Oracle database might have problems with stale NFSv3 locks upon restart
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The document discusses stale NFS locks that can occur upon Oracle database restart with NFSv3. The issue is caused by lockd and rpc.statd using different name resolution methods to create and clear locks, resulting in non-matching host names. The solution is to change the order of host names in /etc/hosts so the same host name is used for lock creation and clearance.
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* Namespace implementation
* The 6 kernel namespaces - some implementation details.
* System calls for namespaces
* Usage examples
* cgroups kernel implementation
* cgroup VFS
* cgroup filesystem operations for handling cgroups examples
* The cgroup implementation + some userspace examples
* Checkpoint/Restore in brief
Linux06 nfs
The document discusses the Network File System (NFS) which allows files on a remote computer to be accessed over a network as if they are local. It provides details on how NFS works by exporting file systems from the NFS server and mounting them on client computers. The document also covers NFS versions, configuration of NFS servers, and tools for managing NFS shares through graphical interfaces.
linux
This document provides an overview of a seminar presented on Red Hat Linux and NIS servers. It discusses key topics like the history and features of Linux, an overview of the Linux kernel and file system, Linux shells, users and permissions, RAID and LVM concepts, and configurations for common Linux server types including NIS, NFS, DNS, DHCP, FTP, SSH, Telnet, SMTP, Samba, and Apache web servers. Screenshots are also included to demonstrate aspects of the configurations.
.ppt
The document provides an overview of User Mode Linux (UML), including what it is, how it works, alternatives, and how to use it. UML allows running the Linux kernel as a userspace process, enabling uses like kernel debugging, security testing, and hosting virtual servers. It works by modifying the host kernel to create separate address spaces for guest kernels and processes using hardware virtualization. Key components discussed include filesystems, networking using TUN/TAP devices, management scripts, backups using LVM snapshots and blocksync, and network monitoring tools like MRTG and iftop.
Bo2004
Dan Kaminsky introduces the concept of DNS tunneling, which involves encoding and transmitting data within DNS queries and responses. He describes early implementations of DNS tunneling used to establish remote networking connections. Kaminsky then explores ways to increase bandwidth for DNS tunneling, such as encoding audio streams within DNS TXT records or distributing large files across many caching DNS servers in a technique called "DomainCast". Finally, he discusses modifying scanning tools to map the DNS landscape at large scales through stateless queries and analysis of responses.
Network File System (NFS)
NFS allows files to be shared over a network between systems. To set up NFS, install the NFS server on the host system and NFS client on other systems. Configure NFS exports on the host to share directories, and create mount points on clients to access the shared directories remotely as if they were local. Access and ownership are tested by writing files to the shared directories. The shares can be automatically mounted on clients at boot by adding them to /etc/fstab.
Kubecon shanghai rook deployed nfs clusters over ceph-fs (translator copy)
This document discusses deploying scalable NFS clusters that export CephFS volumes using Rook and Kubernetes. CephFS is a distributed file system that uses an MDS and RADOS to manage metadata and data. Rook allows dynamically deploying Ceph clusters and NFS-Ganesha servers that export CephFS subvolumes. Coordinating grace periods across the NFS cluster during server reboots is challenging due to the stateful nature of both NFS and CephFS protocols. Future work includes improving migration and optimizing grace periods when scaling the NFS cluster size.
The NFS Version 4 Protocol
The Network File System (NFS) Version 4 is a distributed file system similar to previous versions of NFS in its straightforward design, simplified error recovery, and independence of transport protocols and operating systems for file access in a heterogeneous network.
NFS, was developed by Sun Microsystems to provide distributed transparent file access in a heterogeneous network. It achieves this by being relatively simple in design and not relying too heavily on any particular file system model.
This presentation is based on the paper of “The NFS Version 4 Protocol” written by Brian Pawlowski, Spencer Shepler, Carl Beame, Brent Callaghan, Michael Eisler, David Noveck, David Robinson and Robert Thurlow.
Similar to Oracle database might have problems with stale NFSv3 locks upon restart (20)
Namespaces and cgroups - the basis of Linux containers
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Perceived reality exists within space and time, but actual reality is being discovered through quantum physics, though ancient sages in Asia have known it for thousands of years. Quantum theory shows particles can be in different states simultaneously, though humans can only perceive one state at a time as we move through time. Devotees of Indian gurus have demonstrated being in different states at once, documented for years but not widely accepted until quantum physics. Reaching this state requires going beyond the five senses and spending years in realization, as it is not something outside us but a matter of inner realization.
