The document defines key terms related to operating theatre nursing and perioperative care. It outlines the principles of operating theatre design, including layout, ventilation, lighting and auxiliary rooms. It also describes potential hazards in the operating theatre, such as physical, chemical and biological hazards, and how they can be prevented through proper equipment use, personal protective equipment, waste disposal, and adherence to standard precautions.
The goal of asepsis is to prevent the contamination of the open surgical wound by isolating the operative site from the surrounding nonsterile environment.1 The surgical team accomplishes this by creating and maintaining the sterile field and by following aseptic principles aimed at preventing microorganisms from contaminating the surgical wound
Clean, aseptic and sterile
Examples of procedures
SCRIPT the procedure to clearly define what is expected and needed from all team members to reduce health care associated infections
Principles of Aseptic technique
The sterilization of surgical instruments is a process that removes all microorganisms from medical instruments before a surgery can take place. Proper sterilization ensures that all equipment has been thoroughly cleaned, sanitized and sterilized, and minimizes the risk of preventable surgical site infections. This process should be completed by a certified central sterilization technician.
An operating theater is a facility within a hospital where surgical operations are carried out in an aseptic environment. Historically, the term "operating theatre" referred to a non-sterile, tiered theater or amphitheater in which students and other spectators could watch surgeons perform surgery.
The goal of asepsis is to prevent the contamination of the open surgical wound by isolating the operative site from the surrounding nonsterile environment.1 The surgical team accomplishes this by creating and maintaining the sterile field and by following aseptic principles aimed at preventing microorganisms from contaminating the surgical wound
Clean, aseptic and sterile
Examples of procedures
SCRIPT the procedure to clearly define what is expected and needed from all team members to reduce health care associated infections
Principles of Aseptic technique
The sterilization of surgical instruments is a process that removes all microorganisms from medical instruments before a surgery can take place. Proper sterilization ensures that all equipment has been thoroughly cleaned, sanitized and sterilized, and minimizes the risk of preventable surgical site infections. This process should be completed by a certified central sterilization technician.
An operating theater is a facility within a hospital where surgical operations are carried out in an aseptic environment. Historically, the term "operating theatre" referred to a non-sterile, tiered theater or amphitheater in which students and other spectators could watch surgeons perform surgery.
this is a very brief guide for medical students and interns who will be going in the o.t for the first time. this presentation includes almost all aspects of o.t.
Surgical instruments are incredibly important for hospitals around the country. They represent a significant investment hospitals make to take care of their patients. As such, they must always be maintained in good working order. Better care and maintenance leads to better patient care as well as cost savings by increasing the tools’ lifespan.
Preventing Infection during Surgery is important. Standard Guidelines help team work on the same page. An update on various preventive strategy is discussed.
this is a very brief guide for medical students and interns who will be going in the o.t for the first time. this presentation includes almost all aspects of o.t.
Surgical instruments are incredibly important for hospitals around the country. They represent a significant investment hospitals make to take care of their patients. As such, they must always be maintained in good working order. Better care and maintenance leads to better patient care as well as cost savings by increasing the tools’ lifespan.
Preventing Infection during Surgery is important. Standard Guidelines help team work on the same page. An update on various preventive strategy is discussed.
Theatre design, one of the most critical steps in hospital construction. When wrongly designed and situated, poses a significant health hazard to both the patient and the environment.
Prevention of Accidents in An Operation Theatre-NURSINGMariaKuriakose5
This is a PowerPoint made to explain various hazards in an operation theater and with its preventive measures.This will hepl the nursing students to go through the important points rather than going into deep studies.
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Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
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Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
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The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
2. SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES
•Define common terms used in operati
theatre nursing
•Outline the principles of theatre design
•Describe the potential hazards in
theatre and how they can be prevented
3. DEFINITION OF TERMS
Operating Suite
•Comprises the operating room with its
immediate axillary areas such as the
anesthetic room, sterile prep room,
disposal room, scrub up room, gowning
room and an exit room.
4. Definition of terms cont….
•Operation – this is an invasive modality of
treatment, where an incision is made into
the body tissue for the purpose of repair or
removal or entrance into the body cavity.
5. Definition of terms cont….
•Peri-operative – this is the total surgical
experience which include pre, intra, &
post operative phases of patient care.
