This document summarizes various parasitic diseases that can involve ocular structures. It discusses the causative agents, life cycles, modes of transmission, common ocular findings, diagnosis, and treatment options for a wide range of systemic parasitic infections that may result in direct infection, inflammation, or other pathology in the eye. These include infections caused by microsporidia, various protozoa, nematodes, cestodes, trematodes, and pentastomes. Common ocular manifestations discussed include uveitis, retinitis, optic neuritis, and other inflammatory conditions or space-occupying lesions of the eye.
this is power point presentation for ophthalmic assistant student regarding basic knowledge for ocular parasites like, LOA LOA, RIVER BLINDNESS , ONCHOCERCIASIS , TOXOPLASMOSIS & TOXOCARIASIS etc. which consist basic test , epidemiology, lab investigation, culture & management .
occulomycosis- infections of eye and its related structures by various fungal agents.
3 broad category
1.keratomycosis
2.fungal endophthalmitis
3.fungal infections of occular adnexa
this is power point presentation for ophthalmic assistant student regarding basic knowledge for ocular parasites like, LOA LOA, RIVER BLINDNESS , ONCHOCERCIASIS , TOXOPLASMOSIS & TOXOCARIASIS etc. which consist basic test , epidemiology, lab investigation, culture & management .
occulomycosis- infections of eye and its related structures by various fungal agents.
3 broad category
1.keratomycosis
2.fungal endophthalmitis
3.fungal infections of occular adnexa
Ahmed Abd-Eljalil
4th medical student in Alexandria Uni. - Egypt
Almoroj1994@yahoo.com
References "Kanski_Clinical_Ophthalmology_8th_edition"
"Adler's Physiology of the Eye_ Expert Consult - Online and Print, 11th Edition"
"Atlas Of Clinical Ophthalmology 3rd ed - David J. Spalton et al. (Mosby, 2004)"
Text Book of Alexandria University
The presentation is made for optometry students with a deatiled review of ocular infections caused by Staphylococcus. It also includes general topics like pathogenicity and toxins produced by the microbe.
Presentation made from the Kanski,Wills eye manual,Harper,And Oxford handbook of ophthalmology.You dont need to read these books for VIRAL CONJUNCTIVITIS after reading this this presentation.
Ahmed Abd-Eljalil
4th medical student in Alexandria Uni. - Egypt
Almoroj1994@yahoo.com
References "Kanski_Clinical_Ophthalmology_8th_edition"
"Adler's Physiology of the Eye_ Expert Consult - Online and Print, 11th Edition"
"Atlas Of Clinical Ophthalmology 3rd ed - David J. Spalton et al. (Mosby, 2004)"
Text Book of Alexandria University
The presentation is made for optometry students with a deatiled review of ocular infections caused by Staphylococcus. It also includes general topics like pathogenicity and toxins produced by the microbe.
Presentation made from the Kanski,Wills eye manual,Harper,And Oxford handbook of ophthalmology.You dont need to read these books for VIRAL CONJUNCTIVITIS after reading this this presentation.
The corneal diseases are one of the leading causes of blindness in the world. in most cases, these infections are preventable or treatable.
This seminar provides an overview of the anatomy and physiology of the cornea, as well as an overview of common conditions.
Basavarajeeyam is a Sreshta Sangraha grantha (Compiled book ), written by Neelkanta kotturu Basavaraja Virachita. It contains 25 Prakaranas, First 24 Chapters related to Rogas& 25th to Rasadravyas.
Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
NVBDCP.pptx Nation vector borne disease control programSapna Thakur
NVBDCP was launched in 2003-2004 . Vector-Borne Disease: Disease that results from an infection transmitted to humans and other animals by blood-feeding arthropods, such as mosquitoes, ticks, and fleas. Examples of vector-borne diseases include Dengue fever, West Nile Virus, Lyme disease, and malaria.
