ff(xx),
ff(xx) + λλ ∫ KK(xx, tt)uu0(tt)dddd,
xx
0
(14)
1. This document discusses the Picard iteration method for solving fractional integro-differential equations. The fractional derivative is considered in the Caputo sense.
2. The proposed Picard iteration method reduces fractional integro-differential equations to standard integral equations of the second kind.
3. Some test problems are considered to demonstrate the accuracy and convergence of the presented Picard iteration method for solving fractional integro-differential equations. Numerical results show the approach is easy and accurate.
A Generalized Sampling Theorem Over Galois Field Domains for Experimental Des...csandit
In this paper, the sampling theorem for bandlimited functions over
domains is
generalized to one over ∏
domains. The generalized theorem is applicable to the
experimental design model in which each factor has a different number of levels and enables us
to estimate the parameters in the model by using Fourier transforms. Moreover, the relationship
between the proposed sampling theorem and orthogonal arrays is also provided.
KEY
RESIDUALS AND INFLUENCE IN NONLINEAR REGRESSION FOR REPEATED MEASUREMENT DATAorajjournal
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show us detection of single and multiple outliers cases in repeated measurement data. We use these techniques
to explore performance of residuals and influence in nonlinear regression model.
A Class of Polynomials Associated with Differential Operator and with a Gener...iosrjce
The object of this paper is to present several classes of linear and bilateral generating relations by
employing operational techniques, which reduces as a special case of (known or new) bilateral generating
relations.At last some of generating functions associated with stirling number of second kind are also discussed.
A Generalized Sampling Theorem Over Galois Field Domains for Experimental Des...csandit
In this paper, the sampling theorem for bandlimited functions over
domains is
generalized to one over ∏
domains. The generalized theorem is applicable to the
experimental design model in which each factor has a different number of levels and enables us
to estimate the parameters in the model by using Fourier transforms. Moreover, the relationship
between the proposed sampling theorem and orthogonal arrays is also provided.
KEY
RESIDUALS AND INFLUENCE IN NONLINEAR REGRESSION FOR REPEATED MEASUREMENT DATAorajjournal
All observations don’t have equal significance in regression analysis. Diagnostics of observations is an important aspect of model building. In this paper, we use diagnostics method to detect residuals and influential points in nonlinear regression for repeated measurement data. Cook distance and Gauss newton method have been proposed to identify the outliers in nonlinear regression analysis and parameter estimation. Most of these techniques based on graphical representations of residuals, hat matrix and case deletion measures. The results
show us detection of single and multiple outliers cases in repeated measurement data. We use these techniques
to explore performance of residuals and influence in nonlinear regression model.
A Class of Polynomials Associated with Differential Operator and with a Gener...iosrjce
The object of this paper is to present several classes of linear and bilateral generating relations by
employing operational techniques, which reduces as a special case of (known or new) bilateral generating
relations.At last some of generating functions associated with stirling number of second kind are also discussed.
Given a graph G=(V,E), two subsets S_1 and S_2 of the vertex set V are homometric, if their distance multi sets are equal. The homometric number h(G) of a graph G is the largest integer k such that there exist two disjoint homometric subsets of cardinality k. We find lower bounds for the homometric number of the Mycielskian of a graph and the join and the lexicographic product of two graphs. We also obtain the homometric number of the double graph of a graph, the cartesian product of any graph with K_2 and the complete bipartite graph. We also introduce a new concept called weak homometric number and find weak homometric number of some graphs.
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IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
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AN ARITHMETIC OPERATION ON HEXADECAGONAL FUZZY NUMBERijfls
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number is defined and basic arithmetic operations are performed using interval arithmetic of cut and
illustrated with numerical examples.
A System of Estimators of the Population Mean under Two-Phase Sampling in Pre...Premier Publishers
This paper deals with estimation of the population mean under two-phase sampling. Utilizing information on two-auxiliary variables, a system of estimators for estimating the finite population mean is proposed and its properties, up to the first order of approximation, are studied. As particular cases various estimators are suggested. The performance of suggested estimators is compared with some contemporary estimators of the population mean through numerical illustrations carried over the data set of some natural populations. Also, a small-scale Monte Carlo simulation is carried out for the empirical comparison.
