OLFACTORY NERVE
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introduction to cranial nerve, olfactory nerve, olfactory bulb, course of orlfactory nerve, termination in the cerebral cortex, functional component of cranial nerve
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Olfactory nerve
The document discusses the olfactory nerve (cranial nerve I), which is responsible for smell. It has four neurons - olfactory receptors in the nose, mitral/tufted cells in the olfactory bulb, neurons in the primary olfactory cortex, and neurons in the secondary olfactory cortex. The olfactory pathway projects from the nose to these cortical areas. Testing smell can localize pathology and determine laterality. Interpretations include describing degrees of smell ability or aberration and identifying potential causes of anosmia.
Olfactory nerve
The olfactory nerve (CN I) is the first and shortest cranial nerve. It transmits smell information from olfactory receptor cells in the nasal epithelium to the olfactory bulb. Axons from the receptor cells penetrate the cribriform plate and synapse with mitral cells in the olfactory bulb. Second order neurons in the olfactory tract carry signals to the primary olfactory cortex, involved in memory and appreciation of smells. The olfactory nerve is unique as a special sensory nerve that detects odors.
Cranial nerve copy .pptx seminar
This document provides an overview of the 12 cranial nerves. It begins with an introduction to the nervous system and its main components - the central nervous system (brain and spinal cord), peripheral nervous system, and autonomic nervous system. It then discusses each cranial nerve in more detail, including their origin, distribution, and function. Some key points covered include the olfactory nerve mediating smell, the optic nerve mediating vision, and the trigeminal nerve having both sensory and motor components innervating the face. Clinical implications of injuries to specific cranial nerves are also mentioned.
Pterygopalatine ganglion 1
The pterygopalatine ganglion is the largest parasympathetic ganglion in the head and neck. It is located in the pterygopalatine fossa, an important neurovascular junction of the deep face. The ganglion receives sensory roots from the maxillary nerve and autonomic roots from the greater superficial petrosal and deep petrosal nerves. It gives off several branches that innervate structures like the nasal cavity, palate, and pharynx.
Basal ganglia physiology
The basal ganglia consist of several structures including the caudate nucleus, putamen, globus pallidus, substantia nigra, and subthalamic nucleus. They are located within the cerebral hemispheres and are involved in motor control and cognition. Two main circuits exist - the putamen circuit for executing movements and the caudate circuit for cognitive motor control. Diseases that impact the basal ganglia like Parkinson's and Huntington's result from dysfunction of neurotransmitter pathways and can cause both hyperkinetic and hypokinetic movement disorders. Common treatments involve replacing dopamine or modifying basal ganglia circuitry.
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Ganglions
The document discusses several peripheral ganglia including the trigeminal, ciliary, submandibular, sphenopalatine, and otic ganglia. It describes the location, connections, branches, and clinical significance of each ganglion. For example, it states that the trigeminal ganglion is located in Meckel's cave on the anterior surface of the petrous bone and gives rise to the three divisions of the trigeminal nerve. Damage to the auriculotemporal nerve can cause Frey's syndrome, and herpes zoster virus can infect the trigeminal ganglion.
Fourth ventricle
The fourth ventricle is located ventral to the cerebellum and dorsal to the pons and medulla. It is bounded laterally by the gracile and cuneate tubercles and inferior cerebellar peduncles, and superiorly by the superior cerebellar peduncle. Its roof is formed by the superior cerebellar peduncle and medullary velum. Its floor contains landmarks like the median sulcus, facial colliculus, and hypoglossal triangle. Cerebrospinal fluid circulates from the fourth ventricle through the median aperture and exits into the subarachnoid space through the foramina of Luschka and Magendi.
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Olfactory nerve
The document discusses the olfactory nerve (cranial nerve I), which is responsible for smell. It has four neurons - olfactory receptors in the nose, mitral/tufted cells in the olfactory bulb, neurons in the primary olfactory cortex, and neurons in the secondary olfactory cortex. The olfactory pathway projects from the nose to these cortical areas. Testing smell can localize pathology and determine laterality. Interpretations include describing degrees of smell ability or aberration and identifying potential causes of anosmia.