Recomendações da OMS sobre cuidados maternos e neonatais para uma experiência pós-natal positiva.
Em consonância com os ODS – Objetivos do Desenvolvimento Sustentável e a Estratégia Global para a Saúde das Mulheres, Crianças e Adolescentes, e aplicando uma abordagem baseada nos direitos humanos, os esforços de cuidados pós-natais devem expandir-se para além da cobertura e da simples sobrevivência, de modo a incluir cuidados de qualidade.
Estas diretrizes visam melhorar a qualidade dos cuidados pós-natais essenciais e de rotina prestados às mulheres e aos recém-nascidos, com o objetivo final de melhorar a saúde e o bem-estar materno e neonatal.
Uma “experiência pós-natal positiva” é um resultado importante para todas as mulheres que dão à luz e para os seus recém-nascidos, estabelecendo as bases para a melhoria da saúde e do bem-estar a curto e longo prazo. Uma experiência pós-natal positiva é definida como aquela em que as mulheres, pessoas que gestam, os recém-nascidos, os casais, os pais, os cuidadores e as famílias recebem informação consistente, garantia e apoio de profissionais de saúde motivados; e onde um sistema de saúde flexível e com recursos reconheça as necessidades das mulheres e dos bebês e respeite o seu contexto cultural.
Estas diretrizes consolidadas apresentam algumas recomendações novas e já bem fundamentadas sobre cuidados pós-natais de rotina para mulheres e neonatos que recebem cuidados no pós-parto em unidades de saúde ou na comunidade, independentemente dos recursos disponíveis.
É fornecido um conjunto abrangente de recomendações para cuidados durante o período puerperal, com ênfase nos cuidados essenciais que todas as mulheres e recém-nascidos devem receber, e com a devida atenção à qualidade dos cuidados; isto é, a entrega e a experiência do cuidado recebido. Estas diretrizes atualizam e ampliam as recomendações da OMS de 2014 sobre cuidados pós-natais da mãe e do recém-nascido e complementam as atuais diretrizes da OMS sobre a gestão de complicações pós-natais.
O estabelecimento da amamentação e o manejo das principais intercorrências é contemplada.
Recomendamos muito.
Vamos discutir essas recomendações no nosso curso de pós-graduação em Aleitamento no Instituto Ciclos.
Esta publicação só está disponível em inglês até o momento.
Prof. Marcus Renato de Carvalho
www.agostodourado.com
Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex System Analysis, S...Oleg Kshivets
RESULTS: Overall life span (LS) was 2252.1±1742.5 days and cumulative 5-year survival (5YS) reached 73.2%, 10 years – 64.8%, 20 years – 42.5%. 513 LCP lived more than 5 years (LS=3124.6±1525.6 days), 148 LCP – more than 10 years (LS=5054.4±1504.1 days).199 LCP died because of LC (LS=562.7±374.5 days). 5YS of LCP after bi/lobectomies was significantly superior in comparison with LCP after pneumonectomies (78.1% vs.63.7%, P=0.00001 by log-rank test). AT significantly improved 5YS (66.3% vs. 34.8%) (P=0.00000 by log-rank test) only for LCP with N1-2. Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: phase transition (PT) early-invasive LC in terms of synergetics, PT N0—N12, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells- CC and blood cells subpopulations), G1-3, histology, glucose, AT, blood cell circuit, prothrombin index, heparin tolerance, recalcification time (P=0.000-0.038). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and PT early-invasive LC (rank=1), PT N0—N12 (rank=2), thrombocytes/CC (3), erythrocytes/CC (4), eosinophils/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), segmented neutrophils/CC (8), stick neutrophils/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10); leucocytes/CC (11). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (area under ROC curve=1.0; error=0.0).
