More electric aircraft referred to as the general move in the aerospace industry to increase the amount of electrically powered equipment on future aircraft. One of the most important kind of electric loads of the future more electric aircraft is the aircraft electric actuator but its power characteristics possesses rapidly varying nature in the wider range and constant power nature in the small signal sense. Due to the problem of varying nature of power characteristics the problem of flexible voltage regulation under dynamic loads arises. For solving this problem dc-bus voltage switched control method of three phase voltage source pwm rectifier is presented in this paper. Several linear controllers are designed on different operating points of the voltage source rectifier, and one controller is implemented according to certain switching law. The stability is checked by the common lyapunov function method. Simulation results showed the desired control performance is obtained. In comparison of classical PI controller the results of switched controller achieves considerable reduction in the dip and overshoot of the dc bus voltage under an aircraft’s electric actuator load.
Time Response enhancement utilizing photovoltaic based cascaded Landsman Converter (LC) structure is one of the soft strategies in the recent scenario. The prime function of a DC-DC Landsman converter is to optimize the output power of the photovoltaic array and reduce the output voltage ripples. This paper reveals the demonstration and simulation of the Cascaded Landsman Converter Inverter System (CLCIS) with a PV source. MATLAB Simulink-model for CLCIS has been created utilizing the components of Simulink and closed-loop examinations are performed with PI and Fractional-Order-PID (FOPID) Controllers. The present work deal with the comparison of transient and steady-state time responses of CLCIS with PI and FOPID controllers. The outcomes demonstrate that dynamic reaction is enhanced by utilizing FOPID controller.
FIRING ANGLE SVC MODEL FOR ANALYZING THE PERFORMANCE OF TRANSMISSION NETWORK ...IAEME Publication
This paper deals with Power flow, which is necessary for any power system solution and carry
out a comprehensive study of the Newton- Raphson method of power flow analysis with and without
SVC. Voltage stability analysis is the major concern in order to operate any power system as
secured. This paper presents the investigation on N-R power flow enhancement of voltage stability
and power loss minimization with & without FACTS controllers such as Static Var Compensator
(SVC) device. The Static Var Compensator (SVC) provides a promising means to control power
flow in modern power systems. In this paper the Newton-Raphson is used to investigate its effect on
voltage profile and power system lossess with and without SVC in power system.. Simulations
investigate the effect of voltage magnitude and angle with and without SVC on the power flow of
the system. This survey article will be very much useful to the researchers for finding out the
relevant references in the field of Newton-Raphson power flow control with SVC in power systems.
In order to reach the above goals, these devices must be located optimally. In this paper the
Optimal placement of SVC is carried out by Voltage collapse Prediction Index (VCPI).The size of
the SVC is determined by suitable firing angle which reduces the losses in the system. Simulations
have been implemented in MATLAB Software and the IEEE 14 and IEEE 57-bus systems have been
used as case studies.
This paper presents the application of modular multilevel converter (MMC) as a static compensator (STATCOM) for reactive current control. The current control is mostly achieved using proportional controller, proportional-integral (PI) controller, and hysteresis controller among others. PI controllers have the advantage of low harmonics and small variations. However, due to the PI controller’s dependency on the system parameters and also due to the variations within the MMC during capacitors voltage control, variation in the MMC performance during the STATCOM non-ideal operations occur. To mitigate this, an improved performance of MMC will be presented using vector-based compensation concept. The proposed control will be introduced to depress the effect of the dynamics of the MMC based STATCOM non-ideal variations considering the impact of the voltage disturbance. This will be achieved by the introduction of voltage variables to subtract the transient variations from PI controllers’ outputs at the grid-interface; thus, improving the performance.
Power flow control in parallel transmission lines based on UPFCjournalBEEI
The power flow controlled in the electric power network is one of the main factors that affected the modern power systems development. The unified power flow controller (UPFC) is a FACTS powerful device that can control both active and reactive power flow of parallel transmission lines branches. In this paper, modelling and simulation of active and reactive power flow control in parallel transmission lines using UPFC with adaptive neuro-fuzzy logic is proposed. The mathematical model of UPFC in power flow is also proposed. The results show the ability of UPFC to control the flow of powers components "active and reactive power" in the controlled line and thus the overall power regulated between lines.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
This paper presents an analysis of virtual-flux direct power control (VFDPC) technique for the three-phase pulse width modulation (PWM) ac-dc converter. The proposed VFDPC is developed by assuming the grid voltage and converter line filters quantities are related to a virtual three-phase ac motor. The controller works with less number of sensors by eliminating the voltage sensors used for measuring the three-phase grid voltage. The grid virtual flux which is proportional to the grid voltage will be estimated from the information of converter switching states, line current, and dc-link output voltage. Several analyses are performed in order to study the steady state and dynamic performance of the converter, particularly during the load and DC voltage output reference variations. The proportional integral (PI) controller at the outer voltage control loop of VFDPC is tuned properly and the entire PWM ac-dc converter system is simulated using MATLAB/Simulink to ensure the dc output voltage follow the desired output voltage under steady state and dynamic conditions. Ac-dc converter utilizing the proposed VFDPC is able to generate three-phase input current waveforms that are almost sinusoidal with low harmonics contents which is less than 5% and near unity power factor (pf) operation.
