The document discusses olfactory receptors and compares the olfactory receptor gene OR4D11 between humans and chimpanzees. It finds that OR4D11 is a pseudogene in humans but intact in chimpanzees. It also summarizes the results of BLAST searches comparing the human and chimpanzee OR4D11 sequences and structures, finding them to be 96% similar. Phylogenetic analysis shows OR4D11 is conserved in other species like mice, dogs, and rats.

1. THE ORACLES
-DEVI WAGHDARE
FATEMA HUSAIN
SAILEE GURAV
SNEHA SAMALA

3.  Receptors-
INTRODUCTION
 Receptor is a molecule found on the surface of
a cell, which receives specific chemical signals from
neighboring cells.
 A molecule which binds to a receptor is called
a ligand or other small molecule, such as
a neurotransmitter, a hormone, a pharmaceutical
drug, or a toxin.
 Each kind of receptor can bind only certain ligand
shapes.

4. Olfactory receptors
• Olfactory receptors are responsible for the detection
of odor molecules.
• Olfactory receptors are type of G protein-coupled
receptors (GPCRs).
• In humans, but not in mice or dogs, the majority of
OR genes have become pseudogenes, suggesting that
OR genes in humans evolved than in other
mammals.
• To explore this further ,we compare OR gene of
humans with the genome of closest evolutionary
relative chimpanzee.

6. Classification
 Based on protein sequence similarity, mammalian OR genes
are divided into two classes, 17 families and ∼250
subfamilies .
 When human or gene formed analysis was done by
searching the human genome database, we identified 339
intact OR genes and 297 OR pseudogenes.
Location
 Olfactory epithelium is present at at the top of the nasal
cavity.
 Each olfactory neuron in the epithelium has at least 10
hair-like cilia that protrude into a thin bath of mucus at the
cell surface.
 Somewhere on these cilia, scientists were convinced,
there must be receptor proteins that recognize and bind
odorant molecules, thereby stimulating the cell to send
signals to the brain.
Discovery
 In 2004 Linda B. Buck and Richard Axelwon the

7. OR4D11
 Olfactory receptor, family 4,subfamily D, member 11
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[ Homosapiens ][ Pseudogene]
Official Symbol-OR4D11 or OR4D11P
Official Full Name-Olfactory receptor, family 4, subfamily
D, member
Gene type-Protein coding
Organism-Homo sapiens
Lineage-Eukaryota, Metazoa,Chordata,
Craniata,Vertebrata,Euteleostomi,Mammalia,Eutheria,Euar
chontoglires,Primates,Haplorrhini,Catarrhini,Hominidae,H
omo.
Olfactory receptor 4D11 is a protein that in humans is
encoded by the 4D11 gene.
OR share a 7-transmembrane domain structure with many
neurotransmitter & hormone receptors & are responsible
for the recognisation & G-protein mediated transduction

8. LOCATION
Chromosome: 11;Location: 11q12.1
General Gene
information
Markers:OR4D11__6029 (e-PCR)
Homologs of the OR4D11 gene: The OR4D11 gene
is conserved in chimpanzee, dog, mouse, and rat.
Pathways
KEGG pathway: Olfactory transduction

9. Protein attributes
Sequence length
311 AA.
Sequence status
Complete.
Protein existence
Biological process
Cellular component
Evidence at transcript
level.
Olfaction
Sensory transduction
Gene information
Function
Odorant receptor
Subcellular location
Cell membrane; Multipass membrane protein
Sequence similarities
Belongs to the
G-protein coupled
receptor 1 family.
Cell membrane
Biological process
Coding sequence
diversity
Polymorphism
Domain
Transmembrane helix
Molecular function
G-protein coupled
receptor
Transducer
PTM
Technical term
Cellular component
Response to stimulus
Sensory perception
of smell
Integral to plasma
membrane
Disulfide bond
Glycoprotein
Complete proteome
Molecular function
Olfactory receptor
activity

10. Comparison of Chimpanzee &
Human Genome
•Scientists have found that humans are 96 percent
similar to the great ape species.
•Because chimpanzees are our closest relatives, it is
easy to understand human biology and evolution.
•The researchers have identified sequences of
genetic code that differ between human and chimp.
•These sequences may hold good for determining
what creates human-specific traits such as speech.

11.  The no. of genetic differences between
humans and chimps is 10 times smaller
than that between mice and rats.
 Scientists discovered that some classes of
genes are changing quickly in both humans
& chimpanzees, as compared with other
mammals.
 These classes include genes involved in the
perception of sound & transmission of
nerve signals.

12.  Despite the similarities in human & chimp
genomes, the scientists identified some 40
million differences among 3 billion
nucleotides in each genome however only a
couple thousand were significant.
 Human & chimp sequences differ by only
1.2 % in terms of single-nucleotide
changes to the genetic code.
 But 2.7 % of the genetic difference
between humans and chimps genetic
segments code are copied many times in
the genome.

13. Mutations
 Humans & chimps originate from a common
ancestor & scientists believe they diverged
some 6 million years ago.
 A few important mutations are responsible for
the differences between the 2 species,
according to Wen-Hsiung Li, a molecular
evolutionist.
 Scientists agree that many questions remain
unanswered but the chimp genome provides
important clues to understanding what makes
us human.

