Bio380 Human Evolution: Waking the deadMark Pallen
Bio380 Human Evolution, genes and genomes lecture on contribution of archaic populations to gene pool of anatomically modern humans, including Neanderthals and Denisovan
My first lecture on the second year Bio263 module on human evolution. An overview of human evolution and palaeoanthropology. Taxonomy and humanity's place in nature. Who is our closest living relative? Evidence from morphology and molecules.
See also Slidecast on YouTube
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=28bLQIGRbWU
This ppt clarifies the differences and similarities of DNA of human and ape. Gives a conclusion that how the minimum differences gives major differences among human and ape.
Bio380 Human Evolution: Waking the deadMark Pallen
Bio380 Human Evolution, genes and genomes lecture on contribution of archaic populations to gene pool of anatomically modern humans, including Neanderthals and Denisovan
My first lecture on the second year Bio263 module on human evolution. An overview of human evolution and palaeoanthropology. Taxonomy and humanity's place in nature. Who is our closest living relative? Evidence from morphology and molecules.
See also Slidecast on YouTube
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=28bLQIGRbWU
This ppt clarifies the differences and similarities of DNA of human and ape. Gives a conclusion that how the minimum differences gives major differences among human and ape.
A helpful educational resource for teachers/professionals who help students/clients learn more about the futures of memetics and genetics and what could be considered as future "normal" people: "In the long term future the average humans may accommodate simultaneously numerous mental models, identities and “cultural chunks” as well. The present day exceptional people will be the future normal people. Thanks to the information revolution the harbinger of such developments can now be identified."
A helpful educational resource for teachers/professionals who help students/clients learn more about the futures of memetics and genetics and what could be considered as future "normal" people: "In the long term future the average humans may accommodate simultaneously numerous mental models, identities and “cultural chunks” as well. The present day exceptional people will be the future normal people. Thanks to the information revolution the harbinger of such developments can now be identified."
Bio380 lecture on cancer as an evolutionary process, showing descent with modification, branching evolution and natural selection; focus on genome evolution
Bio303 Lecture 2 Two Old Enemies, TB and LeprosyMark Pallen
In this lecture I will focusing on another of the most serious infectious threats to humanity, tuberculosis, outlining its evolutionary origins, impact on human health and wealth and the steps taken to control and treat this infection. I will also discuss a related mycobacterial infection, leprosy and recent progress in its control.
Bio303 laboratory diagnosis of infectionMark Pallen
In this Bio303 module talk, I provide an overview of how infections are diagnosed in the clinical microbiology lab, focusing on technologies, old and new, and also on practical issues and workflows crucial to optimal use of the lab.
Describe or explain how SNPs in gens at evolutionary conserved break.pdferremmfab
Describe or explain how SNPs in gens at evolutionary conserved breakpoints can lead to
dramatic phenotypic differences between species like chimpanzees and humans even though
their genomes are 98% similar? Provide and describe or explain an example of one gene with
SNP differences between gorillas and humans that might have resulted changes between humans
and apes.
Solution
A DNA sequence is a linear combination of four nucleotides. The two sequences when compared
position by position, and wherever a different nucleotides at the same position occurs, that\'s a
SNP. SNPs reflect past mutations that were mostly (but not exclusively) unique events, and two
individuals sharing a variant allele are thereby marked with a common evolutionary heritage.
Analysis of shared pattern of SNP variation can identify the genes similar to our ancestors.
Although humans and chimps have many identical genes, they often use them in different ways.
Same gene can be expressed more in humans and less in chimps. The same genes are expressed
in the same brain regions in human, chimp and gorilla, but in different amounts thereby resulting
in difference in brain activity. Thousands of differences like these affect brain development and
function, and help explain why the human brain is larger and smarter.
The chimpanzee immune system is surprisingly similar to ours. Most viruses that cause diseases
like AIDS and hepatitis in human can also infect chimpanzees. In case of malaria parasite which
can be transmitted by mosquito bite in human does not infect chimps. A small DNA difference
makes human red blood cells vulnerable to this parasite, while chimp blood cells are resistant.
Also the characteristic of speech in human is the result of SNP which is absent in chimps or apes..