The best sextic approximation of hyperbola with order twelveIJECEIAES
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Comparison of Several Numerical Algorithms with the use of Predictor and Corr...ijtsrd
In this paper, we introduce various numerical methods for the solutions of ordinary differential equations and its application. We consider the Taylor series, Runge Kutta, Euler's methods problem to solve the Adam's Predictor, Corrector and Milne's Predictor, Corrector to get the exact solution and the approximate solution. Subhashini | Srividhya. B "Comparison of Several Numerical Algorithms with the use of Predictor and Corrector for solving ode" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-6 , October 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd29318.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/mathemetics/other/29318/comparison-of-several-numerical-algorithms-with-the-use-of-predictor-and-corrector-for-solving-ode/subhashini
A Probabilistic Algorithm for Computation of Polynomial Greatest Common with ...mathsjournal
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In this paper, we will give a probabilistic algorithm to determine the variant 𝜏 correctly in most cases by adding a few steps instead of computing 𝑡(𝑥) when given 𝑓(𝑥) and𝑔(𝑥) ∈ ℤ[𝑥], where 𝑡(𝑥) satisfies that 𝑠(𝑥)𝑓(𝑥) + 𝑡(𝑥)𝑔(𝑥) = 𝑟(𝑥), here 𝑡(𝑥), 𝑠(𝑥) ∈ ℤ[𝑥]
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Symmetric quadratic tetration interpolation using forward and backward opera...IJECEIAES
The existed interpolation method, based on the second-order tetration polynomial, has the asymmetric property. The interpolation results, for each considering region, give individual characteristics. Although the interpolation performance has been better than the conventional methods, the symmetric property for signal interpolation is also necessary. In this paper, we propose the symmetric interpolation formulas derived from the second-order tetration polynomial. The combination of the forward and backward operations was employed to construct two types of the symmetric interpolation. Several resolutions of the fundamental signals were used to evaluate the signal reconstruction performance. The results show that the proposed interpolations can be used to reconstruct the fundamental signal and its peak signal to noise ratio (PSNR) is superior to the conventional interpolation methods, except the cubic spline interpolation for the sine wave signal. However, the visual results show that it has a small difference. Moreover, our proposed interpolations converge to the steady-state faster than the cubic spline interpolation. In addition, the option number increasing will reinforce their sensitivity.
Given a graph G=(V,E), two subsets S_1 and S_2 of the vertex set V are homometric, if their distance multi sets are equal. The homometric number h(G) of a graph G is the largest integer k such that there exist two disjoint homometric subsets of cardinality k. We find lower bounds for the homometric number of the Mycielskian of a graph and the join and the lexicographic product of two graphs. We also obtain the homometric number of the double graph of a graph, the cartesian product of any graph with K_2 and the complete bipartite graph. We also introduce a new concept called weak homometric number and find weak homometric number of some graphs.
Symbolic Computation via Gröbner BasisIJERA Editor
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IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Correlation measure for intuitionistic fuzzy multi setseSAT Journals
Abstract In this paper, the Correlation measure of Intuitionistic Fuzzy Multi sets (IFMS) is proposed. The concept of this Correlation measure of IFMS is the extension of Correlation measure of IFS. Using the Correlation of IFMS measure, the application of medical diagnosis and pattern recognition are presented. The new method also shows that the correlation measure of any two IFMS equals one if and only if the two IFMS are the same. Keywords: Intuitionistic fuzzy set, Intuitionistic Fuzzy Multi sets, Correlation measure.
AN ARITHMETIC OPERATION ON HEXADECAGONAL FUZZY NUMBERijfls
In this paper, a new form of fuzzy number named as Hexadecagonal Fuzzy Number is introduced as it is not
possible to restrict the membership function to any specific form. The cut of Hexadecagonal fuzzy
number is defined and basic arithmetic operations are performed using interval arithmetic of cut and
illustrated with numerical examples.
