This document summarizes the physiology of smell (olfaction). It describes the key components of the olfactory system including olfactory receptor cells in the nose, olfactory bulb, and olfactory cortex. It explains how odorant molecules bind to receptors on olfactory cells, triggering a signaling cascade that leads to nerve impulses being transmitted along the olfactory nerve to the olfactory bulb and cortex. The glomeruli in the olfactory bulb are where olfactory receptor neurons synapse with mitral cells to transmit smell information to the brain.
Smell and taste by Pandian M. Dept of Physiology, DYPMCKOP,MHPandian M
Describe the basic features of the neural elements in the olfactory epithelium and olfactory bulb.
Describe signal transduction in odorant receptors.
Outline the pathway by which impulses generated in the olfactory epithelium reach the olfactory cortex.
Describe the location and cellular composition of taste buds.
Name the five major taste receptors and signal transduction mechanisms in these receptors.
Outline the pathways by which impulses generated in taste receptors reach the insular cortex.
Olfaction is one the major sense. In the following presentation, a brief description of the olfactory system is given. In this following topics are discussed: olfactory membrane, olfactory bulb, odor pathway, anosmia, directional smelling and plasticity. By the end of it, you will be able to describe the olfactory pathway of the nervous system.
Smell & Taste theory updated on 2021 BY PANDIAN M. Pandian M
10.13 & 10.14 Describe and discuss perception of smell and taste sensation
At the end of the session, the first phase MBBS student should be able to
1] Describe the location, structure, and afferent pathways of taste receptors.
2]Describe the location, structure, and afferent pathways of smell receptors.
3]Name the basic taste sensations, identify the five distinct gustatory modalities.
4] describe the cells of a taste bud.
5] explain how taste receptors are activated and explain the mechanism of taste transduction for each taste quality.
6] explain how olfactory receptors are activated and explain the mechanism of olfactory transduction.
7] identify the three cranial nerves that transmit taste information to the cerebral cortex.
Smell and taste by Pandian M. Dept of Physiology, DYPMCKOP,MHPandian M
Describe the basic features of the neural elements in the olfactory epithelium and olfactory bulb.
Describe signal transduction in odorant receptors.
Outline the pathway by which impulses generated in the olfactory epithelium reach the olfactory cortex.
Describe the location and cellular composition of taste buds.
Name the five major taste receptors and signal transduction mechanisms in these receptors.
Outline the pathways by which impulses generated in taste receptors reach the insular cortex.
Olfaction is one the major sense. In the following presentation, a brief description of the olfactory system is given. In this following topics are discussed: olfactory membrane, olfactory bulb, odor pathway, anosmia, directional smelling and plasticity. By the end of it, you will be able to describe the olfactory pathway of the nervous system.
Smell & Taste theory updated on 2021 BY PANDIAN M. Pandian M
10.13 & 10.14 Describe and discuss perception of smell and taste sensation
At the end of the session, the first phase MBBS student should be able to
1] Describe the location, structure, and afferent pathways of taste receptors.
2]Describe the location, structure, and afferent pathways of smell receptors.
3]Name the basic taste sensations, identify the five distinct gustatory modalities.
4] describe the cells of a taste bud.
5] explain how taste receptors are activated and explain the mechanism of taste transduction for each taste quality.
6] explain how olfactory receptors are activated and explain the mechanism of olfactory transduction.
7] identify the three cranial nerves that transmit taste information to the cerebral cortex.
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The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
Instructions for Submissions thorugh G- Classroom.pptxJheel Barad
This presentation provides a briefing on how to upload submissions and documents in Google Classroom. It was prepared as part of an orientation for new Sainik School in-service teacher trainees. As a training officer, my goal is to ensure that you are comfortable and proficient with this essential tool for managing assignments and fostering student engagement.
The Art Pastor's Guide to Sabbath | Steve ThomasonSteve Thomason
What is the purpose of the Sabbath Law in the Torah. It is interesting to compare how the context of the law shifts from Exodus to Deuteronomy. Who gets to rest, and why?
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
Students, digital devices and success - Andreas Schleicher - 27 May 2024..pptxEduSkills OECD
Andreas Schleicher presents at the OECD webinar ‘Digital devices in schools: detrimental distraction or secret to success?’ on 27 May 2024. The presentation was based on findings from PISA 2022 results and the webinar helped launch the PISA in Focus ‘Managing screen time: How to protect and equip students against distraction’ https://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/education/managing-screen-time_7c225af4-en and the OECD Education Policy Perspective ‘Students, digital devices and success’ can be found here - https://oe.cd/il/5yV
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
How to Split Bills in the Odoo 17 POS ModuleCeline George
Bills have a main role in point of sale procedure. It will help to track sales, handling payments and giving receipts to customers. Bill splitting also has an important role in POS. For example, If some friends come together for dinner and if they want to divide the bill then it is possible by POS bill splitting. This slide will show how to split bills in odoo 17 POS.