Mucolipidoses Tipo II e III e Gagueira Não-Sindrômica são condições genéticas...Stuttering Media
http://gagueira.wordpress.com
Mutações homozigóticas nos genes GNPTAB e GNPTG estão classicamente associadas às mucolipidoses tipo II (ML II, alfa/beta) e tipo III (ML III, alfa/beta/gama), que são doenças raras de armazenamento lisossômico caracterizadas por múltiplas patologias. Recentemente, variantes nos genes GNPTAB, GNPTG e NAGPA (este último funcionalmente relacionado aos dois primeiros) foram associadas com a gagueira persistente não-sindrômica. Analisando uma amostra de escala mundial que abrangia 1.013 indivíduos com gagueira persistente não-sindrômica, sem relação de parentesco, encontramos 164 indivíduos que carregavam alguma rara variante não-sinônima de codificação em um destes três genes. Comparamos a frequência destas variantes com aquelas encontradas em grupos-controle nas mesmas populações e também em bancos de dados genômicos, e confrontamos a localização dessas mutações com a localização das mutações relatadas nas mucolipidoses. Descobrimos que pessoas com gagueira exibiam um excesso de variantes não-sinônimas de codificação quando comparadas a pessoas dos grupos-controle e a genomas pertencentes às bases de dados dos projetos “1000 Genomes” e “Exome Sequencing”. Ao todo, foram identificadas 81 variantes diferentes nos casos de gagueira analisados pelo nosso estudo. Praticamente todas eram substituições do tipo missense, das quais apenas uma tinha sido previamente relatada na mucolipidose, uma doença geralmente associada a mutações mais amplas, que levam a uma perda completa de função da proteína codificada. Nossa conclusão é que essas raras variantes de codificação não-sinônimas nos genes GNPTAB, GNPTG, e NAGPA podem ser responsáveis por até 16% dos casos de gagueira persistente, e que as alterações nos genes GNPTAB e GNPTG ocorrem em posições da cadeia nucleotídica que, em geral, causam efeitos menos graves na função da proteína do que aqueles vistos nas mucolipidoses tipo II e III.
Se han hecho públicos los resultados de un prometedor trabajo encabezado por investigadores del Hospital Infantil de Boston y la Facultad de Medicina de Harvard, que ha conseguido recuperar, utilizando terapia génica, parte de la audición de ratones sordos. El artículo, que ha merecido la portada de la prestigiosa revista Science Translational Medicine, promete abrir un abanico terapéutico para el tratamiento de la sordera genética en los seres humanos.
DNA sequence variations are sometimes described as mutations and sometimes as polymorphisms. A gene is said to be polymorphic if more than one allele occupies that gene's locus within a population.
Polymorphic sequence variants usually do not cause overt debilitating diseases. Many are found outside of genes and are completely neutral in effect. Others may be found within genes, but may influence characteristics such as height and hair colour rather than characteristics of medical importance.
However, polymorphic sequence variation does contribute to disease susceptibility and can also influence drug responses (Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms).
It promotes diversity and persists over many generations because no single form has an overall advantage or disadvantage over the others in terms of natural selection.
It is originally used to describe visible forms of genes, but now used to include cryptic modes such as blood types, which require a blood test to decode.
In addition to having more than one allele at a specific locus, each allele must also occur in the population at a rate of at least 1% to generally be considered polymorphic.
Gene polymorphisms can occur in any region of the genome.
The majority of polymorphisms are silent, meaning they do not alter the function or expression of a gene.
Some polymorphism is visible. For example, in dogs the E locus, can have any of five different alleles, known as E, Em, Eg, Eh, and e. Varying combinations of these alleles contribute to the pigmentation and patterns seen in dog coats.
Human blood groups is also a polymorphic effect.
Human skin color is influenced by an intergenic DNA polymorphism regulating transcription of the nearby BNC2 pigmentation gene.
Human genetic diversity and origin of major human groupsMayank Sagar
Humans are 99.9% genetically identical and yet we are all so different. Even monozygotic twins have infrequent genetic differences due to mutations occurring during development and gene copy-number variation.
Nothing in Microbiology makes Sense except in the Light of EvolutionMark Pallen
Professor Mark Pallen's Inaugural Lecture at Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, April 15th 2014.