•Surgery- this is a branch of medicine
that deals with pre, intra and post
operative care of the patient.
6. Definition of terms cont….
Antisepsis
•Prevention of sepsis by exclusion,
destruction or inhibition of growth or
multiplication of microbes from body
tissues/fluids
Asepsis
•Absence of microbes that cause disease
7. Definition of terms cont….
Antiseptic
•Is an inorganic compound that combats
sepsis by inhibiting growth of microbes,
not necessarily killing them.
Aseptic Technique
•Methods by which contamination by
microbes is prevented.
8. Definition of terms cont….
Contamination
•Soiled/infected by microbes
Formite
•Inanimate object that may be
contaminated with infectious microbes
and serves to transmit disease
9. Definition of terms cont….
Decontamination
•Refers to cleaning and disinfecting/
sterilizing processes carried out to make
contaminated items safe to handle
10. Definition of terms cont….
Standard Precaution
•Procedures followed to protect
personnel from contact with blood and
body fluids of all patients
Sterile
•State of being free from living microbes,
including all spores
11. Definition of terms cont….
Sterile Field
•The area around site of incision or site
of introduction of instruments that has
been prepared for use of sterile supplies
and equipment
Sterile Technique
•Method by which contamination with
microbes is prevented to maintain
sterility thru out surgical procedure
12. THEATRE DESIGN
•General lay out depends on hospital
plan
•Preferably built on first floor near
casualty, Labour room and ICU.
•May be Single theatre with sterilizing
room, Twin theatre with combined
sterilizing room or Multiple theatre (3 or
more Ors)
13. THEATRE DESIGN- GENERAL
PRINCIPLES
•Sufficient number of ORs to allow cleaning
and preparation for operation under
calm/unhurried
•Heating and air conditioning should be
comfortable for patients and staff
•Operating suite should be free from general
traffic and air movement
14. Theatre design- general
principles cont….
•Rooms of the suite should be arranged
to facilitate continuous progression thru
zones that increasingly approach
sterility
•Direction of air flow should be from
cleaner to less clean areas
15. Theatre design- general principles
cont….
•Walls and floors should be impervious,
easily washable and withstand repeated
application of disinfectants
•Colors should be less tiring to the eyes
(pale-blue, grey, green)
16. AXILLARY ROOMS
RECEPTION & TRANSFER AREAS
•For reception and checking of patients’
particulars
•For transfer of patient from ward onto
theatre trolley/disinfecting ward trolley
wheels before entering the clean zone
17. Clean corridor
•Divides general traffic and clean area of
theatre (demarcates dirty and clean zones)
•Floor hump is used to divide
•Location of the Exchange bay –
inside/outside trolleys, disinfectants,
overboots/gowns
18. Theatre sterilizing & supply
unit (tssu)
•For equipment/instrument preparation
and sterilization
•May be located in the clean zone with
space for storage of pre-sterilized
packages
19. Anaesthetic room
•Should have similar hygienic conditions as
TSSU
•Should be reasonably sound-proof to avoid
interference of general preparations
•Located adjacent to the OR
20. Operating room
•Where surgical procedures take place
•Should be the cleanest with minimal
equipment and personnel
•Should have anaesthetic machine, diathermy,
suction, good lighting/heating/cooling
systems, cardiac monitors etc.
21. Scrub-up room
•Located adjacent to the OR and should be
large enough to allow for gowning and
gloving as well
•Should have deep sinks with elbow or
foot-operated taps (cold and hot water)
22. Soiled utility /sluice room
•To handle soiled instruments/linen after
surgery
•Should preferably be away from the OR
and TSSU
23. Recovery/post-anaesthetic
•For patients recovery from anaesthesia
before going to the ward
•Should be equipped with individual suction
apparatus, oxygen supply, monitors for
accurate observation and nursing
25. Lighting
•Windows are discouraged in theatre
because day light is distracting to the eyes
•Theatres require efficient system of artificial
lighting
•A full automatic emergence lighting system
should be available for stand-by
26. Lighting cont….
•Emergency lighting should be tested
regularly to ensure absolute reliability
•Apart from having an in-built emergency
lighting system, mobile emergency lighting
fittings are necessary as alternatives when
the in-built system fails
27. Types of Operating Theatre
Lighting
1. Multi Reflector Luminaire
•Scialytic – This type of lighting has an optical
lens with a single lamp of 100 - 150watts
•Metallic reflector light fitting has metal
reflectors which are heavily polished and
radiates light rays.