A System of Estimators of the Population Mean under Two-Phase Sampling in Pre...Premier Publishers
This paper deals with estimation of the population mean under two-phase sampling. Utilizing information on two-auxiliary variables, a system of estimators for estimating the finite population mean is proposed and its properties, up to the first order of approximation, are studied. As particular cases various estimators are suggested. The performance of suggested estimators is compared with some contemporary estimators of the population mean through numerical illustrations carried over the data set of some natural populations. Also, a small-scale Monte Carlo simulation is carried out for the empirical comparison.
The best sextic approximation of hyperbola with order twelveIJECEIAES
In this article, the best uniform approximation for the hyperbola of degree 6 that has approximation order 12 is found. The associated error function vanishes 12 times and equioscillates 13 times. For an arc of the hyperbola, the error is bounded by 2:4 10 4 . We explain the details of the derivation and show how to apply the method. The method is simple and this encourages and motivates people working in CG and CAD to apply it in their works.
Comparison of Several Numerical Algorithms with the use of Predictor and Corr...ijtsrd
In this paper, we introduce various numerical methods for the solutions of ordinary differential equations and its application. We consider the Taylor series, Runge Kutta, Euler's methods problem to solve the Adam's Predictor, Corrector and Milne's Predictor, Corrector to get the exact solution and the approximate solution. Subhashini | Srividhya. B "Comparison of Several Numerical Algorithms with the use of Predictor and Corrector for solving ode" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-6 , October 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd29318.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/mathemetics/other/29318/comparison-of-several-numerical-algorithms-with-the-use-of-predictor-and-corrector-for-solving-ode/subhashini
A Probabilistic Algorithm for Computation of Polynomial Greatest Common with ...mathsjournal
In the earlier work, Knuth present an algorithm to decrease the coefficient growth in the Euclidean algorithm of polynomials called subresultant algorithm. However, the output polynomials may have a small factor which can be removed. Then later, Brown of Bell Telephone Laboratories showed the subresultant in another way by adding a variant called 𝜏 and gave a way to compute the variant. Nevertheless, the way failed to determine every 𝜏 correctly.
In this paper, we will give a probabilistic algorithm to determine the variant 𝜏 correctly in most cases by adding a few steps instead of computing 𝑡(𝑥) when given 𝑓(𝑥) and𝑔(𝑥) ∈ ℤ[𝑥], where 𝑡(𝑥) satisfies that 𝑠(𝑥)𝑓(𝑥) + 𝑡(𝑥)𝑔(𝑥) = 𝑟(𝑥), here 𝑡(𝑥), 𝑠(𝑥) ∈ ℤ[𝑥]
On solving fuzzy delay differential equationusing bezier curves IJECEIAES
In this article, we plan to use Bezier curves method to solve linear fuzzy delay differential equations. A Bezier curves method is presented and modified to solve fuzzy delay problems taking the advantages of the fuzzy set theory properties. The approximate solution with different degrees is compared to the exact solution to confirm that the linear fuzzy delay differential equations process is accurate and efficient. Numerical example is explained and analyzed involved first order linear fuzzy delay differential equations to demonstrate these proper features of this proposed problem.
Symmetric quadratic tetration interpolation using forward and backward opera...IJECEIAES
The existed interpolation method, based on the second-order tetration polynomial, has the asymmetric property. The interpolation results, for each considering region, give individual characteristics. Although the interpolation performance has been better than the conventional methods, the symmetric property for signal interpolation is also necessary. In this paper, we propose the symmetric interpolation formulas derived from the second-order tetration polynomial. The combination of the forward and backward operations was employed to construct two types of the symmetric interpolation. Several resolutions of the fundamental signals were used to evaluate the signal reconstruction performance. The results show that the proposed interpolations can be used to reconstruct the fundamental signal and its peak signal to noise ratio (PSNR) is superior to the conventional interpolation methods, except the cubic spline interpolation for the sine wave signal. However, the visual results show that it has a small difference. Moreover, our proposed interpolations converge to the steady-state faster than the cubic spline interpolation. In addition, the option number increasing will reinforce their sensitivity.
