normal Cell Metabolism:
Cellular respiration describes the series of steps that cells use to break down sugar and other chemicals to get the energy we need to function.
Energy is stored in the bonds of glucose and when glucose is broken down, much of that energy is released.
Cell utilize energy in the form of ATP.
The first step of respiration is called glycolysis. In a series of steps, glycolysis breaks glucose into two smaller molecules - a chemical called pyruvate. A small amount of ATP is formed during this process.
Most healthy cells continue the breakdown in a second process, called the Kreb's cycle. The Kreb's cycle allows cells to “burn” the pyruvates made in glycolysis to get more ATP.
The last step in the breakdown of glucose is called oxidative phosphorylation (Ox-Phos).
It takes place in specialized cell structures called mitochondria. This process produces a large amount of ATP. Importantly, cells need oxygen to complete oxidative phosphorylation.
If a cell completes only glycolysis, only 2 molecules of ATP are made per glucose. However, if the cell completes the entire respiration process (glycolysis - Kreb's - oxidative phosphorylation), about 36 molecules of ATP are created, giving it much more energy to use.
IN CANCER CELL:
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
introduction to WARBERG PHENOMENA:
WARBURG EFFECT Usually, cancer cells are highly glycolytic (glucose addiction) and take up more glucose than do normal cells from outside.
Otto Heinrich Warburg (; 8 October 1883 – 1 August 1970) In 1931 was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology for his "discovery of the nature and mode of action of the respiratory enzyme.
WARNBURG EFFECT : cancer cells under aerobic (well-oxygenated) conditions to metabolize glucose to lactate (aerobic glycolysis) is known as the Warburg effect. Warburg made the observation that tumor slices consume glucose and secrete lactate at a higher rate than normal tissues.
Professional air quality monitoring systems provide immediate, on-site data for analysis, compliance, and decision-making.
Monitor common gases, weather parameters, particulates.
THE IMPORTANCE OF MARTIAN ATMOSPHERE SAMPLE RETURN.Sérgio Sacani
The return of a sample of near-surface atmosphere from Mars would facilitate answers to several first-order science questions surrounding the formation and evolution of the planet. One of the important aspects of terrestrial planet formation in general is the role that primary atmospheres played in influencing the chemistry and structure of the planets and their antecedents. Studies of the martian atmosphere can be used to investigate the role of a primary atmosphere in its history. Atmosphere samples would also inform our understanding of the near-surface chemistry of the planet, and ultimately the prospects for life. High-precision isotopic analyses of constituent gases are needed to address these questions, requiring that the analyses are made on returned samples rather than in situ.
Slide 1: Title Slide
Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Slide 2: Introduction to Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Definition: Extrachromosomal inheritance refers to the transmission of genetic material that is not found within the nucleus.
Key Components: Involves genes located in mitochondria, chloroplasts, and plasmids.
Slide 3: Mitochondrial Inheritance
Mitochondria: Organelles responsible for energy production.
Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in mitochondria.
Inheritance Pattern: Maternally inherited, meaning it is passed from mothers to all their offspring.
Diseases: Examples include Leber’s hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON) and mitochondrial myopathy.
Slide 4: Chloroplast Inheritance
Chloroplasts: Organelles responsible for photosynthesis in plants.
Chloroplast DNA (cpDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in chloroplasts.
Inheritance Pattern: Often maternally inherited in most plants, but can vary in some species.
Examples: Variegation in plants, where leaf color patterns are determined by chloroplast DNA.
Slide 5: Plasmid Inheritance
Plasmids: Small, circular DNA molecules found in bacteria and some eukaryotes.
Features: Can carry antibiotic resistance genes and can be transferred between cells through processes like conjugation.
Significance: Important in biotechnology for gene cloning and genetic engineering.
Slide 6: Mechanisms of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Non-Mendelian Patterns: Do not follow Mendel’s laws of inheritance.
Cytoplasmic Segregation: During cell division, organelles like mitochondria and chloroplasts are randomly distributed to daughter cells.
Heteroplasmy: Presence of more than one type of organellar genome within a cell, leading to variation in expression.
Slide 7: Examples of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Four O’clock Plant (Mirabilis jalapa): Shows variegated leaves due to different cpDNA in leaf cells.
Petite Mutants in Yeast: Result from mutations in mitochondrial DNA affecting respiration.
Slide 8: Importance of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Evolution: Provides insight into the evolution of eukaryotic cells.
Medicine: Understanding mitochondrial inheritance helps in diagnosing and treating mitochondrial diseases.
Agriculture: Chloroplast inheritance can be used in plant breeding and genetic modification.
Slide 9: Recent Research and Advances
Gene Editing: Techniques like CRISPR-Cas9 are being used to edit mitochondrial and chloroplast DNA.
Therapies: Development of mitochondrial replacement therapy (MRT) for preventing mitochondrial diseases.
Slide 10: Conclusion
Summary: Extrachromosomal inheritance involves the transmission of genetic material outside the nucleus and plays a crucial role in genetics, medicine, and biotechnology.
Future Directions: Continued research and technological advancements hold promise for new treatments and applications.
Slide 11: Questions and Discussion
Invite Audience: Open the floor for any questions or further discussion on the topic.