Time Response enhancement utilizing photovoltaic based cascaded Landsman Converter (LC) structure is one of the soft strategies in the recent scenario. The prime function of a DC-DC Landsman converter is to optimize the output power of the photovoltaic array and reduce the output voltage ripples. This paper reveals the demonstration and simulation of the Cascaded Landsman Converter Inverter System (CLCIS) with a PV source. MATLAB Simulink-model for CLCIS has been created utilizing the components of Simulink and closed-loop examinations are performed with PI and Fractional-Order-PID (FOPID) Controllers. The present work deal with the comparison of transient and steady-state time responses of CLCIS with PI and FOPID controllers. The outcomes demonstrate that dynamic reaction is enhanced by utilizing FOPID controller.
FIRING ANGLE SVC MODEL FOR ANALYZING THE PERFORMANCE OF TRANSMISSION NETWORK ...IAEME Publication
This paper deals with Power flow, which is necessary for any power system solution and carry
out a comprehensive study of the Newton- Raphson method of power flow analysis with and without
SVC. Voltage stability analysis is the major concern in order to operate any power system as
secured. This paper presents the investigation on N-R power flow enhancement of voltage stability
and power loss minimization with & without FACTS controllers such as Static Var Compensator
(SVC) device. The Static Var Compensator (SVC) provides a promising means to control power
flow in modern power systems. In this paper the Newton-Raphson is used to investigate its effect on
voltage profile and power system lossess with and without SVC in power system.. Simulations
investigate the effect of voltage magnitude and angle with and without SVC on the power flow of
the system. This survey article will be very much useful to the researchers for finding out the
relevant references in the field of Newton-Raphson power flow control with SVC in power systems.
In order to reach the above goals, these devices must be located optimally. In this paper the
Optimal placement of SVC is carried out by Voltage collapse Prediction Index (VCPI).The size of
the SVC is determined by suitable firing angle which reduces the losses in the system. Simulations
have been implemented in MATLAB Software and the IEEE 14 and IEEE 57-bus systems have been
used as case studies.
This paper presents the application of modular multilevel converter (MMC) as a static compensator (STATCOM) for reactive current control. The current control is mostly achieved using proportional controller, proportional-integral (PI) controller, and hysteresis controller among others. PI controllers have the advantage of low harmonics and small variations. However, due to the PI controller’s dependency on the system parameters and also due to the variations within the MMC during capacitors voltage control, variation in the MMC performance during the STATCOM non-ideal operations occur. To mitigate this, an improved performance of MMC will be presented using vector-based compensation concept. The proposed control will be introduced to depress the effect of the dynamics of the MMC based STATCOM non-ideal variations considering the impact of the voltage disturbance. This will be achieved by the introduction of voltage variables to subtract the transient variations from PI controllers’ outputs at the grid-interface; thus, improving the performance.
Power flow control in parallel transmission lines based on UPFCjournalBEEI
The power flow controlled in the electric power network is one of the main factors that affected the modern power systems development. The unified power flow controller (UPFC) is a FACTS powerful device that can control both active and reactive power flow of parallel transmission lines branches. In this paper, modelling and simulation of active and reactive power flow control in parallel transmission lines using UPFC with adaptive neuro-fuzzy logic is proposed. The mathematical model of UPFC in power flow is also proposed. The results show the ability of UPFC to control the flow of powers components "active and reactive power" in the controlled line and thus the overall power regulated between lines.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
This paper presents an analysis of virtual-flux direct power control (VFDPC) technique for the three-phase pulse width modulation (PWM) ac-dc converter. The proposed VFDPC is developed by assuming the grid voltage and converter line filters quantities are related to a virtual three-phase ac motor. The controller works with less number of sensors by eliminating the voltage sensors used for measuring the three-phase grid voltage. The grid virtual flux which is proportional to the grid voltage will be estimated from the information of converter switching states, line current, and dc-link output voltage. Several analyses are performed in order to study the steady state and dynamic performance of the converter, particularly during the load and DC voltage output reference variations. The proportional integral (PI) controller at the outer voltage control loop of VFDPC is tuned properly and the entire PWM ac-dc converter system is simulated using MATLAB/Simulink to ensure the dc output voltage follow the desired output voltage under steady state and dynamic conditions. Ac-dc converter utilizing the proposed VFDPC is able to generate three-phase input current waveforms that are almost sinusoidal with low harmonics contents which is less than 5% and near unity power factor (pf) operation.
LOAD FREQUENCY CONTROL IN TWO AREA NETWORK INCLUDING DGIAEME Publication
Automatic Generation Control (AGC) is associate integral a part of Energy Management
System. This paper deals with the automatic generation control of interconnected multi area grid
network. The first purpose of the AGC is to balance the full system generation against system load
and losses so the specified frequency and power interchange with neighboring systems are
maintained. Any pair between generation and demand causes the system frequency to deviate from
regular worth. So high frequency deviation could result in system collapse. This necessitates
associate correct and quick acting controller to take care of constant nominal frequency. The
limitations of the conventional controls are slow and lack of efficiency in handling system nonlinearity.
This leads to develop a control technique for AGC. In this paper both conventional and
PI viz. Proportional Integral controller approach of automatic generation control has been
examined. PI based AGC has been used for all optimization purposes. System performance has
been evaluated at various disturbances such as, load disturbances, grid disturbances and both load
and grid disturbances. Various responses due to conventional and proposed PI based AGC
controllers have been compared at load disturbances, grid disturbances and both load and grid
disturbances.
A Review on Performance Analysis of Matrix Converter Fed AC Motor DriveIAES-IJPEDS
This paper presents a review on the analysis of characteristics that determines
the performance of the Matrix Converter (MC) fed AC motor drive. Review
is made based on the analysis of the different characteristics achieved in the
literature. Different characteristic parameters considered in this paper are
total harmonic distortion, common mode voltage, voltage transfer ratio and
efficiency. Comparison and analysis of these characteristic parameters is
done based on various semi conductor switches, topology, and control and modulation techniques.