In this chapter, the authors extend the theory of
the generalized difference Operator ∆L to the generalized
difference operator of the 풏
풕풉kind denoted by ∆L Where L
=푳 = {풍ퟏ,풍ퟐ,….풍풏} of positive reals풍ퟏ,풍ퟐ,….풍풏and obtain some
interesting results on the relation between the generalized
polynomial factorial of the first kind, 풏
풕풉kind and algebraic
polynomials. Also formulae for the sum of the general
partial sums of products of several powers of consecutive
terms of an Arithmetic progression in number theory are
derived.
A GENERALIZED SAMPLING THEOREM OVER GALOIS FIELD DOMAINS FOR EXPERIMENTAL DESIGNcscpconf
In this paper, the sampling theorem for bandlimited functions over
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generalized to one over ∏
domains. The generalized theorem is applicable to the
experimental design model in which each factor has a different number of levels and enables us
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between the proposed sampling theorem and orthogonal arrays is also provided.
Numerical Solution Of Delay Differential Equations Using The Adomian Decompos...theijes
Adomian Decomposition Method has been applied to obtain approximate solution to a wide class of ordinary and partial differential equation problems arising from Physics, Chemistry, Biology and Engineering. In this paper, a numerical solution of delay differential Equations (DDE) based on the Adomian Decomposition Method (ADM) is presented. The solutions obtained were without discretization nor linearization. Example problems were solved for demonstration. Keywords: Adomian Decomposition, Delay Differential Equations (DDE), Functional Equations , Method of Characteristic.
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ABSTRACT: In this article a three point boundary value problem associated with a second order differential equation with integral type boundary conditions is proposed. Then its solution is developed with the help of the Green’s function associated with the homogeneous equation. Using this idea and Iteration method is proposed to solve the corresponding linear problem.
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On The Numerical Solution of Picard Iteration Method for Fractional Integro - Differential Equation
1. International Journal of Scientific and Research Publications, Volume 9, Issue 3, March 2019 367
ISSN 2250-3153
http://dx.doi.org/10.29322/IJSRP.9.03.2019.p8757 www.ijsrp.org
On The Numerical Solution of Picard Iteration Method
for Fractional Integro - Differential Equation
*1
Ilejimi D.O, 2
Okai J.O and 3
Raheem R.L
*1 Department of Mathematical Sciences, Federal University of Agriculture Abeokuta
2Department of Mathematical Sciences, Abubakar Tafawa Balewa University, Bauchi, Nigeria
3African Institute for Mathematical Sciences, Ghana.
DOI: 10.29322/IJSRP.9.03.2019.p8757
http://dx.doi.org/10.29322/IJSRP.9.03.2019.p8757
Abstract: In this paper, the concept of Successive Approximation method also called the Picard Iteration Method
(PIM) for solving Fractional integro-differential equations is introduced. The fractional derivative is considered in
the Caputo sense [6]. The proposed method reduces the equation into a standard integro integral equation of the
second kind. Some test problems are considered to demonstrate the accuracy and the convergence of the
presented method.
Numerical results show’s that this approach is easy and accurate when applied to fractional integro-differential
equations.
Keywords: Picard Iteration method; Volterra fractional integro-differential equation; Fredholm fractional integro-
differential equation.
I. Introduction
Fractional calculus has a long history from 30 September 1695, when the derivative of order 𝛼𝛼 = 1/2 has been
described by Leibniz [7]. The theory of derivatives and integrals of non-integer order goes back to Leibniz,
Liouville, Grȕnwald, Letnikov and Riemann. There are many interesting books about fractional calculus and
fractional differential equations [7]. Our main focus is the Caputo definition which turns out to be of great
usefulness in real-life applications.
