OLED technology uses thin films of organic materials that emit light when electricity is applied. Key advantages of OLEDs are that they are brighter, thinner, more flexible and energy efficient than LCDs. The first OLED was developed in 1987 by Kodak and since then many companies have developed OLED TVs, phone displays, and laptops due to benefits like high contrast, wide viewing angles and low power. Challenges include higher costs and limited lifespan compared to LCDs.

1. OLED TECHNOLOGY

2. INTRODUCTION
 Uses organic light emitting diode(OLED).
 Emerging Technology for displays in devices.
 Main principle behind OLED technology is
electroluminescence.
 Offers brighter, thinner, high contrast, flexible
displays.

3. WHAT IS AN OLED?
 OLEDs are solid state devices composed of thin
films of organic molecules that is100 to 500
nanometres thick.
 They emits light with the application of electricity.
 They doesn’t require any backlight. i.e., they are
self emitting.
 They are made from carbon and hydrogen.

4. HISTORY
 The first OLED device was developed by Eastman
Kodak in 1987.
 In 1996, pioneer produces the world’s first
commercial PMOLED.
 In 2000, many companies like Motorola, LG etc
developed various displays.
 In 2001, Sony developed world’s largest fullcolor
OLED.

5. HISTORY (CONTD.)
 In 2002, approximately 3.5 million passive matrix
OLED sub-displays were sold, and over 10 million
were sold in 2003.
 In 2010 and 2011, many companies announced
AMOLED displays.
 Many developments had take place in the year
2012.

6. FEATURES
 Flexibility.
 Emissive Technology.
 Light weight and thin.
 Low power consumption.
 High contrast, brighter and perfect display from all
angles.

7. STRUCTURE OF OLED
 Substrate.
 Anode.
 Organic layer.
-Conductive layer (Hole Transport Layer).
made up of polyaniline or metal-phthalocyanine.
-Emissive layer( Electron Transport Layer).
made up of polyfluorene or metal chelates.
 Cathode.

8. STRUCTURE OF OLED(FIGURE)

9. OLED FABRICATION
 Substrate preparation.
 Device deposition
 Deposit and pattern anode.
 Pattern organic layers.
 Vacuum deposit and pattern cathode.
 Encapsulation.
 Also involves making backplane.

10. OLED DEPOSITION
 Organic layers can be applied to the substrate
using the following methods.
- Evaporation and shadow masking.
- Inkjet printing.
- Organic vapor phase deposition.

11. EVAPORATION AND SHADOW MASKING

12. INKJET PRINTING

13. ORGANIC VAPOR PHASE DEPOSITION

14. COLOUR GENERATION
 Different approaches for fabricating red, green and
blue pixels.
- Red, green and blue individual pixels.
- White emitter and colour filters.
- Blue emitter and colour converters.
- Stacked OLED

15. COLOUR GENERATION(FIGURE)

16. WORKING PRINCIPLE
 A voltage is applied across the anode and cathode.
 Current flows from cathode to anode through the
organic layers.
 Electrons flow to emissive layer from the cathode.
layer
 Electrons are removed from conductive
leaving holes.
 Holes jump into emissive layer .
 Electron and hole combine and light emitted.

17. WORKING PRINCIPLE(FIGURE)

18. OLED DEVICE OPERATION
Transparent
substrate
Anode
(ITO)
Conductive
layer
Emissive
layer
eˉ eˉ
Cathode
LUMO
HOMO
LUMO
HOMO
h+ h+
h+
Light

19. TYPES OF OLED
Six types of OLEDs
 Passive matrix OLED(PMOLED).
 Active matrix OLED(AMOLED).
 Transparent OLED(TOLED).
 Top emitting OLED.
 Flexible OLED(FOLED).
 White OLED(WOLED).

20. PASSIVE MATRIX OLED

21. ACTIVE MATRIX OLED

22. TRANSPARENT OLED

23. TOP EMITTING OLED

24. FLEXIBLE OLED

25. WHITE OLED

26. OLED ADVANTAGES
 Thinner, lighter and more flexible.
 Do not require backlighting like LCDs.
 Can be made to larger sizes.
 Large fields of view, about 170 degrees.
 Faster response time.
 Brighter.
 High resolution, <5μm pixel size.

27. OLED DISADVANTAGES
 Expensive.
 Lifespan.
 Water damage.
 Colour balance issues .

28. OLED VS. LCD
OLED
 Greater view angle.
 High contrast.
 Faster response time.
 Do not require
backlighting.
 Temperature(~50°C –
80°C).
LCD
 Limited view angle.
 Low contrast.
 Slow response time.
 Require backlighting.
 T
emperature(~0°C-
100°C).

29. APPLICATIONS
Major applications of OLED technology are
 OLED TV.
 Mobile phones with OLED screens.
 Rolltop Laptop.

30. OLED TV

31. MOBILE PHONES WITH OLED SCREEN

32. ROLLTOP LAPTOP

33. CONCLUSION
 Organic Light Emitting Diodes are evolving as the
next generation displays.
 As OLED display technology matures, it will be
upon certain existing
better able to improve
limitations of LCD including
 high power consumption
 limited viewing angles
 poor contrast ratios.