The study made in this paper concerns the use of the voltage-oriented control (VOC) of three-phase pulse width modulation (PWM) rectifier with constant switching frequency. This control method, called voltage-oriented controlwith space vector modulation (VOC-SVM). The proposed control scheme has been founded on the transformation between stationary (α-β) and and synchronously rotating (d-q) coordinate system, it is based on two cascaded control loops so that a fast inner loop controls the grid current and an external loop DC-link voltage, while the DC-bus voltage is maintained at the desired level and ansured the unity power factor operation. So, the stable state performance and robustness against the load’s disturbance of PWM rectifiers are boths improved. The proposed scheme has been implemented and simulated in MATLAB/Simulink environment. The control system of the VOC-SVM strategy has been built based on dSPACE system with DS1104 controller board. The results obtained show the validity of the model and its control method. Compared with the conventional SPWM method, the VOC-SVM ensures high performance and fast transient response.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is a team of researchers not publication services or private publications running the journals for monetary benefits, we are association of scientists and academia who focus only on supporting authors who want to publish their work. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online, all the articles will be archived for real time access.
Our journal system primarily aims to bring out the research talent and the works done by sciaentists, academia, engineers, practitioners, scholars, post graduate students of engineering and science. This journal aims to cover the scientific research in a broader sense and not publishing a niche area of research facilitating researchers from various verticals to publish their papers. It is also aimed to provide a platform for the researchers to publish in a shorter of time, enabling them to continue further All articles published are freely available to scientific researchers in the Government agencies,educators and the general public. We are taking serious efforts to promote our journal across the globe in various ways, we are sure that our journal will act as a scientific platform for all researchers to publish their works online.
Aircraft Electrical Power Generation & Distribution System Units Through an A...IJMTST Journal
This paper illustrates a generic Electrical Power Generation & Distribution System. The AC power frequency is variable and depends of the engine speed. The represents the generator mechanical drive and is modeled by a simple signal builder, which provides the mechanical speed of the engine shaft.The represents the power AC generator. It is composed of a modified version of the simplified synchronous machine. The mechanical input of the modified machine of 50 kW is the engine speed. The Generator Control Unit regulates the voltage of the generator to 200 volts line to line.The represents the Primary Distribution system. It is composed of three current and voltage sensors. There is also a 3-phase contactor controlled by the Generator Control Unit. Finally, a parasitic resistive load is required to avoid numerical oscillations. The section represents the secondary Power Distribution system. It is represented by 4 circuit breakers with adjustable current trip. The section represents the AC loads. There is a 4 kW Transformer and Rectifier Unit (which supplies 28 Vdc), a 12 kW induction machine (motor driving a pump), a 1 kW resistive load (lamps) and a 3 hp simplified (using an average value inverter) brushless DC drive (motor driving a ballscrew actuator)
Wind-Turbine Asynchronous Generator Synchronous Condenser with Excitation in ...IJMTST Journal
In this paper Standalone operation of a wind turbine generating system under fluctuating wind and variable load conditions is a difficult task. Moreover, high reactive power demand makes it more challenging due to the limitation of reactive capability of the wind generating system.The frequency is controlled by the Discrete Frequency Regulator block. This controller uses a standard three-phase Phase Locked Loop (PLL) system to measure the system frequency. The measured frequency is compared to the reference frequency to obtain the frequency error. This error is integrated to obtain the phase error. The phase error is then used by a Proportional-Differential (PD) controller to produce an output signal representing the required secondary load power. This signal is converted to an 8-bit digital signal controlling switching of the eight three-phase secondary loads. In order to minimize voltage disturbances, switching is performed at zero crossing of voltage.
The Impact of Line Resistance on the Performance of Controllable Series Compe...Editor Jacotech
In recent years controllable FACTS devices are increasingly
integrated into the transmission system. FACTS devices that
provide series control such as Controllable Series Compensator
(CSC) has significant effect on the voltage stability of Electric
Power system. In this work impact of line resistance on the
performance of CSC in a single-load infinitive-bus (SLIB)
model is investigated. The proposed framework is applied to
SLIB model and obtained results demonstrates that line
resistance has considerable effect on voltage stability limits and
performance of CSC.
SRF THEORY BASED STATCOM FOR COMPENSATION OF REACTIVE POWER AND HARMONICSIAEME Publication
The power electronic devices like converters and inverters inject harmonic currents into AC
system due to their non linear characteristics. These devices draw high amount of reactive power
from source. The commencement of Nonlinear Load into the ac power system will have the effect of
harmonics. The presence of harmonics in system it will effected with power quality problems. Due
to this high amount of power losses and disoperation of power electronics devices is caused, along
with this Harmonics have a number of undesirable effects like Voltage disturbances. These
harmonics are needed to mitigate for Power Quality Enhancement in distributed system. Here the
device called STATCOM is one of the FACTS Devices which can be used to mitigate the harmonics
and reactive power compensation. The voltage source converter is core of the STATCOM and the
hysteresis current control is indirect method of controlling of VSC. In this paper we implement with
SRF based STATCOM control. SRF theory is implemented for the generation of controlling
reference current signals for controller of STATCOM. The Matlab\Simulink based model is
developed and simulation results are showed for linear and nonlinear load conditions.
International Journal of Engineering Research and DevelopmentIJERD Editor
Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering,
Information Engineering and Technology,
Mechanical, Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering,
Automation and Mechatronics Engineering,
Material and Chemical Engineering,
Civil and Architecture Engineering,
Biotechnology and Bio Engineering,
Environmental Engineering,
Petroleum and Mining Engineering,
Marine and Agriculture engineering,
Aerospace Engineering.