CONCLUSIONS: 5YS of LCP after radical procedures significantly depended on: 1) PT early-invasive cancer; 2) PT N0--N12; 3) cell ratio factors; 4) blood cell circuit; 5) biochemical factors; 6) hemostasis system; 7) AT; 8) LC characteristics; 9) LC cell dynamics; 10) surgery type: lobectomy/pneumonectomy; 11) anthropometric data. Optimal diagnosis and treatment strategies for LC are: 1) screening and early detection of LC; 2) availability of experienced thoracic surgeons because of complexity of radical procedures; 3) aggressive en block surgery and adequate lymph node dissection for completeness; 4) precise prediction; 5) adjuvant chemoimmunoradiotherapy for LCP with unfavorable prognosis.
Adv. biopharm. APPLICATION OF PHARMACOKINETICS : TARGETED DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEMSAkankshaAshtankar
MIP 201T & MPH 202T
ADVANCED BIOPHARMACEUTICS & PHARMACOKINETICS : UNIT 5
APPLICATION OF PHARMACOKINETICS : TARGETED DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEMS By - AKANKSHA ASHTANKAR
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
Explore natural remedies for syphilis treatment in Singapore. Discover alternative therapies, herbal remedies, and lifestyle changes that may complement conventional treatments. Learn about holistic approaches to managing syphilis symptoms and supporting overall health.
New Drug Discovery and Development .....NEHA GUPTA
The "New Drug Discovery and Development" process involves the identification, design, testing, and manufacturing of novel pharmaceutical compounds with the aim of introducing new and improved treatments for various medical conditions. This comprehensive endeavor encompasses various stages, including target identification, preclinical studies, clinical trials, regulatory approval, and post-market surveillance. It involves multidisciplinary collaboration among scientists, researchers, clinicians, regulatory experts, and pharmaceutical companies to bring innovative therapies to market and address unmet medical needs.
Tom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actor’s Wellness Journeygreendigital
Tom Selleck, an enduring figure in Hollywood. has captivated audiences for decades with his rugged charm, iconic moustache. and memorable roles in television and film. From his breakout role as Thomas Magnum in Magnum P.I. to his current portrayal of Frank Reagan in Blue Bloods. Selleck's career has spanned over 50 years. But beyond his professional achievements. fans have often been curious about Tom Selleck Health. especially as he has aged in the public eye.
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Introduction
Many have been interested in Tom Selleck health. not only because of his enduring presence on screen but also because of the challenges. and lifestyle choices he has faced and made over the years. This article delves into the various aspects of Tom Selleck health. exploring his fitness regimen, diet, mental health. and the challenges he has encountered as he ages. We'll look at how he maintains his well-being. the health issues he has faced, and his approach to ageing .
Early Life and Career
Childhood and Athletic Beginnings
Tom Selleck was born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, and grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. From an early age, he was involved in sports, particularly basketball. which played a significant role in his physical development. His athletic pursuits continued into college. where he attended the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. This early involvement in sports laid a strong foundation for his physical health and disciplined lifestyle.
Transition to Acting
Selleck's transition from an athlete to an actor came with its physical demands. His first significant role in "Magnum P.I." required him to perform various stunts and maintain a fit appearance. This role, which he played from 1980 to 1988. necessitated a rigorous fitness routine to meet the show's demands. setting the stage for his long-term commitment to health and wellness.
Fitness Regimen
Workout Routine
Tom Selleck health and fitness regimen has evolved. adapting to his changing roles and age. During his "Magnum, P.I." days. Selleck's workouts were intense and focused on building and maintaining muscle mass. His routine included weightlifting, cardiovascular exercises. and specific training for the stunts he performed on the show.
Selleck adjusted his fitness routine as he aged to suit his body's needs. Today, his workouts focus on maintaining flexibility, strength, and cardiovascular health. He incorporates low-impact exercises such as swimming, walking, and light weightlifting. This balanced approach helps him stay fit without putting undue strain on his joints and muscles.