In the past decade, mathematicians have devoted effort to the study of explicit and numerical solutions to linear
and nonlinear fraction differential equations [3-4]. An extensive amount of research has been done on fractional
calculus, such as [5]. Over the past few years, a number of fractional calculus applications are being used and in the
field of science, engineering and economics [6]. Research on linear and non-linear differential equations and
linearization techniques has gained quite a momentum due the rapidly proliferating use and recent developments
of fractional calculus in these fields [5].
II. Preliminaries
Definition 1
The Riemann–Liouville fractional integral operator of order α ≥ 0 of the function f ∈ Cµ, µ ≥ −1 is defined as
𝐽𝐽α
𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) =
1
Γ(α)
� (𝑥𝑥 − µ)α−1
𝑓𝑓(µ)𝑑𝑑µ,
𝑥𝑥
𝑎𝑎
(1)
2. International Journal of Scientific and Research Publications, Volume 9, Issue 3, March 2019 368
ISSN 2250-3153
http://dx.doi.org/10.29322/IJSRP.9.03.2019.p8757 www.ijsrp.org
α > 0, x > 0
𝐽𝐽α
𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) = 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) (2)
When we formulate the model of real-world problems with fractional calculus, The Riemann–Liouville have
certain disadvantages. Caputo proposed in his work on the theory of viscoelasticity [9] a modified fractional
differential operator 𝐷𝐷∗
α
.
Definition 2
The fraction derivative of 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) in Caputo sense is defined as
𝐷𝐷 𝛼𝛼
𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) = 𝐽𝐽 𝑚𝑚−α
𝐷𝐷 𝑚𝑚
𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) =
1
Γ(m − α)
� (𝑥𝑥 − η) 𝑚𝑚−α−1
𝑓𝑓(𝑚𝑚)
(η)
𝑥𝑥
0
𝑑𝑑η
For (3)
m − 1 < α ≤ m, m ∈ N, x > 0, f ∈ 𝐶𝐶−1
𝑚𝑚
Definition 3
The left sided Riemann–Liouville fractional integral operator of the order 𝜇𝜇3
0 of a function 𝑓𝑓 ∈ 𝐶𝐶𝜇𝜇,
𝜇𝜇3
− 1, is defined as
𝑗𝑗 𝛼𝛼
𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) =
1
𝛤𝛤(𝑥𝑥)
∫
𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥)
(𝑥𝑥−𝑡𝑡)1−𝛼𝛼 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑, 𝛼𝛼 > 0, 𝑥𝑥 > 0,
1
0
(4)
𝑗𝑗 𝛼𝛼
𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) = 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) (5)
Definition 4
Let ∈ 𝐶𝐶−1
𝑚𝑚
1, 𝑚𝑚 ∈ 𝑁𝑁 ∪ {0}. Then the Caputo fractional derivative of 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) is defined as
𝐷𝐷 𝛼𝛼
𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) = �
𝑗𝑗 𝑚𝑚−𝛼𝛼𝑓𝑓 𝑚𝑚,(𝑥𝑥), 𝑚𝑚−1 < 𝛼𝛼 ≤ 𝑚𝑚, 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚,
𝐷𝐷 𝑚𝑚 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥)
𝐷𝐷𝑥𝑥 𝑚𝑚 , 𝛼𝛼 = 𝑚𝑚
(6)
Hence, we have the following properties:
(1) 𝑗𝑗 𝛼𝛼
𝑗𝑗𝑣𝑣
𝑓𝑓 = 𝑗𝑗 𝛼𝛼+𝑣𝑣
𝑓𝑓, 𝛼𝛼, 𝑣𝑣 > 0, 𝑓𝑓 ∈ 𝐶𝐶𝜇𝜇, 𝜇𝜇 > 0
𝑗𝑗 𝛼𝛼
𝑥𝑥 𝛾𝛾
=
Γ(γ+1)
Γ(α+γ+1)
𝑥𝑥 𝛼𝛼+𝛾𝛾
, 𝛼𝛼 > 0, 𝛾𝛾 > −1, 𝑥𝑥 > 0
𝑗𝑗 𝛼𝛼
𝐷𝐷𝛼𝛼
𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) = 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) − ∑ 𝑓𝑓 𝑘𝑘(0+)
𝑥𝑥 𝑘𝑘
𝑘𝑘
, 𝑥𝑥 > 0, 𝑚𝑚 − 1 < 𝛼𝛼 ≤ 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚−1
𝑘𝑘=0
𝐷𝐷𝑗𝑗 𝛼𝛼
𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) = 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥), 𝑥𝑥 > 0, 𝑚𝑚 − 1 < 𝛼𝛼 ≤ 𝑚𝑚
𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷 = 0, 𝐶𝐶 𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 𝑡𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑒 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐
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�
0, 𝛽𝛽 ∈ 𝑁𝑁0, 𝛽𝛽 < [𝛼𝛼],
𝐷𝐷 𝛼𝛼
𝑥𝑥 𝛽𝛽
=
Ã(𝛽𝛽+1)
Ã(𝛽𝛽−𝛼𝛼+1)𝑋𝑋 𝛽𝛽−𝛼𝛼 , 𝛽𝛽 ∈ 𝑁𝑁0, 𝛽𝛽 ≥ [𝛼𝛼]
Where [α] denoted the smallest integer greater than or equal to α and 𝑁𝑁0 = {0,1,2, … }
Definition 5
An integral equation is an equation in which the unknown function 𝑦𝑦(𝑥𝑥) appears under an integral-signs (4) and
(5).
A standard integral equation 𝑦𝑦(𝑥𝑥) is of the form:
𝑦𝑦(𝑥𝑥) = 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) + 𝜆𝜆 ∫ 𝐾𝐾(𝑥𝑥, 𝑡𝑡)𝑦𝑦(𝑡𝑡)𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
ℎ(𝑥𝑥)
𝑔𝑔(𝑥𝑥)
(7)
Where 𝑔𝑔(𝑥𝑥) and 𝑦𝑦(𝑥𝑥) are the limits of integration, λ is a constant parameter, and 𝐾𝐾(𝑥𝑥, 𝑡𝑡) is a function of two
variable 𝑥𝑥 and 𝑡𝑡 called the kernel or the nucleolus of the integral equation. The function 𝑦𝑦(𝑥𝑥) that will be
determined appears under the integral sign and also appears inside and outside the integral sign as well. It is to be
noted that the limits of integration 𝑔𝑔(𝑥𝑥) and ℎ(𝑥𝑥) may be both variables, constants or mixed [8].
Definition 6
An integro-differential equation is an equation in which the unknown function 𝑦𝑦(𝑥𝑥) appears under an integral sign
and contain ordinary derivatives 𝑦𝑦(𝑛𝑛)
(𝑥𝑥) as well. A standard integro-differential equation is of the form:
𝑦𝑦(𝑛𝑛)(𝑥𝑥) = 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) + 𝜆𝜆 ∫ 𝐾𝐾(𝑥𝑥, 𝑡𝑡)𝑦𝑦(𝑡𝑡)𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
ℎ(𝑥𝑥)
𝑔𝑔(𝑥𝑥)
(8)
Integral equations and integro-differential equations are classified into distinct types according to limits of
integration and the kernel 𝐾𝐾(𝑥𝑥; 𝑡𝑡) are as prescribed before [7]
1. If the limits of the integration are fixed, then the integral equation is called a Fredholm integral
equation and is of the form:
𝑦𝑦(𝑥𝑥) = 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) + 𝜆𝜆 ∫ 𝐾𝐾(𝑥𝑥, 𝑡𝑡)𝑦𝑦(𝑡𝑡)𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
𝑏𝑏
𝑎𝑎
(9)
2. If at least one limits is a variable, then the equation is called a Volterra integral equation and is given
as:
𝑦𝑦(𝑥𝑥) = 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) + 𝜆𝜆 ∫ 𝐾𝐾(𝑥𝑥, 𝑡𝑡)𝑦𝑦(𝑡𝑡)𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
𝑏𝑏
𝑎𝑎
(10)
III. Fundamentals of The Picard Iteration Method
The
successive approximations method, also called the Picard iteration method provides a scheme that can be used
for solving initial value problems or integral equations. This method solves any problem by finding successive
approximations to the solution by starting with an initial guess, called the zeroth approximation. As will be seen,
the zeroth approximation is any selective real-valued function that will be used in a recurrence relation to
determine the other approximations [8].