2. BY GROUP 5
Name ID
1. TUT WICHMACH…………………...RU2059/13
2. EYOB KASEYA…………………………RU0037/13
3. NEJMUDIN NURA………………….RU2317/13
4. TARIKU DEMLEW……………….…RU1304/13
5. TINSAE KASSA………………………..RU3052/13
6. GIFTY GADISA…………………………RU0322/12
3. OUT LINE
• The olfactory (smell) system
• Olfactory stimuli
• Olfactory cortex of the Olfactory System
• Olfactory receptor cells 1&2
• Mechanism of excitation of the olfactory cells
• Membrane potential & action potential of
olfactory cell
• Transmission of olfactory signal to olfactory bulb
• Olfactory glomeruli
4. The Olfactory (Smell) System
The olfactory system is the least understood sensory system
It helps us enjoy life (e.g. perfume, and food)
Smell can be a powerful stimulant of human emotions.
It is also a warning system alerting us to dangerous signals
(e.g., gas leak, spoiled food)
It helps in choosing mates in some mammals (release of
pheromones)
Minute quantity of an odorant in the air can elicit a smell
sensation
Methylmercaptan can be smelled when only 25x10-12 g is
present in each ml of air.
This substance is mixed with natural gas so that even a
small amount of gas leak can be detected.
5. Olfaction – The Sense of Smell
Smell is detected by olfactory
chemoreceptors which are
specialized endings of afferent (bipolar)
neurons that convert olfactory stimuli
(chemicals in gaseous state) into nerve
impulses
Are found in the roof of each nasal cavity
7. What are Olfactory Stimuli?
Odorants (airborne molecules)
Odorants must be volatile (they give off vapors)
More vapors are given off when an odorant is
heated!! (warm soup smells better than cold
soup)
Odorants reach olfactory
receptors by being inhaled:
• Through the nose.
• Through the mouth
(vapors circulate up
through throat)
8. Olfactory cortex of the Olfactory System
A. Peripheral components:
Olfactory receptors: located in
the olfactory epithelium
Olfactory nerve fibers: in the
the olfactory nerve (CN I)
B. Central components
Olfactory bulb : in the brain
Olfactory tract
Olfactory cortex: deep in
temporal lobe and base of
frontal lobe (interpretation
of olfactory signals)
9. Olfactory Receptor Cells-1
Are the receptor cells for smell sensation.
There are ~ 100 million of these cells in the
olfactory epithelium
Convert olfactory stimuli into nerve impulses
Chemicals must be dissolved in mucus for
detection
11. Olfactory Receptor Cells-2
They are bipolar nerve cells and , unlike other
primary afferent neurons, terminate
directly in the telencephalon
The mucosal end of the olfactory cell forms a
knob
4 to 25 olfactory hairs (cilia) emerge from the
knob
The cilia react to odors in the air, and stimulate
the olfactory cells (causing depolarization), but
HOW?
13. Mechanism of Excitation of the
Olfactory Cells
Diffusion of the odorant substance, into the mucus
Odorant binds and activates the receptor protein, resulting
in activation of G-protein complex
This causes activation of adenylcyclase in the cell
membrane
This enzyme converts ATP intocAMP (a second messenger).
This causes activation of sodiumion channels resulting in
Depolarization and excitation of the olfactory neuron
Transmission of nerve impulses into CNS by the olfactory
nerve.
15. Membrane Potential & Action Potential of
Olfactory Cells
The resting membrane potential of olfactory cells
is ~ –55 mV.
At this potential, most of the olfactory cells
generate continuous nerve impulses/action
potentials (APs) at a very slow rate (0.05 to 3 Hz).
Most odorants cause depolarization and an
increase in the rate of APs up to 30 Hz
Like other sensory receptors, the rate of olfactory
nerve impulses is dependent on of the stimulus
strength.
16. Transmission of Olfactory Signal to
Olfactory Bulb
Axons of the receptor cells penetrate the
cribriform plate and form the olfactory nerve
(CN I)
They synapse on Mitral cells in the olfactory bulb
which is just superior to the cribriform plate
Axons of Mitral cells travel along the olfactory
tract to reach the olfactory cortex
and the limbic system
18. Olfactory Glomeruli
Olfactory receptor neurons
express one type of odor
receptor
Receptor neurons with the
same receptor type project to
the same glomerulus
They synapse with dendrites of
mitral cells in the glomerulus.
Mitral cells project to the
olfactory cortex.
Granule & Periglomerular cells
(inhibitory interneurons)
modulate mitral cell activity.
20. Neuronal Connections of the OS-1
The olfactory tract
divides into 2 pathways:
1. The medial olfactory area:
• Consists of nuclei anterior to the
hypothalamus
• Concerned with basic behavior e.g.
responses to the smell of food(salivation)
22. Neuronal Connections of the OS-2
The olfactory tract divides into 2 pathways:
2. The lateral olfactory area:
• Provide inputs to all portion of the limbic
system
e.g. hippocampus