Importance of Flexibility and Mobility
In recent years, Selleck has emphasized the importance of flexibility and mobility in his fitness regimen. Understanding the natural decline in muscle mass and joint flexibility with age. he includes stretching and yoga in his routine. These practices help prevent injuries, improve posture, and maintain mobilit
2. Ocular involvement is preeminent clinical feature in certain
systemic parasitic infections like
• onchocerciasis (river blindness)
• loaiasis (eye worm), and
• toxoplasmosis (retinochoroiditis).
4. Ocular pathology during systemic parasitic infections may be the result of:
• direct infection
• inflammation and necrosis
• space occupying lesions
• destruction secondary to migratory worms or larvae
• antiparasitic treatment
5. The epidemiology reflects:
• habitat of the causative parasites
• habits and health status of the patient.
Source of infection determined by:
• local sanitation
• presence of a vector for transmission
• intermitent and definitive hosts
• dietary history (food and water contamination)
• travel history to endemic areas
8. B. Cestodes:
1. Cysticercosis
2. Echinococcosis
3. Coenuriasis
4. Sparganosis
C. Trematodes:
1. Schistosomiasis
2. Paragonimiasis
3. Fascioliasis
IV SYSTEMIC PENTASTOMAL INFECTIONS:
1. Pentastomiasis
2. Myiasis
3. Protothecosis
9. Microsporidiosis
Causative agent: Encephalitozoon hellem and Nosema.
Various phases: growing–dividing (schizogenic) phase,
spore-forming (sporogenic) phase,
infectious spore phase
Mode of ocular infection: direct inoculation into eye structures
dissemination systemically (in AIDS patients).
Ocular findings: limited to the conjunctiva & cornea (epithelial surfaces)
Diagnosis: corneal scrapings or biopsy specimens (spores) & serology
Treatment: oral albendazole
Historically, severe, progressive cases of ocular microsporidiosis have resulted in enucleation.
10.
11. Toxoplasmosis
Causative agent: Toxoplasma gondii
Lifecycle: cats (definitive host)
Mode of transmission: food or water contaminated with cat faeces, transplacentally or after
leukocyte transfusion & organ transplantation (Tachyzoites transported via lymphatics to eyes)
Most commonly affected age: childhood.
Ocular presentation: commonest cause of posterior uveitis worldwide.
During quiescent, asymptomatic stage: scarred, retinal lesions on fundoscopy
Most active cases are reactivation of congenital disease.
Active ocular toxoplasmosis in normal host: u/l painless DOV.
12.
13. Ocular examination: u/l posterior uveitis - focal area of necrotizing chorioretinitis
hypopigmented ‘punched-out’ scar
vitritis (headlight in the fog)
lesions recur at distant site from the old scar or in the other eye
retinal tears & RD & RH
secondary glaucoma
optic neuritis
spill over anterior uveitis
Congenital toxoplasmosis: b/l, more severe (macula), microphthalmia, vitritis, glaucoma,
nystagmus, strabismus, and ocular palsies
Immunocompromised: b/l, multifocal and severe. Leading cause of necrotizing retinitis in
AIDS
Space-occupying lesions of the CNS: ocular palsies, nystagmus, and visual-field defects
14.
15. Diagnosis: clinical, serology IgG or IgM, PCR and pathologic identification
Treatment: self-limited,
severe cases: combination of pyrimethamine + sulfa agents ( sulfadiazine) or
pyrimethamine and clindamycin for 3–6 weeks.