Given the linear Volterra integral equation of the second kind
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𝑢𝑢(𝑥𝑥) = 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) + 𝜆𝜆 ∫ 𝐾𝐾(𝑥𝑥, 𝑡𝑡)𝑢𝑢(𝑡𝑡)𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑, (11)
𝑥𝑥
0
Where u(x) is the unknown function to be determined, 𝐾𝐾(𝑥𝑥, 𝑡𝑡) is the kernel, and λ is a parameter. The
successive approximations method introduces the recurrence relation
𝑢𝑢𝑛𝑛(𝑥𝑥) = 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) + 𝜆𝜆 ∫ 𝐾𝐾(𝑥𝑥, 𝑡𝑡) 𝑢𝑢𝑛𝑛−1(𝑡𝑡)𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑, 𝑛𝑛 ≥ 1, (12)
𝑥𝑥
0
Where the zeroth approximation 𝑢𝑢0(𝑥𝑥) can be any selective real valued function. We always start with an initial
guess for 𝑢𝑢0(𝑥𝑥), mostly we select 0,1, 𝑥𝑥 for 𝑢𝑢0(𝑥𝑥).
In this paper, we will consider
𝑢𝑢0(𝑥𝑥) = 0 (13)
and by using (12), several successive approximations 𝑢𝑢𝑘𝑘, 𝑘𝑘 ≥ 1 will be determined as
𝑢𝑢1(𝑥𝑥) = 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) + 𝜆𝜆 ∫ 𝐾𝐾(𝑥𝑥, 𝑡𝑡)𝑢𝑢0(𝑡𝑡)𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑,
𝑥𝑥
0
𝑢𝑢2(𝑥𝑥) = 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) + 𝜆𝜆 ∫ 𝐾𝐾(𝑥𝑥, 𝑡𝑡)𝑢𝑢1(𝑡𝑡)𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑,
𝑥𝑥
0
𝑢𝑢3(𝑥𝑥) = 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) + 𝜆𝜆 ∫ 𝐾𝐾(𝑥𝑥, 𝑡𝑡)𝑢𝑢2(𝑡𝑡)𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑,
𝑥𝑥
0
.
. (14)
.
𝑢𝑢𝑛𝑛(𝑥𝑥) = 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) + 𝜆𝜆 ∫ 𝐾𝐾(𝑥𝑥, 𝑡𝑡)𝑢𝑢𝑛𝑛−1(𝑡𝑡)𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑,
𝑥𝑥
0
IV. Numerical Examples
Program 1:
Consider the following fractional integro-differential equation:
𝐷𝐷
3
4(𝑦𝑦(𝑡𝑡)) =
6𝑡𝑡9/4
Γ�
13
14
�
+ �
−𝑡𝑡2exp(𝑡𝑡)
5
� 𝑦𝑦(𝑡𝑡) + ∫ 𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒(𝑡𝑡)𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥(𝑥𝑥)𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑, 0 ≤ 𝑥𝑥 ≤ 1,
𝑡𝑡
0
(15)
Subject to 𝑦𝑦(0) = 0 with exact solution 𝑦𝑦(𝑡𝑡) = 𝑡𝑡3
(16)
Applying 𝐽𝐽3/4
to both sides of (15) and applying (6) yields
𝑦𝑦(𝑡𝑡) =
6
Γ�
13
14
�
𝐽𝐽3/4
�𝑡𝑡9/4
� −
1
5
𝐽𝐽
3
4 �
𝑡𝑡2 exp(𝑡𝑡)
5
� 𝑦𝑦(𝑡𝑡) + 𝐽𝐽3/4 �exp(𝑡𝑡) ∫ 𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥(𝑥𝑥)𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
𝑡𝑡
0
� (17)
Applying:
𝑦𝑦0(𝑡𝑡) = 0 and (12), we have the following iterations:
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𝑦𝑦1(𝑡𝑡) = 𝑦𝑦2(𝑡𝑡) = 𝑦𝑦3(𝑡𝑡) = 𝑦𝑦4(𝑡𝑡) = 𝑦𝑦5(𝑡𝑡) = 𝑦𝑦6(𝑡𝑡) = 𝑡𝑡3
Which coincides with the exact solution.