Storified version of lecture: https://storify.com/mjpallen/palleninaugural
Bio303 Lecture Three: New Foes, Emerging InfectionsMark Pallen
New foes. In this lecture I will describe emerging infections, their epidemiology and ecology and the threats that they pose. I will focus on three case studies: SARS, pandemic flu (with help from Jennifer Gardy) and the German STEC outbreak of May-June 2011
Bio303 Lecture 1 The Global Burden of Infection and an Old Enemy, MalariaMark Pallen
The Global Burden of Infection and an Old Enemy, Malaria. In this lecture I will survey the global burden of infection, including its human and economic costs, and examine the problem of neglected tropical diseases before focusing on one of the most serious infectious threats to humanity: malaria, outlining its evolutionary origins, impact on human health and wealth and the steps taken to control and treat this infection.
See also Bio303 Facebook page
My fourth lecture in my series on human evolution, migration, population genetics and genomics. Discussion of Polynesians, Jewish populations, origins of the English and Thomas Jefferson's black descendants.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=o0FSXmDlO-c
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
Introduction to AI for Nonprofits with Tapp NetworkTechSoup
Dive into the world of AI! Experts Jon Hill and Tareq Monaur will guide you through AI's role in enhancing nonprofit websites and basic marketing strategies, making it easy to understand and apply.
Acetabularia Information For Class 9 .docxvaibhavrinwa19
Acetabularia acetabulum is a single-celled green alga that in its vegetative state is morphologically differentiated into a basal rhizoid and an axially elongated stalk, which bears whorls of branching hairs. The single diploid nucleus resides in the rhizoid.
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
Instructions for Submissions thorugh G- Classroom.pptxJheel Barad
This presentation provides a briefing on how to upload submissions and documents in Google Classroom. It was prepared as part of an orientation for new Sainik School in-service teacher trainees. As a training officer, my goal is to ensure that you are comfortable and proficient with this essential tool for managing assignments and fostering student engagement.
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
Embracing GenAI - A Strategic ImperativePeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
Honest Reviews of Tim Han LMA Course Program.pptxtimhan337
Personal development courses are widely available today, with each one promising life-changing outcomes. Tim Han’s Life Mastery Achievers (LMA) Course has drawn a lot of interest. In addition to offering my frank assessment of Success Insider’s LMA Course, this piece examines the course’s effects via a variety of Tim Han LMA course reviews and Success Insider comments.
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
9. Changes in chromosome structure Human Chromosome 2 Chimpanzee Chromosomes 2a & 2b Chromosome fusion: Segmental duplications: Humans: 13.7% Chimps: ~5% of the genome is segmentally duplicated Inversions: Multiple inversions between humans and chimpanzees Translocations: In humans an X=>Y translocation resulted in formation of the second pseudo- autosomal region
14. Evolution of gene expression Search for human-specific changes in gene expression Human bonobo chimp gorilla A set of genes with human-specific changes in expression Pollard et al Nature 2006
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20. Evolution of human FOXP2 gene Mutations in the human FOXP2 gene are associated with an autosomal dominant form of dysarthria (difficulty in articulating speech). The human FOXP2 gene shows changes in amino acid coding and a pattern of nucleotide polymorphisms that suggest this gene has undergone positive selection during recent human evolution (Enard et al 2002 Nature )
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23. Two distinct experimentally supported secondary structure models for HAR1 RNAs Beniaminov A et al. RNA 2008;14:1270-1275
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27. Subsequent studies find no links found between microcephalin variant and IQ or brain size AND these genes are also expressed outside the brain Merely tracking out of Africa migration?
32. HAR2/HACNS1 “ The dexterity of the human hand is due to morphological differences compared with other primates that include rotation of the thumb toward the palm and an increase in the length of the thumb relative to the other digits. Human-specific changes in hindlimb morphology, such as the characteristic inflexibility and shortened digits of the human foot, facilitated habitual bipedalism. The gain of function in HACNS1 may have influenced the evolution of these or other human limb features by altering the expression of nearby genes during limb development.”
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Editor's Notes
Two distinct experimentally supported secondary structure models for HAR1 RNAs. (A) The cloverleaf-like model of the human HAR1 RNA. (B) The chimpanzee HAR1 RNA adopts a hairpin structure. The length and thickness of the symbols represent the intensity of the cleavages. Bases reactive to DMS or CMCT under native conditions are circled; weak reactivities are depicted by dotted circles. Bases modified by CMCT under semidenaturing conditions only are displayed with a green background. H, helix; IL, internal loop; L, loop.