Five control algorithms are presented in this paper for STATCOM that meets the requirement of load reactive power and correspondingly voltage balancing of isolated dc capacitors for H-bridges. The control techniques used for an inverter in this paper are Sinusoidal Phase Shifted Carrier (SPSC) PWM, Sinusoidal Phase Disposition (SPD) PWM Third Harmonic Injected Phase Shifted Carrier (THIPSC) PWM, Space Vector Phase Shifted Carrier (SVPSC) PWM, and Space Vector Phase Disposition (SVPD) PWM techniques. The STATCOM performance for the different load changes is simulated in MATLAB environment. The performance parameters such as balancing the DC link voltage, THD for the STATCOM output currents, voltages, and reactive components supplied by the STATCOM to the load are compared for all the control strategies.
Engineering Research Publication
Best International Journals, High Impact Journals,
International Journal of Engineering & Technical Research
ISSN : 2321-0869 (O) 2454-4698 (P)
www.erpublication.org
Engineering Research Publication
Best International Journals, High Impact Journals,
International Journal of Engineering & Technical Research
ISSN : 2321-0869 (O) 2454-4698 (P)
www.erpublication.org
Modeling Optimization Voltage Index Unified Power Flow Controller Equivalent ...IJMTST Journal
This paper presents an active-reactive power control strategy for voltage source converters (VSCs) based on derivation of the direct and quadrature components of the VSC output current. The proposed method utilizes a multivariable proportional-integral controller and provides almost completely decoupled control capability of the active and reactive power with almost full disturbance rejection due to step changes in the power exchanged between the VSC and the grid. It also imposes fast transient response and zero steady-state error as compared to the conventional power control approaches. The applicability of the proposed power control strategy for providing the robust stability of the system against the uncertainties of the load parameters is also investigated. The superiority of the proposed control strategy over conventional approaches in the new condition of supplying the load is demonstrated. The theoretical aspects of the proposed multivariable-based power control strategy and the conventional approaches are reviewed and simulation results are presented in two separate sections. MATLAB/Simulink 2009a is used to simulate different scenarios of the simulation.
A High Performance PWM Voltage Source Inverter Used for VAR Compensation and ...IJMER
International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER) is Peer reviewed, online Journal. It serves as an international archival forum of scholarly research related to engineering and science education.
LOAD FREQUENCY CONTROL IN TWO AREA NETWORK INCLUDING DGIAEME Publication
Automatic Generation Control (AGC) is associate integral a part of Energy Management
System. This paper deals with the automatic generation control of interconnected multi area grid
network. The first purpose of the AGC is to balance the full system generation against system load
and losses so the specified frequency and power interchange with neighboring systems are
maintained. Any pair between generation and demand causes the system frequency to deviate from
regular worth. So high frequency deviation could result in system collapse. This necessitates
associate correct and quick acting controller to take care of constant nominal frequency. The
limitations of the conventional controls are slow and lack of efficiency in handling system nonlinearity.
This leads to develop a control technique for AGC. In this paper both conventional and
PI viz. Proportional Integral controller approach of automatic generation control has been
examined. PI based AGC has been used for all optimization purposes. System performance has
been evaluated at various disturbances such as, load disturbances, grid disturbances and both load
and grid disturbances. Various responses due to conventional and proposed PI based AGC
controllers have been compared at load disturbances, grid disturbances and both load and grid
disturbances.
A Review on Performance Analysis of Matrix Converter Fed AC Motor DriveIAES-IJPEDS
This paper presents a review on the analysis of characteristics that determines
the performance of the Matrix Converter (MC) fed AC motor drive. Review
is made based on the analysis of the different characteristics achieved in the
literature. Different characteristic parameters considered in this paper are
total harmonic distortion, common mode voltage, voltage transfer ratio and
efficiency. Comparison and analysis of these characteristic parameters is
done based on various semi conductor switches, topology, and control and modulation techniques.
The study made in this paper concerns the use of the voltage-oriented control (VOC) of three-phase pulse width modulation (PWM) rectifier with constant switching frequency. This control method, called voltage-oriented controlwith space vector modulation (VOC-SVM). The proposed control scheme has been founded on the transformation between stationary (α-β) and and synchronously rotating (d-q) coordinate system, it is based on two cascaded control loops so that a fast inner loop controls the grid current and an external loop DC-link voltage, while the DC-bus voltage is maintained at the desired level and ansured the unity power factor operation. So, the stable state performance and robustness against the load’s disturbance of PWM rectifiers are boths improved. The proposed scheme has been implemented and simulated in MATLAB/Simulink environment. The control system of the VOC-SVM strategy has been built based on dSPACE system with DS1104 controller board. The results obtained show the validity of the model and its control method. Compared with the conventional SPWM method, the VOC-SVM ensures high performance and fast transient response.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is a team of researchers not publication services or private publications running the journals for monetary benefits, we are association of scientists and academia who focus only on supporting authors who want to publish their work. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online, all the articles will be archived for real time access.
Our journal system primarily aims to bring out the research talent and the works done by sciaentists, academia, engineers, practitioners, scholars, post graduate students of engineering and science. This journal aims to cover the scientific research in a broader sense and not publishing a niche area of research facilitating researchers from various verticals to publish their papers. It is also aimed to provide a platform for the researchers to publish in a shorter of time, enabling them to continue further All articles published are freely available to scientific researchers in the Government agencies,educators and the general public. We are taking serious efforts to promote our journal across the globe in various ways, we are sure that our journal will act as a scientific platform for all researchers to publish their works online.
