The document provides guidance on taking an effective ophthalmic patient history. It emphasizes the importance of obtaining an accurate history, which can often provide a diagnosis. The history should include introducing oneself, chief complaint, history of present illness, past medical history, drug history, family history, and social history. Key details and tips are provided on questioning patients and documenting each component of the history.
Aphakia and its causes. Correction of Aphakia. Advantages and disadvantages of different corrections. Surgeries and related signs and symptoms of aphakia. Complications related to Aphakia.
Aphakia and its causes. Correction of Aphakia. Advantages and disadvantages of different corrections. Surgeries and related signs and symptoms of aphakia. Complications related to Aphakia.
History taking (History of Physical Examination)pankaj rana
A History of Physical Examination Texts and the Conception of Bedside Diagnosis. ... Throughout this paper we construct a difference between a “bedside diagnosis,” made when the physician and patient are in each other's presence, and a “remote diagnosis,” made when the patient and physician are separated.
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN HEALTHCARE.pdfAnujkumaranit
Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the simulation of human intelligence processes by machines, especially computer systems. It encompasses tasks such as learning, reasoning, problem-solving, perception, and language understanding. AI technologies are revolutionizing various fields, from healthcare to finance, by enabling machines to perform tasks that typically require human intelligence.
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The prostate is an exocrine gland of the male mammalian reproductive system
It is a walnut-sized gland that forms part of the male reproductive system and is located in front of the rectum and just below the urinary bladder
Function is to store and secrete a clear, slightly alkaline fluid that constitutes 10-30% of the volume of the seminal fluid that along with the spermatozoa, constitutes semen
A healthy human prostate measures (4cm-vertical, by 3cm-horizontal, 2cm ant-post ).
It surrounds the urethra just below the urinary bladder. It has anterior, median, posterior and two lateral lobes
It’s work is regulated by androgens which are responsible for male sex characteristics
Generalised disease of the prostate due to hormonal derangement which leads to non malignant enlargement of the gland (increase in the number of epithelial cells and stromal tissue)to cause compression of the urethra leading to symptoms (LUTS
Pulmonary Thromboembolism - etilogy, types, medical- Surgical and nursing man...VarunMahajani
Disruption of blood supply to lung alveoli due to blockage of one or more pulmonary blood vessels is called as Pulmonary thromboembolism. In this presentation we will discuss its causes, types and its management in depth.
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
Acute scrotum is a general term referring to an emergency condition affecting the contents or the wall of the scrotum.
There are a number of conditions that present acutely, predominantly with pain and/or swelling
A careful and detailed history and examination, and in some cases, investigations allow differentiation between these diagnoses. A prompt diagnosis is essential as the patient may require urgent surgical intervention
Testicular torsion refers to twisting of the spermatic cord, causing ischaemia of the testicle.
Testicular torsion results from inadequate fixation of the testis to the tunica vaginalis producing ischemia from reduced arterial inflow and venous outflow obstruction.
The prevalence of testicular torsion in adult patients hospitalized with acute scrotal pain is approximately 25 to 50 percent
Ethanol (CH3CH2OH), or beverage alcohol, is a two-carbon alcohol
that is rapidly distributed in the body and brain. Ethanol alters many
neurochemical systems and has rewarding and addictive properties. It
is the oldest recreational drug and likely contributes to more morbidity,
mortality, and public health costs than all illicit drugs combined. The
5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM-5) integrates alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence into a single
disorder called alcohol use disorder (AUD), with mild, moderate,
and severe subclassifications (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
In the DSM-5, all types of substance abuse and dependence have been
combined into a single substance use disorder (SUD) on a continuum
from mild to severe. A diagnosis of AUD requires that at least two of
the 11 DSM-5 behaviors be present within a 12-month period (mild
AUD: 2–3 criteria; moderate AUD: 4–5 criteria; severe AUD: 6–11 criteria).
The four main behavioral effects of AUD are impaired control over
drinking, negative social consequences, risky use, and altered physiological
effects (tolerance, withdrawal). This chapter presents an overview
of the prevalence and harmful consequences of AUD in the U.S.,
the systemic nature of the disease, neurocircuitry and stages of AUD,
comorbidities, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, genetic risk factors, and
pharmacotherapies for AUD.