Atovaquone: active for tachyzoite and bradyzoite forms
immunocompromised: restoration of the immune system
lifelong therapy to prevent reactivation
congenital toxoplasmosis: long-term (for the first year of life) combination
therapy
pregnant women: Spiramycin
18. African Trypanosomiasis:
Causative agent: Sleeping sickness-Trypanosoma brucei gambiense and Trypanosoma brucei
rhodesiense
Mode of transmission: bite by infected tsetse fly (genus Glossina), infective metacyclic
trypomastigotes mature gain access to systemic circulation eye
Ocular findings: interstitial keratitis,
uveitis
optic neuritis
conjunctival injection
mild eyelid edema
End-stage neuroencephalitis: papilledema, ophthalmoplegia, ptosis and optic neuropathy
Diagnosis: demo in aspirated lymph node fluid, blood, tissue sections or CSF and serology
Treatment: no CNS features: suramin, pentamidine or eflornithine
CNS features: melarsoprol with concomitant steroid therapy or elfornithine
19. American Trypanosomiasis:
Causative agent: Chaga’s disease Trypanosoma cruzi
Mode of transmission: feces of reduviid bugs while feeding painless bite at night (face)
Ocular findings: Romaña’s sign: a painless, pronounced, unilateral, periorbital edema &
conjunctivitis (persist for many days)
lacrimal gland & preauricular & other regional lymph nodes may be enlarged
molecular mimicry by parasite antigens with rhodopsin – retinal dysfunction
Immunocompromised: reactivate as space occupying lesion of CNS papilledema or
ophthalmoplegia
Treatment: systemic nifurtimox or benznidazole
Chronic disease refractory to therapy.
20.
21. Leishmaniasis:
Causative agent: Leishmania species systemic (visceral, kalaazar), cutaneous or
mucocutaneous (espundia)
Mode of transmission: bite of a sandfly
Ocular findings: keratitis
iritis
papillitis
chorioretinitis
b/l multifocal RH
b/l anterior uveitis
glaucoma
ulcerative lesions of the eyelids, conjunctivae & lacrimal glands
severe cases: entire eye is destroyed
Co-infected with HIV: destructive bilateral granulomatous uveitis
Treatment: liposomal amphotericin B
22.
23.
24. Acanthamoeba infection:
Ubiquitous free-living protozoa
life cycle: motile trophozoite & dormant cyst
Risk factors: contact-lens wear, corneal trauma, exposure to contaminated water
Ocular findings: Acanthamoeba keratitis with radial neuritis (severe pain disproportionate to
tissue damage)
unilateral central or paracentral corneal infiltrate (ring-shaped)
eyelid ptosis
conjunctival hyperemia
scleritis
uncontrolled infections enucleation
Diagnosis: clinical, confocal microscopy, culture(non-nutrientagar plate seeded with E coli),
histology, PCR & Giemsa or PAS.
Treatment: difficult & disappointing
Long-term topical application propamidine, miconazole & neomycin
25.
26. Giardiasis:
Causative agent: Giardia lamblia
Mode of transmission: fecal–oral route
Ocular findings: iridocyclitis
choroiditis
retinal and subretinal hemorrhages
macular changes
host immunologic responses or nutritional deficiencies caused by Giardia-induced
malabsorption may have resulted in these ocular manifestations.
27.
28. Onchocerciasis:
Causative agent: Onchocerca volvulus River blindness
Mode of transmission: bite of blackfly (genus Simulium), rivers and streams
Ocular findings: Microfilariae migrates: conjunctiva, cornea, anterior chamber, vitreal
humor, retina, choroid, and optic nerve
.
u/l marked inflammation dead or dying microfilariae
anterior segment (Punctate keratitis, fluffy ‘snowflake’ corneal opacities and iritis)
posterior segment (chorioretinitis, papillitis, and optic atrophy)
granulomas
cataracts
secondary glaucoma
sclerosing keratitis (chronic, recurrent)
blindness
29.
30.
31. Diagnosis: clinical
analysis of skin snips
identification of the adult worm after surgical nodulectomy
serology
PCR
eosinophilia
On slit-lamp and fundoscopic examination: living microfilariae are transparent, coiled &
motileanterior chamber
dead microfilariae are opacified and straight
Inconclusive cases: evaluated by Mazzotti test: pruritus and inflammation develop in patients with
microfilariae after oral administration of a small dose of DEC.
Treatment: Ivermectin, single oral dose and repeated once or twice a year
Vector eradication & nodulectomy prevention & treatment.
