Mehru

Mehru

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  Presented By:- MehreenHameed BS Botany 5th semester Roll no Bot-15-21
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  Mehreen Hameed B.S Botany 5TH Semester  Bot-15-21
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   The Poaceaename was given by John Hendley Barnhart in 1895, based on the tribe Poeae (described in 1814 by Robert Brown), and the type genus Poa (described in 1753 by Linnaeus).  The term is derived from the Ancient Greek πόα (póa, “Grass”).
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   Formerly knownas Gramineae  Usually called grass family  Has 12 subfamilies, about 525 genera, and 10,000 or more species  In Pakistan family is represented by 158 genera and 492 species  Includes the cereal grasses, bamboos and the grasses of natural grassland and cultivated lawns (turf) and pasture.  All the cereal crops and about 75% of the species used as forages are grasses
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   Division: Phanerogams SUB-Division: Angiosperms  Class: Monocotyledons  Sub-Class: Commelinidae  Series: Glumaceae  Order: Poales  Family: Poaceae (Gramineae)
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   Cosmopolitan  5thlargest plant family, following the Asteraceae, Orchidaceae, Fabaceae and Rubiaceae  2nd largest among monocotyledons  Cereals and Grasses (25% of vegetation)  Grasslands such as savannah and prairie where grasses are dominant are estimated to constitute 40.5% of the land area of the Earth
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   Habit. Mainly herbs[annuals (Oryza) or perennials (Sacharum)] or shrubs, rarely trees like (Bambusa, Dendrocalamus).
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   Root. Adventitious ,Fibrous , branched or stilt (as in maize).
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   Stem  Stemof grasses is called a culm  It is usually fistula or hollow ; cylindrical, distinct nodes and internodes, herbaceous or woody.  Sometimes, forms rhizome or runner.
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   Leaf  Sessile,simple, alternate or distichous, exstipulate, leaf base sheathing, ligulate; lamina narrow & ribbon shaped, amplexicaul or semi amplexicaul, leaf blade and sheath hairy or smooth, parallel venation.
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  Distichous Alternate
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   Inflorescence  Spikeletswhich may be Spike of spikelets or panicles of spiklets  Spike of spikelets: The spiklets form dense clusters in sessile manner on main axis as in wheat.  Panicles of spikelets: The spiklets are arranged on a branched axis-panicle as in oat.
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   Flower  Small,Bracteates, Bracteolate (Lemma & Palea), Sessile, Usually Bisexual (Oryza) ,rarely Unisexual (Zea), Hypogynous, Zygomorphic .
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   Perianth:  Absentor sometime 2 or 3 scale like lodicules are present; free, valvate  Androecium  stamens are usually 3, but in Bambusa and Oryza stamens are 6 , arranged in 2 whorls of 3, numerous in Pariana; polyandrous  Anthers are dithecous , versatile, introse; dehiscence longitudinally
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   Gynoecium  Bior tricarpellary, though only one is functional, syncarpous; unilocular, single ovule, basal placentation; Styles usually 2 (rarely 1 or 3 0r absent) and 3 in Bambusa; Stigmas are 2 and feathery
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   Fruits  Caryopsisrarely a nut (Dendrocalamus) or a berry (Bambusa).  Seed: Endospermic  Pollination :Wind pollination. Berry Caryopsis
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   Food: Thisfamily consists of the most important food plants called cereals  Wheat (Triticum aestivum)  Rice (Oryza sativa )  Maize (zea mays)  Barley (Hordeum vulgare)  Oats (Avena sativa)
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   Use asfood of animals, e.g fodder for cattle and sheeps etc  Lemon grass is also taken as tea and good for health and their leaves are important curry ingredient.
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   Industrial uses: Manufacturing of paper (Bambusa and dendrocalamus)  Sugar is obtanied  Biofuel production  Making of wood wind Instruments.  Ethyl alcohol and many other beverages are prepared form cereals. For example, wine is prepared from rye, corn and rum molasses form sugar cane.
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   Medicinal  Rootsof Vetiveria zizanioides are medicinal and give a pleasant scent.  Bambusa leaves are given to horses for curing cough and cold.  Setaria italica is diuretic.  Valuable perfumery oils are obtained from Cymbopogon citratus (lemon grass) and Andropogon odonatus (ginger grass)  Ornamental : Cynodon (Bermuda grass) , Agrostis (florin grass) , Poa (meadow grass) and Festuca (festuca grass) are grown in lawns.
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   Spinifex littorecusis useful sand-binder on seashore.  The stone bracts of coix lacryma ( job’s tears) are strung into necklace. Spinifex littorcus coix lachryma
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   Cereals o Triticumaestivum (wheat)
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  o Hordeum vulgare(Barley)
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  o Zea mays(Maize)
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  o Oryza sativa(Rice)
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  o Avena sativum(Oat)
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   Millets o Sorghumvulgare (Jawar)
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  o Pennisetum typhoides(Bajra)
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   Grasses o Cynodondactylon (Dog grass) o Andropogon muricatus (Khas grass-oil yielding) Andropogon muricatus Cynodon dactylon
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  o Bambusa vulgans
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  o Saccharum officinarum(Sugarcane plant)
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   Mostly annualherbs with fistular stem  Leaves distichous with sheathing bases and ligule  Inflorescence unit is a spikelet  Perianth is reduced to lodicules or even absent  Anthers are versatile  Stigma are feathery  Fruit is caryopsis
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   Herbaceous ,annual or perennial habit  Exstipulate leaves with sheathing bases and ligules  Flowers arranged in distinct inflorescence called spikelet  Highly reduced , inconspicuous and zygomorphic flowers  Perianth is represented by lodicules  Reduction in the number of stamens to three  Monocarpellary and unilocular ovary with a single ovule on basal placenta  Fruit is a caryopsis