Aircraft Electrical Power Generation & Distribution System Units Through an A...IJMTST Journal
This paper illustrates a generic Electrical Power Generation & Distribution System. The AC power frequency is variable and depends of the engine speed. The represents the generator mechanical drive and is modeled by a simple signal builder, which provides the mechanical speed of the engine shaft.The represents the power AC generator. It is composed of a modified version of the simplified synchronous machine. The mechanical input of the modified machine of 50 kW is the engine speed. The Generator Control Unit regulates the voltage of the generator to 200 volts line to line.The represents the Primary Distribution system. It is composed of three current and voltage sensors. There is also a 3-phase contactor controlled by the Generator Control Unit. Finally, a parasitic resistive load is required to avoid numerical oscillations. The section represents the secondary Power Distribution system. It is represented by 4 circuit breakers with adjustable current trip. The section represents the AC loads. There is a 4 kW Transformer and Rectifier Unit (which supplies 28 Vdc), a 12 kW induction machine (motor driving a pump), a 1 kW resistive load (lamps) and a 3 hp simplified (using an average value inverter) brushless DC drive (motor driving a ballscrew actuator)
Wind-Turbine Asynchronous Generator Synchronous Condenser with Excitation in ...IJMTST Journal
In this paper Standalone operation of a wind turbine generating system under fluctuating wind and variable load conditions is a difficult task. Moreover, high reactive power demand makes it more challenging due to the limitation of reactive capability of the wind generating system.The frequency is controlled by the Discrete Frequency Regulator block. This controller uses a standard three-phase Phase Locked Loop (PLL) system to measure the system frequency. The measured frequency is compared to the reference frequency to obtain the frequency error. This error is integrated to obtain the phase error. The phase error is then used by a Proportional-Differential (PD) controller to produce an output signal representing the required secondary load power. This signal is converted to an 8-bit digital signal controlling switching of the eight three-phase secondary loads. In order to minimize voltage disturbances, switching is performed at zero crossing of voltage.
The Impact of Line Resistance on the Performance of Controllable Series Compe...Editor Jacotech
In recent years controllable FACTS devices are increasingly
integrated into the transmission system. FACTS devices that
provide series control such as Controllable Series Compensator
(CSC) has significant effect on the voltage stability of Electric
Power system. In this work impact of line resistance on the
performance of CSC in a single-load infinitive-bus (SLIB)
model is investigated. The proposed framework is applied to
SLIB model and obtained results demonstrates that line
resistance has considerable effect on voltage stability limits and
performance of CSC.
SRF THEORY BASED STATCOM FOR COMPENSATION OF REACTIVE POWER AND HARMONICSIAEME Publication
The power electronic devices like converters and inverters inject harmonic currents into AC
system due to their non linear characteristics. These devices draw high amount of reactive power
from source. The commencement of Nonlinear Load into the ac power system will have the effect of
harmonics. The presence of harmonics in system it will effected with power quality problems. Due
to this high amount of power losses and disoperation of power electronics devices is caused, along
with this Harmonics have a number of undesirable effects like Voltage disturbances. These
harmonics are needed to mitigate for Power Quality Enhancement in distributed system. Here the
device called STATCOM is one of the FACTS Devices which can be used to mitigate the harmonics
and reactive power compensation. The voltage source converter is core of the STATCOM and the
hysteresis current control is indirect method of controlling of VSC. In this paper we implement with
SRF based STATCOM control. SRF theory is implemented for the generation of controlling
reference current signals for controller of STATCOM. The Matlab\Simulink based model is
developed and simulation results are showed for linear and nonlinear load conditions.
International Journal of Engineering Research and DevelopmentIJERD Editor
Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering,
Information Engineering and Technology,
Mechanical, Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering,
Automation and Mechatronics Engineering,
Material and Chemical Engineering,
Civil and Architecture Engineering,
Biotechnology and Bio Engineering,
Environmental Engineering,
Petroleum and Mining Engineering,
Marine and Agriculture engineering,
Aerospace Engineering.
Five control algorithms are presented in this paper for STATCOM that meets the requirement of load reactive power and correspondingly voltage balancing of isolated dc capacitors for H-bridges. The control techniques used for an inverter in this paper are Sinusoidal Phase Shifted Carrier (SPSC) PWM, Sinusoidal Phase Disposition (SPD) PWM Third Harmonic Injected Phase Shifted Carrier (THIPSC) PWM, Space Vector Phase Shifted Carrier (SVPSC) PWM, and Space Vector Phase Disposition (SVPD) PWM techniques. The STATCOM performance for the different load changes is simulated in MATLAB environment. The performance parameters such as balancing the DC link voltage, THD for the STATCOM output currents, voltages, and reactive components supplied by the STATCOM to the load are compared for all the control strategies.
Engineering Research Publication
Best International Journals, High Impact Journals,
International Journal of Engineering & Technical Research
ISSN : 2321-0869 (O) 2454-4698 (P)
www.erpublication.org
Engineering Research Publication
Best International Journals, High Impact Journals,
International Journal of Engineering & Technical Research
ISSN : 2321-0869 (O) 2454-4698 (P)
www.erpublication.org
Modeling Optimization Voltage Index Unified Power Flow Controller Equivalent ...IJMTST Journal
This paper presents an active-reactive power control strategy for voltage source converters (VSCs) based on derivation of the direct and quadrature components of the VSC output current. The proposed method utilizes a multivariable proportional-integral controller and provides almost completely decoupled control capability of the active and reactive power with almost full disturbance rejection due to step changes in the power exchanged between the VSC and the grid. It also imposes fast transient response and zero steady-state error as compared to the conventional power control approaches. The applicability of the proposed power control strategy for providing the robust stability of the system against the uncertainties of the load parameters is also investigated. The superiority of the proposed control strategy over conventional approaches in the new condition of supplying the load is demonstrated. The theoretical aspects of the proposed multivariable-based power control strategy and the conventional approaches are reviewed and simulation results are presented in two separate sections. MATLAB/Simulink 2009a is used to simulate different scenarios of the simulation.