(May 29th, 2024) Advancements in Intravital Microscopy- Insights for Preclini...Scintica Instrumentation
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GLUMIFLORAE- phylogeny and families
1. JAI NARAIN VYAS UNIVERSITY, JODHPUR
DEPARTMENT OF BOTANY
TOPIC – PHYLOGENY OF GLUMIFLORAE
Submitted to -
Dr. Seema Sen
Submitted by -
Anmol Mertiya
(M.sc Previous 2nd Sem)
PAPER 201- Taxonomy & Diversity Of Seed Plants
2. GLUMIFLORAE
Easily recognised by “grassy ” appearance.
Flowering petals produces many tiny flowers without showy petals.
Single most important group on planet providing- 4 highest grossing crops.
1. Corn
2. Rice
3. Wheat
4. Barley
Has ecological importance in maintaining soil stability & providing turf.
It is an order of Blooming Plants.
In today’s world, they are clearly the most influential group of organisms on the
planet.
“Gluma”= husk + “Florae”= flowers
3. FOSSIL RECORD
It has a fossil record dating back to Cretaceous period.
Consist of primarily small fruits & seeds.
Today, facing a preservational bias as they grow
primarily in dry environments.
There are macrofossils by Oligocene with rise to
dominance of grasslands.
4. LIFE HISTORY & ECOLOGY
Most continents are populated by stands of grasses,
rushes, sedges, cat-tails.
Animals depend upon graminoids for shelter & food.
Birds depend for nesting materials & for cover.
Prairie & Savanna grasses provide both food & cover
for rodents.
Ungulates undergone much structural evolution as
result of spreading grasslands in Cenozoic.
Example- Modern-day horse.
5. POSITION OF GLUMIFLORAE
• George Bentham & Joseph Dalton Hooker jointly
published a monumental work “Genera Plantarum” in 3
volumes.
• They placed Ranales in beginning & grasses at the end.
• Divided seed plants into –
3 classes
3 subclasses
21 series
25 cohorts
202 orders
BENTHAM & HOOKER’S (1862-83)
6. SERIES 15
SERIES 21
CLASS III MONOCOTYLEDONS
MICROSPERMAE
GLUMACEAE
ORDERS – 196,197,198,199, 200
199TH ORDER
CYPERACEAE
200TH ORDER
GRAMINEAE
7. ENGLER AND PRANTL
CLASSIFICATION
•Adolf Engler & Karl E Prantl did the enormous
work in a detailed book titled-
“Die Natürlichen Pflanzenfamilien” (1887-1915)
•Based on intricacy of flower, fruit and seed
development.
•Monocots are more primitive than dicots.
9. HUTCHINSON’S SYSTEM
•John Hutchinson (1884-1972) proposed a phylogenetic
system in 2 volumes.
•He published as The families of flowering plants, arranged
according to a new system based on their probable
phylogeny (two volumes) - in three editions.
•Considered angiosperms to be monophyletic from
gymnosperms.
•Three lines of monocot evolution-
1) Calyciflorae
2) Corolliflorae
3) Glumiflorae
11. WETTSTEIN SYSYTEM
•The main groups were according to Richard
Wettstein’s - Handbuch der Systematischen Botanik
(1901-24).
•Wettstein was a pioneer of the integration of
phylogeny with traditional taxonomy and published
a great many new names and combinations.
•He was responsible for the Botanical Garden of the
University of Vienna.
13. TAKHTAJAN SYSTEM
• It was published by Armen Takhtajan in several
versions from 1950 onwards.
• It ususally compared to Cronquist system &
admits paraphyletic groups.
• There are 3 systems in this-
i. 1966 SYSTEM
ii. 1997 SYSTEM
iii. 2009 SYSTEM
15. CRONQUIST SYSTEM
• Arthur Cronquist presented an elaborate
interpretation of his concept pf classification.
• It was-
I. “The evolution & classification of flowering plants” (1968)
II. “An integrated system of classification of flowering plants”
(1981)
• Provided charts to show relationship of orders
within carious subclasses.
17. APG SYSTEM
• APG- Angiosperm Phylogeny Group System
• First version of modern, mostly molecular- based system of
plant taxonomy.
• Published in-
i. APG I in 1998
ii. APG II IN 2003
iii. APG III in 2009
iv. APG IV in 2016
• Major outcome of this classification is disappearance of
traditional divisions of flowering plants i.e. monocots &
dicots.
• Monocots are recognised as a clade but dicots are not.
19. CYPERACEAE (SEDGE FAMILY)
• DISTRIBUTION-
Throughout world
Dominant in temperate zones
70 genera & 4000 species
India – 441 species
• ECONOMIC USE-
Used as fodder, food, medicine, poison, as sand binders,
matting purpose, aromatic scented oils, as ornaments.
20. IMPORTANT GENERA
• Cyperus rotundus (ordinary sedge)- weed of
cultivated lands.
• Carex- leaves are sharp,saw-like edges
• Eriophorum comosum (cotton sedge)- glaborous
herb for stuffing.
• Frimbistylis- weed having glaborous stem.
• Scirpus- club rush or bull rush
23. POACEAE (GRAMINEAE)
•DISTRIBUTION-
Cosmopolitan in distribution
620 genera & 6000 species
India – 900 species
These are hydrophytes, xerophytes, mesophytes.
•ECONOMIC USE-
Used as fodder, food, as sugar, aromatic oils, paper
industry, alcohol, beverages, ropes, bamboo in building
material, boat making, carts, pipes etc.