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Consciousness is a constant that witnesses events and objects which are variables. One comes to know themselves by understanding what they are not through experiencing events which are a function of consciousness and objects. Experience is defined as consciousness plus an object that is witnessed by the constant of consciousness.
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https://www.slideshare.net/AshwinPawar/how-to-upgrade-ontap-simulator
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The document discusses an error when attempting to perform a SQL backup clone using SnapCenter 4.3 on a NetApp cDOT storage system using iSCSI. The error references SMB even though iSCSI was being used, because the SnapCenter storage connections were using the cluster management LIF instead of the data SVM management LIF, which is required for SAN protocols like iSCSI. The solution is to add the data SVM directly in SnapCenter using the SVM management LIF.
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The document discusses how to connect to the console port of a NetApp Filer using a micro-USB cable and configure Putty serial terminal software. It explains that 115,200 baud rate with N-8-1 refers to transferring up to 115,200 bits per second with no parity, 8 data bits, and 1 stop bit. The steps are to connect the micro-USB cable from the Filer to a laptop, identify the detected COM port in the device manager, open Putty, select the correct COM port and baud rate settings, and click open under the session tab rather than the incorrect arrow shown.
NDMP backup models
Intercluster LIFs are preferred over data LIFs for NDMP control and data communication to ensure firewall access. If only data LIFs can be used, connection depends on the order interfaces appear in ifconfig output, not a hardcoded selection. More details are available at the provided KB article on properly configuring LIFs and firewall policies for NDMP backups.
How to use Active IQ tool to access filer information
This document provides instructions for using NetApp's Active IQ tool to access various types of information about a FILER, including cable diagrams, stack diagrams, RAID configuration visualization, hardware capacity headroom, and storage summaries. Users can log into the NetApp support site, enter the FILER name, click on the Configuration button, and select Visualization to view diagrams and other data pulled from the last AutoSupport report. The Active IQ tool extracts valuable information from a FILER's AutoSupport reports with some patience during loading of dynamic visualizations and data.
San vs Nas fun series
A SAN provides block-level storage to clients that they can then use to build their own file systems, similar to a real estate provider giving a plot of land. A NAS provides a complete file system to clients similar to a real estate agent providing a ready-made home, with the NAS appearing as a file server and the SAN appearing as a raw disk to the client operating system. The key difference is that a SAN provides raw disks while a NAS provides a complete file system.
SnapDiff
SnapDiff is NetApp's proprietary file differencing engine that identifies files changed between snapshots. It compares block-level changes rather than traversing the entire file system, improving backup performance. The SnapDiff API allows backup applications to integrate with SnapDiff. SnapDiff performance is measured in files processed per hour and is impacted by very large or deeply nested directory structures rather than total storage size.
SnapDiff process flow chart
The SnapDiff process flowchart first takes a baseline backup snapshot of a volume. Next, it takes an incremental snapshot once it has the required information. It then begins the SnapDiff process to compare the snapshots and backup changed data.
SnapDiff performance issue
The document discusses troubleshooting a SnapDiff performance issue. Key factors that can affect SnapDiff throughput include hardware resources, Data ONTAP version, disk I/O latency, number of files in volumes, parallel SnapDiff sessions, and overlapping backup jobs. Symptoms of timeouts between ONTAP and the media agent during the indexing phase suggest the indexing is taking too long. The document provides workarounds like skipping cataloging and running it later, and using live browse for restores if needed before investigation is complete.
Volume level restore fails with error transient snapshot copy is not supported
A volume level restore failed with an error message indicating that a transient snapshot was not supported for the operation. The error occurred because the snapshot being used was a temporary one created during a SnapVault transfer where deduplication was enabled, making it an invalid snapshot. To resolve it, ensure the snapshot is a valid Snapmirror base snapshot without special characters in the name.
Disk reports predicted failure event
A predictive failure alert was reported for disk 1c.xx.xx in NetApp cluster node Cluster-02. The disk reported a predicted failure event. If a matching spare disk is available, rapid RAID recovery will begin by copying the data from the pre-failed disk to the spare. If no spares are available, the disk will eventually fail and cause the RAID group to degrade until a spare is available to reconstruct the data. Proactive assignment of a partner node's spare disk is recommended.