14. 
Homo sapiens olfactory receptor, family 4, subfamily D, member 11 (OR4D11), mRNA
ATGGAGTTGGGAAATGTCACCAGAGTAAAAGAATTTATATTTCTGGGACTTACTCAATCCC
AAGACCAGA
GTTTGGTCTTGTTTCTTTTTTTATGTCTTGTGTACATGACGACTCTGCTGGGAAACCTCCT
CATCATGGT
CACCGTGACCTGTGAGTCTCGCCTTCACACCCCCATGTACTTCCTGCTCCGCAATCTAG
CCATCCTTGAC
ATCTGCTTCTCCTCCACAACTGCTCCTAAAGTCTTGCTGGACCTTCTGTCAAAGAAAAAG
ACCATATCCT
ATACAAGCTGCATGACACAGATATTTCTCTTCCACCTCCTTGGTGGGGCAGACATTTTTTC
TCTCTCTGT
GATGGCGTTTGACTGCTACATGGCCATCTCCAAGCCCCTGCACTATGTGACCATCATGAG
TAGAGGGCAA
TGCACTGCCCTCATCTCTGCCTCTTGGATGGGGGGCTTTGTCCACTCCATCGTGCAGAT
CTCCCTGTTGC
TGCCTCTCCCTTTCTGTGGACCCAATGTTCTTGACACTTTCTACTGCGATGTCCCCCAGG
TCCTCAAACT
CACTTGCACTGACACTTTTGCTCTTGAGTTCTTGATGATTTCCAACAATGGCCTGGTCAC
TACCCTGTGG
TTTATCTTCCTGCTTGTGTCCTACACAGTCATCCTAATGACGCTGAGGTCTCAGGCAGGA
GGGGGCAGGA
GGAAAGCCATCTCCACTTGCACCTCCCACATCACTGTGGTGACCCTGCATTTTGTGCCC
TGCATCTATGT
CTATGCCCGGCCCTTCACTGCCCTCCCCACAGAAAAGGCCATCTCTGTCACCTTCACTG
TCATCTCCCCT
CTGCTGAACCCTTTGATCTACACTCTGAGGAACCAGGAAATGAAGTCAGCCATGAGAAG
ACTGAAGAGAA GACTCGTGCCTTCTGAAAGGGAATAG

15.  olfactory receptor 4D11 [Homo sapiens]
MELGNVTRVKEFIFLGLTQSQDQSLVLFLFLCLV
YMTTLLGNLLIMVTVTCESRLHTPMYFLLRNLAI
LD
ICFSSTTAPKVLLDLLSKKKTISYTSCMTQIFLFH
LLGGADIFSLSVMAFDCYMAISKPLHYVTIMSRG
Q
CTALISASWMGGFVHSIVQISLLLPLPFCGPNVL
DTFYCDVPQVLKLTCTDTFALEFLMISNNGLVTT
LW
FIFLLVSYTVILMTLRSQAGGGRRKAISTCTSHIT
VVTLHFVPCIYVYARPFTALPTEKAISVTFTVISP
LLNPLIYTLRNQEMKSAMRRLKRRLVPSERE

16. PRIMER DESIGNING
Using SDSC Workbench
Optimal Primer Pair/Probe
 or4d11 RIGHT PRIMER opt
PRIMER3, 20 bp
>or4d11_RIGHT_PRIMER_opt
CAAACGCCATCACAGAGAGA
 or4d11 LEFT PRIMER opt
PRIMER3, 20 bp
>or4d11_LEFT_PRIMER_opt
GACCTGTGAGTCTCGCCTTC
SEQUENCE SIZE: 936INCLUDED REGION SIZE: 936
PRODUCT SIZE: 215, PAIR ANY COMPL: 6.00, PAIR 3' COMPL: 2.00
 or4d11 LEFT PRIMER 3
PRIMER3, 20 bp
>or4d11_LEFT_PRIMER_3GACCTGTGAGTCTCGCCTTC
 or4d11 RIGHT PRIMER 3
PRIMER3, 20 bp
>or4d11_RIGHT_PRIMER_3TAGCAGTCAAACGCCATCAC
PRODUCT SIZE: 222, PAIR ANY COMPL: 4.00, PAIR 3' COMPL: 1.00


17. RESULTS OF BLASTN
OF Homo sapiens

19. RESULTS OF NUCLEOTIDE BLAST
OF Homo sapiens & Pan troglodytes

21. Blastp of Homo sapiens

24. PHYLOGENETIC TREE
Homo sapiens
Pan troglodytes
Macaca mulatta
Eqqus caballus

25. 
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RIBBON FORM
WIREFRAME

26. STICKS
BACKBONE

27. SPACEFILL
BALL AND STICK

28. CARTOONS
STRANDS

29. MOLECULAR SURFACE

30. BIBLOGRAPHY
Refrences for Literature:
 http://genome.cshlp.org/content/15/2/224.long-
Genome
 http://www.genecards.org/cgi-
bin/carddisp.pl?gene=OR4D11-Genecards
 http://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/Q8NGI4-Uniprot
 http://www.ebi.ac.uk/s4/summary/molecular?term=OR
4D11&classification=9606&tid=nameOrgENSG0000017
6200-EMBL-EBI
 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?Db=gene&C
md=ShowDetailView&TermToSearch=219986-NCBI
 http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2005/08/083
1_050831_chimp_genes.htm l- National – National
geographic

31. References for BLAST,sequences,SDSC workbench,protein
structures,etc.
 http://seqtool.sdsc.edu/CGI/BW.cgi#!
 http://blast.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Blast.cgi
 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nucleotide/55636126?report=genbank&log$=n
ucltop&blast_rank=5&RID=ZGU8HDAG01N
 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/protein/55636127?report=fasta
 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/
 http://www.pdb.org/pdb/home/home.do
 http://www.uniprot.org/
 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/
•
http://highwire.stanford.edu/