A large international program to limit onchocerciasis is currently under way in West Africa and is using both vector
eradication and mass chemotherapy.
32. Bancroftian and Brugian Lymphatic Filariasis:
Causative agent: Wuchereria bancrofti, Brugia malayi and Brugia timori
Mode of transmission: mosquitoes
Ocular findings: adult worm migrate to conjunctiva causing pain, chemosis, injection & foreign
body sensation
worms also seen in eyelid, lacrimal gland, AC, iris lens & subretina
chronic elephantiasis of the eyelid
Diagnosis: blood examination for microfilarial forms (nocturnal periodicity) & serology
Treatment: Ivermectin, albendazole, DEC (Mazzotti-type reactions)
surgical removal of the adult worm
33.
34. Mansonella perstans Infection
Causative agent: M. perstans
Mode of transmission: biting of midges
Ocular findings: conjunctival nodule
proptosis
eyelid swelling
Diagnosis: microfilariae in blood or after surgical removal.
Treatment: Albendazole, mebendazole & surgical
35. Loaiasis:
Causative agent: Loa loa
Mode of transmission: large, day-feeding red fly Chrysops
Ocular findings: subconjunctival migration is most common (worms move -1cm/min foreign
body sensation)
mild conjunctival injection
transient visual disturbances
periorbital swelling & pruritus
adult worms in eyelid, anterior chamber, vitreous, or retina
calabar swelling of the eyelid
uveitis
Diagnosis: clinical
blood drawn btn 10.00 a.m. & 2.00 p.m microfilariae
serology
eosinophilia
Treatment: albendazole,ivermectin,DCE,steroids,surgical removal or cryoprobes
36.
37. Dirofilariasis:
Causative agent: Dirofilaria repens, Dirofilaria immitis
Definitive hosts: cats, dog. Humans are dead-end hosts
Mode of transmission: mosquitoes during feeding
Ocular findings: migratory worm in eyelid, subconjunctiva & intraocular structures foreign
body sensation, pruritus
nodule formation
uveitis
glaucoma
eyelid swelling
Diagnosis: after surgical resection of a cyst & serology
Treatment: surgical removal of the worm.
38.
39. Toxocariasis:
Causative agent: Toxocara canis, Toxocara cati
Life cycle: dogs and feline-definitive hosts, humans represent a dead-end infection
Ocular findings: older children 8 -16 years
History of exposure to kittens or puppies
u/l granuloma-peripheral retina, near macula or on optic nerve
posterior pole lesions(white or gray rounded masses, 1-2 DD)
pars planitis
chronic endophthalmitis
vitritis, vitreous traction strands leading to the optic disk or granuloma
leukokoria
strabismus
TRD
CME
40.
41. Diagnosis: eosinophilia, clinical features, serology (ELISA) for antibody titers
Differential diagnosis: retinoblastoma
1. unilateral mass in a young child: retinoblastoma (younger than 3 years) and
ocular toxocariasis (7 or 8 years of age or older)
2. USG, CT and MRI help to distinguish
Treatment: Asymptomatic- no chemotherapy
Albendazole, steroids
Vitreoretinal surgery
42. Baylisascariasis:
Causative agent: Baylisascaris procyonis
Life cycle: small birds & mammals-intermediate hosts
Mode of transmission: contaminated soil & water supplies
Ocular findings: Ocular larva migrans
retinal & subretinal tracts
retinal hemorrhages
chorioretinitis
vitritis
neuritis
Diagnosis: Serology for antigens
Treatment: Photocoagulation therapy to destroy intraretinal larvae
43.