Olfactory nerve
The olfactory nerve (CN I) is the first and shortest cranial nerve. It transmits smell information from olfactory receptor cells in the nasal epithelium to the olfactory bulb. Axons from the receptor cells penetrate the cribriform plate and synapse with mitral cells in the olfactory bulb. Second order neurons in the olfactory tract carry signals to the primary olfactory cortex, involved in memory and appreciation of smells. The olfactory nerve is unique as a special sensory nerve that detects odors.
Cranial nerve copy .pptx seminar
This document provides an overview of the 12 cranial nerves. It begins with an introduction to the nervous system and its main components - the central nervous system (brain and spinal cord), peripheral nervous system, and autonomic nervous system. It then discusses each cranial nerve in more detail, including their origin, distribution, and function. Some key points covered include the olfactory nerve mediating smell, the optic nerve mediating vision, and the trigeminal nerve having both sensory and motor components innervating the face. Clinical implications of injuries to specific cranial nerves are also mentioned.
Pterygopalatine ganglion 1
The pterygopalatine ganglion is the largest parasympathetic ganglion in the head and neck. It is located in the pterygopalatine fossa, an important neurovascular junction of the deep face. The ganglion receives sensory roots from the maxillary nerve and autonomic roots from the greater superficial petrosal and deep petrosal nerves. It gives off several branches that innervate structures like the nasal cavity, palate, and pharynx.
Basal ganglia physiology
The basal ganglia consist of several structures including the caudate nucleus, putamen, globus pallidus, substantia nigra, and subthalamic nucleus. They are located within the cerebral hemispheres and are involved in motor control and cognition. Two main circuits exist - the putamen circuit for executing movements and the caudate circuit for cognitive motor control. Diseases that impact the basal ganglia like Parkinson's and Huntington's result from dysfunction of neurotransmitter pathways and can cause both hyperkinetic and hypokinetic movement disorders. Common treatments involve replacing dopamine or modifying basal ganglia circuitry.
Parasympathetic ganglia of Head and Neck
Introduction about ANS. types of parasymphattheytic ganglion connections with very good quality pictures
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Ganglions
The document discusses several peripheral ganglia including the trigeminal, ciliary, submandibular, sphenopalatine, and otic ganglia. It describes the location, connections, branches, and clinical significance of each ganglion. For example, it states that the trigeminal ganglion is located in Meckel's cave on the anterior surface of the petrous bone and gives rise to the three divisions of the trigeminal nerve. Damage to the auriculotemporal nerve can cause Frey's syndrome, and herpes zoster virus can infect the trigeminal ganglion.
Fourth ventricle
The fourth ventricle is located ventral to the cerebellum and dorsal to the pons and medulla. It is bounded laterally by the gracile and cuneate tubercles and inferior cerebellar peduncles, and superiorly by the superior cerebellar peduncle. Its roof is formed by the superior cerebellar peduncle and medullary velum. Its floor contains landmarks like the median sulcus, facial colliculus, and hypoglossal triangle. Cerebrospinal fluid circulates from the fourth ventricle through the median aperture and exits into the subarachnoid space through the foramina of Luschka and Magendi.
Carotid sheath
The carotid sheath is located in the neck from the base of the skull to the root of the neck. It contains the internal carotid artery, internal jugular vein, vagus nerve, and branches of the sympathetic trunk. The common carotid artery bifurcates into the internal and external carotid arteries around the level of the thyroid cartilage between vertebrae C3 and C4. The structures within the carotid sheath have important relationships that provide pathways for infection spread.
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FACIAL NERVE
The facial nerve has three nuclei and contains approximately 10,000 fibers. It exits the brainstem at the pontomedullary junction and travels through the internal acoustic meatus and fallopian canal. It has motor, parasympathetic, and sensory functions. Facial nerve palsy can result from various causes such as Bell's palsy, tumors, fractures, or inflammation. Diagnosis involves evaluating for signs of upper vs. lower motor neuron involvement. Treatment depends on the cause but may include corticosteroids, antivirals, or decompression surgery.