A High Performance PWM Voltage Source Inverter Used for VAR Compensation and ...IJMER
International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER) is Peer reviewed, online Journal. It serves as an international archival forum of scholarly research related to engineering and science education.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Power Quality Improvement Using Cascaded H-Bridge Multilevel Inverter Based D...IJERA Editor
Cascaded multilevel configuration of the inverter has the advantage of its simplicity and modularity over the
configurations of the diode-clamped and flying capacitor multilevel inverters. This paper presents a threephase,
five-level and seven level cascaded multilevel voltage source inverter based active filter for power line
conditioning to improve power quality in the distribution network. The DSTATCOM helps to improve the
power factor and eliminate the Total Harmonics Distortion (THD) drawn from a Non-Liner Diode Rectifier
Load (NLDRL). The compensation process is based on concept of p-q theory. A CHB Inverter is considered for
shunt compensation of a 11 kV distribution system. Finally a level shifted PWM (LSPWM) and phase shifted
PWM (PSPWM) techniques are adopted to investigate the performance of CHB Inverter. The results are
obtained through Matlab/Simulink software package.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
POWER QUALITY IMPROVEMENT AND FAULT RIDE THROUGH OF GRID CONNECTED WIND ENE...Bharadwaj S
This work tries to improve the power quality by compensating reactive power with Active Power Filters and also to analyze Fault Ride Through of Grid connected wind energy conversion systems.
Improved Power Quality by using STATCOM Under Various Loading ConditionsIJMTST Journal
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International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
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International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
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DC Bus Voltage Switched Control Method for Three Phase Voltage Source PWM Rectifier Under Rapidly Varying Dynamic Load
1. IJSRD - International Journal for Scientific Research & Development| Vol. 2, Issue 07, 2014 | ISSN (online): 2321-0613
All rights reserved by www.ijsrd.com 331
DC Bus Voltage Switched Control Method for Three Phase Voltage
Source PWM Rectifier under Rapidly Varying Dynamic Load
Punya Pratap Singh1
Sarveshkumar2
1
M.Tech Student 2
Assistant Professor
1,2
Department of Electrical Engineering
1,2
M.M.M.U.T. Gorakhpur India
Abstract— More electric aircraft referred to as the general
move in the aerospace industry to increase the amount of
electrically powered equipment on future aircraft. One of the
most important kind of electric loads of the future more
electric aircraft is the aircraft electric actuator but its power
characteristics possesses rapidly varying nature in the wider
range and constant power nature in the small signal sense.
Due to the problem of varying nature of power
characteristics the problem of flexible voltage regulation
under dynamic loads arises. For solving this problem dc-bus
voltage switched control method of three phase voltage
source pwm rectifier is presented in this paper. Several
linear controllers are designed on different operating points
of the voltage source rectifier, and one controller is
implemented according to certain switching law. The
stability is checked by the common lyapunov function
method. Simulation results showed the desired control
performance is obtained. In comparison of classical PI
controller the results of switched controller achieves
considerable reduction in the dip and overshoot of the dc
bus voltage under an aircraft’s electric actuator load.
Key words: aircraft electric actuator, ac-dc power
conversion, power conversion, ac motor drives, power
conversion harmonics.
I. INTRODUCTION
Three- Phase voltage source pulse width modulated
rectifiers possess many attractive features, such as control of
dc-bus voltage over a wide range, power regeneration
capabilities, high power factor operation and low harmonic
distortion of input currents [5], [6].Although voltage source
rectifiers are widely used in many industrial applications but
seldom applications have appeared in the aviation industry.
As more electric aircraft (MEA) becoming the main trend
for future aircrafts, there exists a sharp increase of electric
loads in the aircraft power system [7].The aircraft electric
actuator is one of the most important loads of the future
MEA and all electric aircraft power grid [2]. It is a position-
servo system that shoulders the task of driving the aircraft
control surfaces. Unlike the general electric loads, the
aircraft actuators behave as constant power loads (CPLs). In
addition, during an action process of an aircraft actuator, the
input power would vary rapidly within a wide range. These
load characteristics bring significant challenges to the power
source. The advanced PWM rectifiers play an important role
in these aspects, due to more and more attention paid to the
power quality and energy efficiency of the aircraft power
grid. Therefore, a further investigation on the VSRs is quite
important for the aviation industry [1], especially under an
electric actuator load. Lot of research work has been done
on the control performances of the VSRs in the past few
decades [8]-[24].The results in controller design can be
classified as linear design and nonlinear design. With a
linear controller, both the stability and the performance of a
VSR cannot be guaranteed under a wide range rapidly
varying loads [25]. Nonlinear control strategies have been
extensively studied in the last few years, e.g. Feedback
linearization strategy [21] and passivity based Control
methodology [18]. This proposed nonlinear design
Strategies present large complexity, so it is quite necessary
to develop a control method that achieves system stability,
desired performance, and simultaneously, easy to design.