Problem 2:
Consider the following fractional integro-differential equation:
𝐷𝐷
1
2(𝑢𝑢(𝑥𝑥)) =
�
8
4
�𝑥𝑥
3
2−2𝑥𝑥1/2
√𝜋𝜋
+
𝑥𝑥
12
+ ∫ 𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥(𝑡𝑡)𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑, 0 ≤ 𝑥𝑥 ≤ 1,
1
0
(18)
Subject to 𝑢𝑢(0) = 0 with exact solution 𝐵𝐵(𝑥𝑥) = 𝑥𝑥2
− 𝑥𝑥 (19)
Applying 𝐽𝐽1/2
(Half fractional integral) to both sides of (18) and applying (6) yields
𝑢𝑢(𝑥𝑥) = 𝑥𝑥2
− 𝑥𝑥 +
1
2
𝐽𝐽0.5[𝑥𝑥] + 𝐽𝐽0.5 �∫ 𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥(𝑡𝑡)𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
1
0
� (20)
Choosing 𝑢𝑢0(𝑥𝑥) = 0 and applying (12), gives:
𝑢𝑢1(𝑥𝑥) = 𝑥𝑥2
− 𝑥𝑥 +
𝑥𝑥3/2
9√𝜋𝜋
𝑢𝑢2(𝑥𝑥) = 𝑥𝑥2
− 𝑥𝑥 +
8𝑥𝑥3/2
189𝜋𝜋
𝑢𝑢3(𝑥𝑥) = 𝑥𝑥2
+
32𝑥𝑥3/2
567𝜋𝜋√𝜋𝜋
𝑢𝑢4(𝑥𝑥) = 𝑥𝑥2
− 𝑥𝑥 +
256𝑥𝑥3/2
11907𝜋𝜋2
𝑢𝑢5(𝑥𝑥) = 𝑥𝑥2
− 𝑥𝑥 +
2048𝑥𝑥3/2
250047𝜋𝜋5/2
𝑢𝑢6(𝑥𝑥) = 𝑥𝑥2
− 𝑥𝑥 +
16384𝑥𝑥
3
2
5250987𝜋𝜋3
Therefore, the series solution is
𝑢𝑢(𝑥𝑥) = 𝑥𝑥2
− 𝑥𝑥 +
16384𝑥𝑥
3
2
5250987𝜋𝜋3
Table of Numerical results for Problem 2
X Picard(n=6) Exact Solution Abs. Error
0 0 0 0
0.5 -0.249964436 -0.25 3.55644E-05
1 0.000100591 0 0.000100591
1.5 0.750184798 0.75 0.000184798
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2 2.000284515 2 0.000284515
2.5 3.750397622 3.75 0.000397622
3 6.000522688 6 0.000522688
3.5 8.750658662 8.75 0.000658662
4 12.00080473 12 0.00080473
4.5 15.75096024 15.75 0.000960239
5 20.00112465 20 0.001124645
Graphical Representation of Problem 2:
V. Conclusion
In this paper, Successive approximation method also known as Picard Iteration method (PIM) was
applied to a transformed fractional integro-differential equations, the results when compared with other
methods yields a better results.
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