44. Gnathostomiasis:
Causative agent: Gnathostoma spinigerum
Life cycle: intermediate hosts-cyclops, fish, frogs, crayfish, crabs, eels and snakes
paratenic carrier hosts-fowl and pigs
Mode of transmission: eating raw or undercooked second intermediate or paratenic hosts
Ocular findings: edema & hemorrhage of eyelid
corneal ulcerations, iris perforation
subretinal holes, optic neuritis & retinal artery occlusion
uveitis
vitreal hemorrhage, vitritis
secondary glaucoma
CNS-cranial nerve palsies & papilledema
Diagnosis: Serology
Treatment: albendazole, ivermectin, steroids & mechanical removal
45. Angiostrongyliasis:
Causative agent: Angiostrongylus cantonensis (Parastrongylus cantonensis)
Life cycle: snails or slugs (intermediate hosts), transport hosts (crabs, crayfish, shrimp, cows, pigs &
humans)
Mode of transmission: ingesting snails or unwashed vegetables or intermediate transport hosts
Ocular findings: worms in AC, subretinal space & vitreous
blepharospasmlid edema
iridocyclitis
vitritis
RD, retinitis
CNS-papilledema, cranial nerve palsies or ptosis
exophthalmos extraocular palsies
neuritis both peripheral and optic
Treatment: spontaneous recovery, mebendazole, albendazole, levamisole, ivermectin, steroids and
analgesics. surgical removal
46.
47. Dracunculosis:
Causative agent: Dracunculis medinensis(Guinea worm)
Mode of transmission: ingesting water contaminated with Cyclops crustacean
Ocular findings: adult female worm in conjunctiva-irritation & lacrimation
Treatment: mechanical removal of the worm, metronidazole
48. Ascariasis:
Causative agent: Ascaris lumbricoides
Ocular findings: rare
young adult worms present in NLD
Treatment: removed mechanically, systemic therapy with
albendazole, mebendazole, or pyrantel pamoate
49. Trichinosis:
Causative agent: Trichinella spiralis
Mode of transmission: ingesting infected raw or undercooked pigs & carnivores , larvae -
lymphatic & vascular circulation
Ocular findings: B/l palpebral edema
pain on eye movement
conjunctival chemosis & hemorrhages
photophobia
retinal hemorrhages
optic neuritis & edema
Diagnosis: serology or muscle biopsy
Treatment: self-limited, mebendazole, albendazole, steroids
symptomatic-cycloplegia, topical or local steroids, and cold compresses
53. Echinococcosis:
Causative agent: Echinococcus granulosus, Echinococcus multilocularis
Life cycle: definitive host (canids), intermediate host (ungulate, rodent) invades via circulatory system
Ocular findings: cystic hydatid disease (cyst in orbital cavity)
bone erosion
proptosis
exposure keratitis & ulceration
conjunctival chemosis & injection
extensive lacrimation
impairment of extraocular mobility
optic atrophy
involvement of CNS-papilledema
intraocular cysts can replace the vitreous.
Diagnosis: clinical presentation, radiography & serology
Treatment: Albendazole & interventional aspiration or surgery
54.
55. Coenuriasis:
Causative agent: Taenia multiceps & Taenia serialis
Life cycle: Herbivores-intermediate host
Mode of transmission: ingesting eggs passed by infected dogs
Ocular findings: space-occupying lesion(Ocular cysts) in extraocular muscles, conjunctiva &
eyelids
intraocular cysts in subretinal or intravitreal
intense inflammation
panophthalmitis
blindness
proptosis
exposure keratitis
corneal ulceration
Diagnosis: clinical presentation, radiographic imaging & histologic examination
Treatment: surgical
56. Sparganosis:
Causative agent: plerocercoid larvae of Spirometra species
Life cycle: Canines, felines (definitive hosts) & Cyclops, frogs, snakes & small animals
(intermediate hosts)
Mode of transmission: accidental drinking of contaminated water
eating raw or undercooked intermediate hosts
direct transfer of spargana (applied as a poultice to inflamed eyes, ulcers
or open wounds)
Ocular findings: worms in subconjunctiva & AC-pain, pruritus and lacrimation
periocular edema
proptosis
Diagnosis: after removal of the worm
Treatment: surgical removal, no systemic antiparasitic agent shown to be of benefit
57.