Analysis and synthesis for switched systems have attracted
increasing attention in the control community. Switched
systems are comprised of a collection of subsystems
together with a switching law that specifies the switching
between the subsystems. Switched systems have a wide
range of applications in the physical and engineering
systems, which are mainly due to numerous practical
systems exhibiting switched nature and the growing use of
computers in the control of physical plants. In the aerospace
field, many design problems can be viewed as the analysis
and synthesis of the switched system, such as aircraft
controller design, fault tolerant controller design, stability
analysis of spacecraft formation, angle of attack and normal
acceleration limiter design, and modeling and control of
flow systems [27]. Focusing on wide-range rapidly varying
characteristic of the Load and the background of industrial
application, this paper proposed a switched control strategy
for the VSR based on the concept of switched system.
Several linear controllers are designed for different
operating points of the VSR, and certain controllers are
selected according to the load resistance value. The
proposed control system is modeled by a sixth-order
switched linear system, and stability of the system is
analyzed by the common lyapunov function method
[28].Compared with existing nonlinear control methods, the
proposed switched control strategy is simpler. Compared
with linear control methods, the proposed control strategy
can guarantee system stability and desired performance
under a wide-range rapidly varying load
II. CHARACTERISTICS OF THE ELECTRIC ACTUATOR LOAD
A. Dynamic Nature of the Electric Actuator Load
Fig. 1: Dynamic load profile.
2. DC Bus Voltage Switched Control Method for Three Phase Voltage Source PWM Rectifier under Rapidly Varying Dynamic Load
(IJSRD/Vol. 2/Issue 07/2014/075)
All rights reserved by www.ijsrd.com 332
The aircraft electric actuators that drive the
movements of Control surfaces of an aircraft are rapid
position control systems. The actuator load demands a short
term, high peak power with a fairly low steady state or
background loading of less than 10% of the peak
requirement. This obviously depends on the particular
application, and it is usually called the dynamic load of the
aircraft power grid. Fig. 1 illustrates the dynamic nature of
an electric actuator load as it moves a surface from rest at
one position to rest at another position. There are three basic
parts to the load cycle [30].
Input of power to accelerate the motor and inertia
of the Load.
Surface moving against the load (motor delivering
speed and torque).
Surface holding the load (motor delivering torque
but no speed).
The peak power of the electric actuator reaches
about 16 kVA, which is more than ten times of the lowest
power.
B. Constant Power Nature of the Electric Actuator Load
Generally speaking, the electric actuator is not a typical CPL
Because of the dynamic nature however, the system has the
feedback control with the actuator position command
supplied from a higher level control system of the aircraft.
The feedback makes the system behave as a typical CPL in
small time scales with small-signal negative resistance. The
value of the constant power drawn from the power source
only depends on the operating point within the operating
cycle. Hence, it can be treated as a special CPL. While an
“ideal” CPL can be modeled as the standard nonlinear
model an electric actuator load can be expressed as =
P(t)/v. It means that would rise correspondingly if the dc-
bus voltage of the source falls with the rise of the output
power, which may be a power circuit
Vicious circle for the power source. In conclusion,
both the dynamic nature and the constant power nature of an
electric actuator make big challenges for the power source.
In the following discussion, a switched controlled three
phase VSR with an “ideal” CPL, of which the dynamic
response is the same as that shown in Fig. 1, is designed and
analyzed.
III. MODELING OF PWM CONVERTERS
Fig. 2: AC/DC Voltage Source PWM Converter.
Of the three-phase VSR is shown in Fig. 2. It is usually
assumed that a resistive load is connected to the output
terminal [24]. An improved linear state-space
modeling of a three-phase voltage source rectifier is [22].
= - - ω + ( ) (1)
= - +ω + ( ) (2)
u*
= - u + 3 + 3 (3)
u= (4)
Where , , and represent the
source voltage, the current, and the rectifier input voltage in
the synchronous d−q reference frame, respectively and L
denote the line resistance and the input inductance,
respectively, ω is the source angular frequency, is the
dc-bus voltage, and is the load resistance. Note that in
this paper, a variable resistor R( , ) is employed in order
to simulate the CPL characteristic of the electric actuator,
and for a CPL we have
Where denotes the load power
Let R( , ) replace RL in (3), and we get
u*
= - PL + 3 + 3 (6)
Therefore, in this study, VSR under a CPL is
modeled by (1), (2), (4), and (6). In fact, in dc circuits, we
have
Where denotes the load current. From (5) and (7),
we get
R( , ) = R( )= (8)
Therefore, R ( , ) or R ( ) is the input
resistance (the apparent resistance of the load) that can be
calculated by (8).
IV. SWITCHED CONTROL OF VSRS
In this section, a novel switched control method for three
phase VSRs will be presented. The switched control method
aims at well regulation of the dc-bus voltage of VSRs under
a Wide-range rapidly varying load.
A. Switched Control of the DC-Bus Voltage Regulator
Fig. 3: Classical Linear PI Voltage Controller.
Fig. 4: Proposed Dc-Bus Switched Voltage Regulator.
Fig. 4 shows the structure of the proposed switched
control method. Different from the classical linear PI
voltage control scheme that is depicted in Fig. 3 [14], there
are a set of PI sub controllers in the voltage-switched
control method. The gains of different PI sub controllers
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correspond to different loads at the dc link. In this study, the
apparent resistance R( , )or R( ) is selected as the
switching law that provides guidelines to select a proper PI
sub controllers when the load changes. Besides, u is
considered as the state variable instead of the conventional
state variable [19], [20]. The variable x4 denotes the
output of the integrator of the PI sub controller. For a
selected PI sub controller i, the control law of the voltage
controller is
i = ( ) + , 1 2 3………n
= u*
- u (10)
Where n is the number of the sub controllers.