Anatomy of internal capsule
The internal capsule is a bundle of fibers that passes through the basal ganglia and connects the cerebral cortex with lower brain structures. It is divided into the anterior limb, genu, posterior limb, retrolenticular part, and sublenticular part. The internal capsule contains thalamocortical fibers, corticopontine fibers, corticonuclear fibers, and corticospinal fibers. It receives its blood supply from the lenticulostriate arteries of the middle cerebral artery, the anterior cerebral artery, and the anterior choroidal artery. Damage to specific parts of the internal capsule can cause motor or sensory deficits on the opposite side of the body.
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Pterygopalatine fossa
The pterygopalatine fossa is a small pyramidal space located behind the maxilla and below the orbit. It contains the maxillary nerve, pterygopalatine ganglion, maxillary artery and veins. The fossa communicates with several areas through canals including the orbit, nasal cavity, infratemporal fossa and middle cranial fossa. It is an important distribution center for branches of the maxillary nerve and artery.
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pterygopalatine ganglion
The pterygopalatine ganglion is the largest parasympathetic ganglion in the head and neck. It is located in the pterygopalatine fossa and receives sensory roots from the maxillary nerve as well as sympathetic roots from the deep petrosal nerve and parasympathetic roots from the greater superficial petrosal nerve via the nerve of the pterygoid canal. The ganglion gives off six branches that innervate structures in the face and palate.
Ophthalmic artery
The ophthalmic artery originates from the internal carotid artery as it leaves the cavernous sinus. It passes through the optic canal and orbits the eye, dividing into branches that supply the eye and surrounding structures. The central artery of the retina arises in the optic canal and supplies the retina. The lacrimal artery runs to the lacrimal gland. Other branches include the supraorbital, anterior and posterior ethmoidal, meningeal, muscular, and dorsal nasal and supratrochlear arteries which supply the surrounding areas. The ciliary arteries pierce the sclera to supply the choroid, iris, and ciliary body. The ophthalmic artery and its branches provide the main blood supply to
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otic ganglion.pptx
The otic ganglion is a parasympathetic ganglion located in the infratemporal fossa just below the foramen ovale. It is oval shaped and reddish grey in color. It has connections to the mandibular nerve, glossopharyngeal nerve, and middle meningeal artery. The otic ganglion plays a role in parasympathetic innervation of lacrimal and salivary glands as well as sympathetic innervation of the parotid gland. Damage to the auricotemporal nerve can cause Frey's syndrome, where facial sweating is induced by eating.
AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM
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blood supply nerve supply of face
The face receives blood supply from the facial artery and its branches, as well as smaller arteries that accompany cutaneous nerves. The facial vein drains venous blood from the face. The trigeminal nerve provides sensory innervation while the facial nerve supplies motor innervation to the muscles of facial expression. Lymphatic drainage occurs to preauricular, submandibular, and submental lymph nodes depending on the region of the face.
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Table 2 Foramina Of Skull
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- There are twelve pairs of cranial nerves
- The olfactory nerve (CN I) is the first and shortest cranial nerve. It is a special visceral afferent nerve, which transmits information relating to smell.
- Embryologically, the olfactory nerve is derived from the olfactory placode (a thickening of the ectoderm layer), which also give rise to the glial cells which support the nerve.
- The olfactory placode eventually invaginates and forms the olfactory pit, which further develops into the nasal cavity and the olfactory epithelium, where olfactory receptor neurons reside.
Trigeminal nerve
This document provides an overview of the trigeminal nerve (CN V) in 12 sections. It discusses the structure of neurons and nerves, lists and classifies the 12 cranial nerves, describes the embryological development and nuclei of the trigeminal nerve, details the trigeminal ganglion and course of the trigeminal nerve, and outlines its three main branches (ophthalmic, maxillary, mandibular) and their distributions. The document provides a comprehensive anatomical description of the trigeminal nerve in under 3 sentences.