Knee anatomy and clinical tests 2024.pdfvimalpl1234
This includes all relevant anatomy and clinical tests compiled from standard textbooks, Campbell,netter etc..It is comprehensive and best suited for orthopaedicians and orthopaedic residents.
Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility...Sujoy Dasgupta
Dr Sujoy Dasgupta presented the study on "Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility? – The unexplored stories of non-consummation" in the 13th Congress of the Asia Pacific Initiative on Reproduction (ASPIRE 2024) at Manila on 24 May, 2024.
2. Session Structure
• Introduction and Describing Aim &Objectives
• Chief complaint
• History of present illness
• Past medical history
• Systemic enquiry
• Family history
• Drug history
• Social history
3. Importance of History Taking
• Obtaining an accurate history is the critical first step in determining
the etiology of a patient's problem.
• A large percentage of the time ) 70%), you will actually be able
make a diagnosis based on the history alone.
4. How to take a history?
• The sense of what constitutes important data will grow exponentially
in future as you learn about the pathophysiology of disease.
• You are already in possession of the tools that will enable you to
obtain a good history.
• An ability to listen &ask common-sense questions that help define
the nature of a particular problem.
• A vast & sophisticated fund of knowledge not needed to successfully
interview a patient.
5. Introduce yourself.
• Note – never forget patient names
• Create patient appropriately in a friendly relaxed way.
•Confidentiality and respect patient privacy.
General Approach
Try to see things from patient point of view. Understand
patient underneath mental status, anxiety, irritation or
depression.
Always exhibit neutral position.
Listening
Questioning: simple/clear/avoid medical terms/open, leading,
interrupting, direct questions and summarizing.
6. .
Taking the history & Recording:
• Always record personal details: NASEOMADR.
– Name,
– Age,
– Address,
– Sex,
– Ethnicity
– Occupation,
– Religion,
– Marital status.
– Date of examination
7. Complete History Taking
• Chief complaint
• History of present illness
• Past medical /surgical history
• Systemic review
• Family history
• Drug Allergy history
• Social history
• Present medical history.
9. Chief Complaint
• The main reason push the pt. to seek for visiting a ophthalmic
consultation.
• Usually a single symptoms, occasionally more than one complaints
e.g. blurred vision, swelling, pain, trauma, inflammation etc.
• The patient describe the problem in their own words.
• It should be recorded in his/her own words.
• What brings your here? How can I help you? What seems to be the
problem?
10. Chief Complaint
Chief Complaint (CC):
• Short/specific in one clear sentence communicating present/major
problem/issue.
• Timing
• Recurrent
• Any major disease important e.g. DM, asthma, HT, pregnancy.
• Note: CC should be put in patient language.
11. Duration: tips
• Exact duration.
• For how long you are suffering.
• When you were completely normal.
• Is this complain for the first time or you have other episodes.
13. History of Present Illness - Tips
• Elaborate on the chief complaint in detail
• Ask relevant associated symptoms
• Have differential diagnosis in mind
• Lead the conversation & thoughts
• Decide & weight the importance of minor complaints
14. Sequential presentation
•Always relay story in days before admission e.g. 1 week
before the admission, the patient fell while gardening&
causes ocular trauma
•Narrate in details – By that evening, the eye became swollen
and patient was unable to see. Next day patient attended
hospital and they gave him some oral and topical antibiotics.
He doesn’t know the name. There is no effect on his
condition and two days prior to admission, the eye continued
to swell and started to discharge ands pain.
History of Presenting Complaint (HPC)
In details of present problem with- time of onset/ mode of
evolution/ any investigation, treatment & outcome/any
associated +’ve or -’ve symptoms.
15. History of Presenting Complaint (HPC)
In details of symptomatic presentation
•If patient has more than one symptoms, like pain, foreign body
sensation and discharge, take each symptom individually and follow
it through fully mentioning significant negatives as well.
16. History of Present Illness - Tips
• Avoid medical terminology & make use of a descriptive language that
is familiar to them
• Ask OPQRSTA for each symptoms
17. Pain OPQRST
Position/site
Severity – how it affects daily work/physical activities. Wakes
him up at night, cannot sleep/do any work.
Relationship to anything or other bodily function/position.
Radiation: where moved to
Relieving or aggravating factors – any activities or position
Quality, nature, character – burning sharp, stabbing, crushing; also
explain depth of pain – superficial or deep.