OCUM shows ONTAP cluster health degraded
The document discusses a degraded cluster health status shown in OCUM after adding a cDOT ONTAP controller. While the node pairing status was good, the cluster health showed as degraded. This was because OCUM only marks cluster health as OK after subsystem checks return OK, and one subsystem here showed as degraded, causing the overall cluster health to display as degraded. The solution is to ensure the cluster show and system health subsystem show both return OK.
NDMPCOPY lun from 7-mode NetApp to cDOT
The document describes how to copy archived SQL database LUNs from a 7-mode SnapVault snapshot to a cDOT SAN volume using NDMPCOPY in two phases. Phase 1 uses NDMPCOPY to transfer the LUN from the 7-mode snapshot to the cDOT destination volume. Phase 2 presents the copied LUN to the SQL box by mapping, rescaning disks, and bringing the LUN online so the databases can be retrieved.
Latency in storage
This document discusses components that can contribute to latency in an IT infrastructure, with a focus on storage latency. It identifies potential sources of latency including applications, hosts, virtual machines, networks, and storage components. It recommends commands like 'qos statistics volume performance show' and tools like OCUM/OPM to analyze latency across clustered Data ONTAP components and identify bottlenecks. The document aims to help storage administrators troubleshoot latency issues by examining statistics from different parts of the infrastructure to pinpoint the root cause.
NVRAM vs NVMEM
NVRAM is a separate DIMM from main memory, while NVMEM uses part of the main memory and is not a separate DIMM. The document provides examples of hardware showing NVRAM as a separate 4GB DIMM, while NVMEM on a filer uses 2.4GB of the total 20GB main memory. It clarifies the hardware difference between NVRAM using a separate DIMM and NVMEM utilizing space within main memory.
NAS vs SAN
NFS and SANs can provide block-level access to storage in almost identical ways from the perspective of applications. At the protocol level, block reads over NFS and iSCSI are almost identical - they both request a number of bytes or blocks starting at a given offset. The main difference is that NFS uses file handles to identify blocks while SANs use LUNs, but a LUN and file are just containers for blocks of data. NetApp's WAFL file system allows it to present LUNs as files within aggregates, unifying SAN, NAS, and iSCSI storage into a single appliance by storing data at the block level regardless of protocol. Dave Hitz was instrumental in revolutionizing storage through his work
NetApp storage layering
NetApp provides storage layering that allows organizations to separate data from physical storage infrastructure. This approach helps optimize storage resources and reduces costs by enabling data to be moved seamlessly between different storage technologies like flash, disk, and cloud. Storage layering gives organizations flexibility and freedom of choice in their IT infrastructure investments.
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Oracle database might have problems with stale NFSv3 locks upon restart
- 1. Oracle database might have problems with stale NFS locks upon restart! Applies to: NFSv3 Cause: Creating a lock (NLM) and clearing (rpc.statd) a lock use two slightly different methods of name resolution. • NLM = uses uname -n to determine the host name • rpc.statd = uses gethostbyname() to determine the host name lockd = lockd is a kernel thread which runs on both clients and servers. It implements the Network Lock Manager (NLM) protocol, which allows NFSv2 and NFSv3 clients to lock files on the server. It is started automatically whenever the NFS server is run and whenever an NFS file system is mounted. rpc.statd = This process implements the Network Status Monitor (NSM) RPC protocol, which notifies NFS clients when an NFS server is restarted without being gracefully brought down. rpc.statd is started automatically by the nfslock service, and does not require user configuration. This is not used with NFSv4. Why is lock required for NFSv3? NFS version 3 protocol is stateless, an additional Network Lock Manager (NLM) protocol is required to support locking of NFS-mounted files. NFSv4 is a true stateful protocol : By 'true' stateful, I mean NFSv4 includes file-locking as part of the protocol itself, rather than relying on Network Lock Manager (NLM) to provide that function as NFSv3 does. Hence, the locks are dealt with more efficiently. These days, most (if not all) Linux distributions default to NFSv4 and the most popular one Red Hat Enterprise Linux uses NFSv4 by default, if the server supports it.
- 2. Solution: These host names must match for the OS to properly clear stale locks. For example: The host might be looking for locks owned by "dbserver", but the locks were registered by the host as "dbserver.domain.com", If gethostbyname() does not return the same value as "uname –a", then the lock release process will not succeed. Steps to fix: Change the order in which hosts appear in /etc/hosts. For example, assume that the hosts file includes this entry: 192.x.x.x dbserver.domain.com dbserver Change this to, 192.x.x.x dbserver dbserver.domain.com ashwinwriter@gmail.com June, 2020