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This document provides an overview of the cerebellum presented by Prof. Dr. Ansari for BDS semester-II students. It describes the parts and lobes of the cerebellum, cerebellar peduncles, blood supply, functions, and lesions. Specifically, it notes that the cerebellum has right and left hemispheres connected by the superior and inferior vermis, and contains the primary, secondary, and flocculonodular lobes which control muscle tone, skilled movements, and balance respectively. It also discusses the cerebellar peduncles and blood vessels that supply the cerebellum.
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The document summarizes the anatomy of the scalp, face, and muscles of facial expression. It describes the layers of the scalp, the occipitofrontalis muscle of the scalp, and the sensory and motor innervation of the scalp. It outlines the bones and muscles of the face, including the orbicularis oculi, nasalis, and orbicularis oris muscles. Finally, it briefly discusses the sensory and motor innervation of the face, including the trigeminal and facial nerves.
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The facial nerve has three nuclei and contains approximately 10,000 fibers. It exits the brainstem at the pontomedullary junction and travels through the internal acoustic meatus and fallopian canal. It has motor, parasympathetic, and sensory functions. Facial nerve palsy can result from various causes such as Bell's palsy, tumors, fractures, or inflammation. Diagnosis involves evaluating for signs of upper vs. lower motor neuron involvement. Treatment depends on the cause but may include corticosteroids, antivirals, or decompression surgery.
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The internal capsule is a bundle of fibers that passes through the basal ganglia and connects the cerebral cortex with lower brain structures. It is divided into the anterior limb, genu, posterior limb, retrolenticular part, and sublenticular part. The internal capsule contains thalamocortical fibers, corticopontine fibers, corticonuclear fibers, and corticospinal fibers. It receives its blood supply from the lenticulostriate arteries of the middle cerebral artery, the anterior cerebral artery, and the anterior choroidal artery. Damage to specific parts of the internal capsule can cause motor or sensory deficits on the opposite side of the body.
Osteology of the Skull
The document discusses the bones that make up the neurocranium and viscerocranium of the skull. It describes the occipital, frontal, ethmoid, sphenoid, parietal, temporal bones that form the neurocranium and house and protect the brain. It also describes the zygomatic, nasal, lacrimal, vomer, palatine, maxilla and mandible bones that form the viscerocranium of the facial skeleton. Additionally, it briefly discusses the hyoid bone that is suspended in the neck below the mandible and serves as an attachment point for neck and tongue muscles.
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posterior triangle of neck most important structurenof neck. trunk of brachial plexus is located in this triangle.
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The pterygopalatine fossa is a small pyramidal space located behind the maxilla and below the orbit. It contains the maxillary nerve, pterygopalatine ganglion, maxillary artery and veins. The fossa communicates with several areas through canals including the orbit, nasal cavity, infratemporal fossa and middle cranial fossa. It is an important distribution center for branches of the maxillary nerve and artery.
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pterygopalatine ganglion
The pterygopalatine ganglion is the largest parasympathetic ganglion in the head and neck. It is located in the pterygopalatine fossa and receives sensory roots from the maxillary nerve as well as sympathetic roots from the deep petrosal nerve and parasympathetic roots from the greater superficial petrosal nerve via the nerve of the pterygoid canal. The ganglion gives off six branches that innervate structures in the face and palate.
Ophthalmic artery
The ophthalmic artery originates from the internal carotid artery as it leaves the cavernous sinus. It passes through the optic canal and orbits the eye, dividing into branches that supply the eye and surrounding structures. The central artery of the retina arises in the optic canal and supplies the retina. The lacrimal artery runs to the lacrimal gland. Other branches include the supraorbital, anterior and posterior ethmoidal, meningeal, muscular, and dorsal nasal and supratrochlear arteries which supply the surrounding areas. The ciliary arteries pierce the sclera to supply the choroid, iris, and ciliary body. The ophthalmic artery and its branches provide the main blood supply to
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The document summarizes the development, anatomy, and histology of the pons and midbrain. It describes that the pons develops from the metencephalon and receives cells from the myelencephalon. The midbrain develops from the mesencephalon. The document then provides detailed descriptions of the structures, tracts, nuclei, and blood supply of both the pons and midbrain through multiple sections and diagrams.