Timing – mode of onset (abrupt or gradual), progression
(continuous or intermittent – if intermittent ask frequency/
nature.)
Treatment received or/and outcome.
Onset of disease
Are there any associated symptoms? .
19. Past Medical /Surgical History
• Start by asking the patient if they have any medical problems
• IHD/Heart Attack/DM/Asthma/HT/RHD, TB/Jaundice/Fits :E.g. if
diabetic- mention time of diagnosis/current medication/clinic check
up
• Past surgical/operation history
• E.g. time/place/ what type of operation.
• Note any blood transfusion / blood grouping.
• H/O dental extractions/circumcision & any exessive bleeding during
these procedures.
• History of trauma/accidents
• E.g. time/place/ and what type of accident
• Any minor operations or procedures including endoscopies, dental
interventions, bipsies.
21. Drug History
• Drug History (DH)
• Always use generic name or put trade name in brackets with dosage,
timing &how long.
• Example: Ranitidine 150 mg BD PO
• Note: do not forget to mention: OCT/Vitamins/Traditional /Herbal
medicine & alternative medicine as cupping or cattery or
acupuncture.
• Blood transfusion.
22. Drug History
• Bd (Bis die) - Twice daily (usually morning and night)
• Tds (ter die sumendus)/Tid (ter in die) = Three times a day mainly 8
hourly
• Qds (quarter die sumendus)/Qid (quarter in die) = four times daily
mainly 6 hourly
• Mane/(om – omni mane) = morning
• Nocte/(on – omni nocte) = night
• Ac (ante cibum) = before food
• Pc (post cibum) = after food
• Po (per orum/os) = by mouth
• Stat – statim = immediately as initial dose
• Rx (recipe) = treat with
24. Family History
• Any familial disease/running in families e.g. breast cancer, IHD, DM,
schizophrenia, Developmental delay, asthma, albinism.
• Infections running in families as TB, Leprosy.
• Cholera, typhoid in case of epidemics.
25. Social History
• Smoking history - amount, duration & type.
• A strong risk factor for IHD
• Alcohol history - amount, duration & type.
• Occupation, social & education background, ADL, family social
support& financial situation.
• Social class.
• Home conditions as:
• Water supply.
• Sanitation status in his home & surrounding.
• Animals / birds in his/her house.
27. Social History: Smoking
• The most important cause of preventable diseases.
• Smoking history - amount, duration & type.
• Amount: pack”year calculations.
• Duration: continuous or interrupted.
• Any trials of quitting & how many.
• Deep inhalation or superficial.
• Active or passive smoker.
• Type: packs, self-made, Cigars, Shesha , chewing etc.
28. Social History: Smoking
• Ask the smoker whether he is willing to quit or not.
• Do not forget to encourage the smoker to quit whenever contacting
a smoker as it is proved to increase quitting rate.
• If he is willing to quit, but can not, help him by NRT, buberpion.
29. Social History: Alcohol.
• Whether drinking alcohol or not.
• If drinking know whether it is healthy or not.
• Healthy alcohol use:
• Men: 14 units/week, not > 4 units/session.
• Women: 7 units/week, not > 2 units/session.
• Don’t forget that healthy alcohol use is associated with less IHD &
Ischemic CVA.
• Unhealthy alcohol use is associated with cardiomyopathy, CVA,
Myopathies, liver cirrhosis & CPNS dysfunction.
30. Social History: Alcohol.
• Note:
Do not advice patients or individuals , to drink for health, because of:
• Religious & cultural reasons.
• Possibility of addiction with its known health problems.
31. Other Relevant HistoryOther Relevant History
• Immunization if small child
• Note: Look for the child health card.
• Travel / sexual history if suspected STDs or infectious disease
• Note:
• If small child, obtain the history from the care giver. Make sure; talk
to right care giver.
• If some one does not talk to your language, get an
interpreter(neutral not family friend or member also familiar with
both language). Ask simple & straight question but do not go for yes
or no answer.
33. SOAP
Subjective: how patient feels/thinks about him. How does he look.
Includes PC and general appearance/condition of patient
Objective relevant points of patient complaints/vital sings, physical
examination/daily weight, fluid balance, diet/laboratory investigation
and interpretation
Plan: about management, treatment, further investigation, follow up
and rehabilitation
Assessment: address each active problem after making a problem
list. Make differential diagnosis.