B. Current Controller
Fig. 5: Block Diagram of the Current Controller with
Current Forward Feedback Decoupling Network.
The current controller that consists of two PI controllers
( and ) is depicted in Fig. 5 [22], [25], [26]. In this
control scheme, the cross-coupling terms of ωL and
ωL in (1) and (2) are compensated by feed forward at the
last stage of the controller. In consequence, the q-axis
current of that is the active current can be controlled
independently on and u so can the reactive current .
The variables of and are the reference value
of and . For unit power factor when rectifying, is
zero and is set by the outer voltage controller. Let the
variables and ξ1 denote the output of the integrator of
and the output of , respectively, the control law
of is
= ( ) + (11)
= (12)
Similarly, the control law of is given by
= ( ) + (13)
= (14)
= 0 (15)
The control law of the current controller is
= - + - 𝜔L (16)
= - + +𝜔L (17)
V. SIMULATION RESULTS
This section applies the proposed switched control method
to design a VSR for an aircraft ac–dc converter in
accordance with the requirements of the HVdc system stated
in MIL-STD-704 F. The VSR was employed on an aircraft
electric actuator that is a fast dynamic load. Simulation
results are presented.
A. Requirements of the system
A simulation system model based on Fig. 2 is constructed
with the specifications listed in Table I. According to the
requirement of MIL-STD-704 F, normal steady voltage
transient of the 270 V dc systems shall be within the
envelope of 280 and 250 V, and ripple amplitude of the
steady voltage should be less than 6 V.
B. Design of the Switched Controller
Since and are measured by sensors, the apparent R
( ) [or R ( )] that is the switching law of the
voltage controller, is calculated by (8). In this study, its
variety range is mainly within (4–95 Ω). Then, the range (4–
95 Ω) is divided into three switching sub ranges (hence, we
have n =3). The parameters , , , and are listed
in Table II. Sub controller 1, associated with
R( )=(28Ω, +∞), is selected when a low power load is
connected. Sub controller 2, corresponding to R( )=(5
Ω, 28 Ω),which is chosen when a middling load is
connected, is the main controller, because the load RL varies
mainly in the range of (5–28 Ω). Sub controller 3, associated
with R( )=(0 Ω, 5 Ω], is selected when the peak power
takes place. The proportional coefficient of the sub
controller 3 is chosen large enough to achieve rapid
response.
C. Tables and simulation results
Parameter Setting Value
Source Voltage Em (RMS)
DC-Bus Voltage Vdc
Line Inductor L
Inductor Resistance R
DC –Bus Capacitor C
Line Frequency Ω
PWM Carrier Frequency
115 V
270 V
0.5mh
0.2Ω
2000µf
800π Rad/S
16khz
Table 1: Specifications of Three-Phase Pwm Boost Rectifier
Current
controller
=20 =50
Subcontroller1
Subcontroller2
Subcontroller3
= 0.002
= 0.005
= 0.2
= 0.03
=0.1
=0.1
∈ 28 +∞
∈ 5 28]
∈(0,5]
Table 2: Pi Parameters of the Current Controller And
Switched Voltage Controller
Fig. 6(a): Response of the linear PI controller
Fig.6 (a) shows the response of the linear PI
controller the starting-up response is smooth and fast
with a small overshoot. However, the dc-bus voltage drops
4. DC Bus Voltage Switched Control Method for Three Phase Voltage Source PWM Rectifier under Rapidly Varying Dynamic Load
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down to zero abruptly as the load current climbs up rapidly,
when the motor and load inertia accelerates.
Fig. 6 (B): Response of the Linear PI Controller
Fig. 6(b) shows the response of the linear PI
controller although the system could maintain stability
during the whole Dynamic process, the dc-bus voltage falls
obviously to about 229V when the peak power occurs and
increases to about 285V when the load power drops.
Therefore, the disturbance rejection ability of this controller
is weak and it cannot meet the normal voltage transient
requirements of MIL-STD-706 F.
Fig. 6(C): Response Of The Linear PI Controller
Fig. 6(c) shows the response of the linear PI
controller . Due to the large proportional gain of the
controller, onlysmall dip and peaking in output voltage are
observed. However, there exist too many undesirable
oscillations from 0.5 to 0.7 s. The maximum ripple voltage
is larger than 6 V. Thus, the response cannot meet the ripple
amplitude requirement of MIL-STD-706 F. Furthermore, a
big overshoot appears in power-up situations.
Fig. 6 (D): Response of the Proposed Switched Controller
Fig. 6(d) shows the response of the proposed
switched controller. It can be seen that a balanced and
optimized dc-bus response, which has an acceptable small
ripple, little oscillations during the dynamic process, and a
neglect able small overshoot in power-up situations, is
achieved. The dc-bus voltage falls to 259 V at the peak load
power and the largest overshoot appears at 0.76 s to about
280 V when the load current drops. Therefore, the system
controlled by the switched control method meets the
requirements of MIL-STD-706 F.
VI. CONCLUSION
In this paper, a new switched control method is introduced
to control the VSR. The proposed switched voltage control
approach could provide a simple, effective way to overcome
the problem of wide-range load regulation. Several linear
controllers are designed according to the derived switched
voltage controller for the VSR at different operating points
and a certain controller is selected by the apparent load
resistance value. To achieve better responses, one can
increase the number of sub controllers of the switched
regulator reasonably. Based on the concept of switched
system, the stability of the proposed control scheme can be
attained. Simulation and experimental results of a switched
controlled VSR with an electric actuator load show that the
presented switched control method has a desirable capacity
of regulating dc-bus voltage with such wide-range rapidly
varying dynamic load.
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