otic ganglion.pptx
The otic ganglion is a parasympathetic ganglion located in the infratemporal fossa just below the foramen ovale. It is oval shaped and reddish grey in color. It has connections to the mandibular nerve, glossopharyngeal nerve, and middle meningeal artery. The otic ganglion plays a role in parasympathetic innervation of lacrimal and salivary glands as well as sympathetic innervation of the parotid gland. Damage to the auricotemporal nerve can cause Frey's syndrome, where facial sweating is induced by eating.
AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM
This document provides an overview of the autonomic nervous system (ANS). It discusses the divisions of the ANS including the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems. Key points covered include the anatomical organization of the ANS from the central nervous system to peripheral ganglia. The roles and effects of the sympathetic and parasympathetic systems on various organs are described. Neurotransmitters, receptors, and reflexes of the ANS are also summarized.
blood supply nerve supply of face
The face receives blood supply from the facial artery and its branches, as well as smaller arteries that accompany cutaneous nerves. The facial vein drains venous blood from the face. The trigeminal nerve provides sensory innervation while the facial nerve supplies motor innervation to the muscles of facial expression. Lymphatic drainage occurs to preauricular, submandibular, and submental lymph nodes depending on the region of the face.
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The document summarizes the major arteries and veins supplying the head and neck region. It begins by listing the objectives which are to describe the major arteries including the common carotid arteries, external carotid artery, internal carotid artery, and subclavian artery. It then provides details on the branches and relations of these arteries. Next, it discusses the major veins including the external jugular vein, internal jugular vein, and their tributaries. It concludes by describing the formation of the brachiocephalic veins and superior vena cava which drain the head and neck veins.
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This document summarizes the foramina of the skull and their contents. It provides a table with 14 entries that list the name of each foramen, its location on the skull bones, the specific location on the bone, and the structures that pass through each foramen. The table provides a concise overview of the key foramina of the skull and the anatomical structures associated with each one.
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Chapter 4.ppt
There are 12 pairs of cranial nerves that have specific numbers and names. Each cranial nerve attaches to a certain area of the brain stem, with some attaching to the forebrain, midbrain, pons, or medulla oblongata. The cranial nerves originate from columns that develop from the neural tube during embryology. Each cranial nerve has specific nuclei and carries out somatosensory, special sensory, or motor functions by innervating structures of the head and neck. Lesions or damage to particular cranial nerves can result in deficits such as loss of vision, diplopia, or facial paralysis.
Anatomy of hypothalamus n limbic system
The hypothalamus is a small region of the brain located below the thalamus. It regulates several important bodily functions through connections to the limbic system, autonomic nervous system, and endocrine system. The hypothalamus controls the pituitary gland and regulates processes like body temperature, hunger, thirst, sleep, and the stress response. The limbic system, including structures like the hippocampus, amygdala, and septum, is involved in emotion and memory processing. Together the hypothalamus and limbic system help regulate key physiological needs such as blood pressure, body temperature, energy metabolism, and reproduction.
Trigeminal Nerve
Fifth cranial nerve
Have a large sensory root and a small motor root.
Motor root arises – arises from the lateral aspect of lower pons (cranially) the motor root cross the apex of the petrous temporal bone beneath the superior petrosal sinus, to enter the middle cranial fossa.
Sensory root – arises from the lateral aspect of lower pons (caudally).