58. Schistosomiasis:
Causative agent: blood flukes Schistosoma mansoni
Schistosoma haematobium
Schistosoma japonicum.
Life cycle: snail or mollusk intermediate hosts, eggs are released into venous circulation in humans
Ocular findings: Granulomatous responses occurs in conjunctiva, lacrimal gland, choroid and optic
nerve-optic atrophy
migrating worms- superior ophthalmic vein, AC
Diagnosis: eggs in stool, urine or biopsy material and Immunodiagnostic assays
Treatment: Praziquantel, ocular involvement is treated systemically.
59.
60. Paragonimiasis:
Causative agent: Paragonimus westermani
Life cycle: definitive host (cat, dog, or primate) & intermediate hosts (snail, fresh water crabs,
shrimps or crayfish)
Mode of transmission: ingesting raw, undercooked, juices and fluids of intermediate hosts
Ocular findings: Mechanical damage by migrating worms-severe and recurrent
retinal hemorrhages
invasion of anterior chamber, eyelid and orbit
subluxation of the lens
uveitis
hypopyon
secondary glaucoma
Cerebral involvement - cranial nerve palsies & papilledema.
Diagnosis: eggs in sputum or feces, serology
Treatment: Praziquantel & surgical
61.
62. Fascioliasis:
Causative agent: liver flukes Fasciola hepatica or F. gigantica
Life cycle: snail, human, animal – intermideate hosts
Ocular findings: ectopic locations in orbit
larvae in AC, vitreous viacentral retinal artery
vasculitis
endophthalmitis
intraocular haemorrhage
retinal ischaemia
Treatment: Early vitrectomy & removal of parasite, triclabendazole or bithionol
63.
64. Pentastomiasis:
Causative agent: Linguatula serrate (tongue worm)
Life cycle: wormlike and arthropod-like characteristics, intermediate hosts (rodents, ungulates,
humans), humans are also dead-end definitive hosts
Ocular findings: wandering nymphs invades ocular tissues-AC
iritis
secondary glaucoma
Treatment: surgical removal
65.
66. Myiasis:
Causative agent: Cochliomyia hominivorax
Gasterophilidae (‘horse bot fly’ or ‘horse warble fly’)
Wohlfahrtia magnifica (‘sheep maggot fly’)
Oestrus ovis (‘sheep bot fly’)
Chrysomyia bezziana (‘screw worm fly’)
Cordylobia anthropophaga (‘tumbu fly’)
Dermatobia hominis.
Mode of transmission: direct deposition of eggs by flies or by secondary vectors-mosquitoes
67. Ocular findings: larvae migrate through or across conjunctiva or eyelids
‘Ophthalmomyiasis externa’
invade deeper ocular structures ‘Ophthalmomyiasis interna’
conjunctivitis, keratitis, scleritis, iritis, vitritis, uveitis
subluxation of the lens
vitreal hemorrhage
retinal detachment, hemorrhages, retinal scarring and ‘tracks’
Treatment: Mechanical removal, laser photo-coagulation or with surgery
Topical & systemic steroids
70. Thelaziasis:
Causative agent: T. callipaeda
Mode of transmission: nonbiting diptera that feed on the ocular secretions, tears, and
conjunctiva of animals.
Ocular findings : epiphora, conjunctivitis, keratitis, corneal opacity and ulcers,
mechanical damage to the conjunctival and corneal epithelium.
Diagnosis: after removal by morphology
Treatment: topical with thiabendazole has also, surgical
71.
72. REFERENCES:
1. Albert and Jackobie
2. Amal R et al. Ophthalmic parasitosis: A review article. Hindawi journal. vol 2012,
Article ID 587402
3. Yanoff: Ophthalmology
4. Ocular microbiology by PK Mukherjee