28. 2. Multi Lamp Luminaire:
This type of lighting has 6 – 9
separate lamps each lamp is
40watts and are placed in single
housing unit
They provide shadowless lighting
29. Ventilation
•Artificial ventilation is recommended in
theatres
•Air conditioning plant should be installed in
the operating suite to help maintain room
temps between 18.5-22oC and humidity
between 50-55%
30. Types of ventilation systems
1. Plenum ventilation system
•This system is fitted on roof of the building
•Sucks air from the environment purifies,
humidifies, heats or cools the air and pushes the
air at high pressure through its diffusers
•Highest pressure is in the operating room and
lowest is in the dirty corridor
31. 2. Ultra cleaning ventilation
system
•This is an advanced system used in vascular
and transplant surgery reduces post
operative infection by 0.6%
•Pushes air through its diffusers at higher
velocity
•It is 90% efficient
32. POTENTIAL HAZARDS IN
THEATRE AND PREVENTION
•Theatres have been full of hazards for both
patients and care-givers
•Primary dangers include fires, exposure to
anaesthetic agents and direct exposure to
biological materials
•Potential for physical injury from electric shock,
explosions and inhalation of toxic substances
33. HAZARDS IN THEATRE
•Faulty equipment or improper usage
increases the risk
•Staff should have knowledge of hazards
associated with equipt use, causes of
accidental injuries and sources of health
risks
34. Hazards in theatre cont….
•All individuals working in theatre have
personal responsibility to ensure safe
working environment for themselves and
others
35. Classification of hazards
•Physical hazards: Injuries, falls, noise,
electricity, radiation and fire
•Chemical hazards: Anaesthetic gases,
toxic fumes from gases & liquids,
disinfectants & cytotoxic drugs
36. Classification of hazards cont….
Biological hazards:
•Patients as hosts of pathogens,
infectious/clinical waste, cuts and needle
stick injuries and latex sensitivity
37. Prevention of physical hazards
•Staff must use all electro-medical equipment
according to manufacturer’s instructions e.g.
do not operate them with wet hands, do not
put liquids on top of equipment to avoid
spillage and short circuit
38. Prevention of physical hazards
cont….
•Staff must use proper body mechanics to
avoid back pain, as they stand for long hours
in awkward positions
•Proper shoes should be worn for comfort
and safety
•Operating table heights should be adjusted
appropriately
39. Prevention of physical hazards
cont….
•Staff and patients must be protected from
radiation during exposure to minimize
development of cancer, genetic mutations,
spontaneous abortions and congenital
abnormalities
40. Prevention of physical hazards
cont….
•Keep anaesthetic machines, gas cylinders
and flammable liquid containers away from
sources of heat and should not touch each
other
•Do not grease or oil vials for gas cylinders or
anaesthetic machines
41. Prevention of physical hazards
cont….
•All operating suites should have fire warning
and safety systems
•All staff should be familiar with location and
operation of fire alarms and fire
extinguishers
42. Prevention of chemical hazards
•Theatres should have closed absorption
technique (scavenging system) to absorb
anaesthetic gases and restrict their
circulation into the air
•All items sterilized with Ethelyn Oxide should
be aerated for 24hrs to prevent dizziness,
N/V, cancer
43. Prevention of chemical hazards
cont….
•Gloves, masks and goggles should be worn
when using disinfectants such as
Glutaraldehyde (Cidex) and should be diluted
in proper concentrations to prevent irritating
the eyes and skin
•Safety precautions should be observed when
administering cytotoxic drugs
44. Prevention of biological hazards
•Treat all body fluids as infectious
•Supervisors should ensure that appropriate
protective materials are available and staff should
be encouraged to use them
•Clinical waste should be handled and disposed
appropriately and separate from domestic waste
45. Prevention of chemical hazards
•Standard precautions should be adequately
communicated and reinforced to ensure
compliance and protect staff from
occupational injuries such as needle stick
pricks