RELATIONS
Medially
(a) internal carotid artery
(b) posterior part of cavernous sinus
Laterally - middle meningeal artery
Superiorly - parahippocampal gyrus
Inferiorly
motor root of trigeminal nerve
(b) greater petrosal nerve
(c) apex of the petrous temporal bone
(d) foramen lacerum.OPTHALIMIC DIVISION
Terminal branches of Ophthalmic division of trigeminal nerve, are
1. Frontal
Supratrochlear
Supraorbital
2. Nasociliary
Branch of ciliray ganglion
2-3 long ciliary nerves
Posterior ethmoidal
Infratrochlear
Anterior ethmoidal
3. Lacrimal
Branches
From main trunk
Meningeal branch
Nerve to medial pterygoid
From the anterior trunk
Sensory branch
Buccal nerve
Motor branch
Masseteric
Deep temporal nerve
Nerve to lateral pterygoid
From the posterior trunk
Auriculotemporal
Lingual
Inferior alveolar nerves
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OLFACTORY NERVE
- 1. CRANIAL NERVES DR SANA YASEEN ANATOMY DEPARTMENT KIMS
- 2. INTRODUCTION – There are 12 pair of cranial nerves – They may be sensory, motor or mix I OLFACTORY Sensory II OPTIC Sensory III OCULOMOTOR Motor IV TROCHLEAR Motor V TRIGEMINAL Mix VI ABDUCENT Motor VII FACIAL Mix VIII VESTIBULOCOCHLEAR Sensory IX GLOSSOPHARYNGEAL Mix X VAGUS Mix XI ACCESSORY Motor XII HYPOGLOSSAL Motor
- 3. Functional component AFFRENT FIBERS EFFERENT FIBERS General somatic afferent - gsa Special somatic afferent - ssa General visceral afferent - gva Special visceral afferent - sva General somatic efferent - gse General visceral eeferent - gve Special visceral efferent - sve
- 5. OLFACTORY NERVE – Cell body of olfactory nerve are located in olfactory mucous mambrane located in the roof of nasal cavity, along nasal septum, medial wall of superior nasal conchae – Apical surface of neurons posses olfactory cilia bath by film of water mucus. The cilia are stimulated by molecules of odiferus gas dissolve, inturn stimulating cell
- 6. – Basal surface of olfactory receptor neurons give rises to central processes collected in app. 20 olfactory nerves – The bundle of nerve fibers psses through tiny foramen in cribriform plate of ethmoid bone and enters into olfactory bulb. – Olfactory bulb lies in orbital (inferior) surface of frontal lobe of cerebral hemisphere( anterior cranial fossa).
- 7. – Bulb is ovoid structure.Within the olfactory bulb are bundles of nerve fibers known as glomeruli; where incoming receptor cell axons make connections with the dendrites of mitral relay neurons. Oter cells include tufted cell, granular cells. – Olfactory nerve fiber synapse with dendrites of mitral cell also recieves fibers from opposite side olfactory bulb. – The fibers arising from these mitral cells makes up the OLFACTORY TRACT.
- 9. – OLFACTORY TRACT. Is a narrow band of white matter arising from the posterior end of the olfactory bulb beneath inferior surface of frontal lobe of brain. – It consist of central axons of mitral tuft cells of bulb and some fibers from opposite olfactory bulb. – As olfactory tract rreaches anterior perforated substance the tract divides in to Medial ollfactory strai Lateral olfactory strai MEDIAL OLFACTORY STRAI: - Medial olfactory strai crosses anterior commisure to pass to the olfactory bulb of opposite side
- 10. LATERAL OLFACTORY STRAI: - Carries axon to cerebral cortex (area) - PRIMARY OLFACTORY AREA: - Periamaygdaloid - Peripiriform cortex - Lateral olfactory gyrus - Anterior perforated substance - Primary olfactory cortex sends fibers to para hippocampal gyrus and called ... ... SECONDARY OLFACTORY CORTEX: - brodmann’s area = 28
- 12. SUMMARY – NAME: OLFACTORY NERVE – NUMEROLOGOCALLY: CRANIAL NERVE - I – FUNCTIONAL COMPONENT: SVA – ORIGIN: OLFACTORY RECEPTOR NEURON IN NASAL CAVITY – ENDS: PRIMARY AND SECONDARY OLFACTORY CORTICAL AREAS – FUNCTION: CARRIES SENSE OF SMELL