The document discusses the severe impact of plastic pollution in the oceans, detailing how oceanic gyres concentrate this debris into garbage patches, which harm marine life and ecosystems. It outlines cleanup concepts and processes, including Boyan Slat's ocean cleanup array, while addressing the challenges and recycling processes involved in managing collected plastic. The conclusion emphasizes the need for prevention and feasible cleanup strategies to mitigate ongoing ocean pollution.

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2. CONTENT
• INTRODUCTION
• OCEANIC GYRES AND GARBAGE PATCHES
• EFFECT OF GARBAGE PATCHES
• CLEANUP CONCEPTS
• CLEANUP PROCESS
• CHALLENGES IN CLEANUP PROCESS
• RECYCLING PROCESS
• CONCLUSION
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3. INTRODUCTION
• Our beloved home is known as the “Blue Planet”.
• Oceans covered two-third of the surface area.
• Habitat for large amount of living organisms.
• Human activities are the major threat.
• Discharging of Garbage.
• Overfishing.
• Constructions.
• Higher Greenhouse gases emission.
• Pollution of the ocean increase day by day.
• Higher percentage of pollutants in the ocean is Plastic.
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4. INTRODUCTION
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• With the increase of the population,
amount of plastic usage has been
increased.
• Every year we produce about 300
million tons of plastic.
• The damage to sea life is staggering:
at least one million seabirds, and
hundreds of thousands of marine
mammals die each year due to the
pollution.

5. OCEANIC GYRES AND GARBAGE PATCHES
• Ocean currents concentrate plastic in five areas in the world: the
subtropical gyres, also known as the world’s “Ocean Garbage Patches”.
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North Pacific
North Atlantic
South Pacific South Atlantic
Indian

6. OCEANIC GYRES AND GARBAGE PATCHES
• The subtropical gyres are the five largest systems of rotating ocean
currents.
• Oceanic Gyres covers 40% of earth surface.
• Their geographic extension occupies an area approximately 10° north
and south of the equator to 45° east and west in each hemisphere.
• In terms of depth they can extend up to nearly 2 Km beneath the sea
surface.
• Formation of gyre is explained by ‘Coriolis effect’ and ‘Ekman spiral’
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7. OCEANIC GYRES AND GARBAGE PATCHES
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• The Coriolis effect is an
apparent deflection of the path
of an object that moves within a
rotating reference frame.
• Movement of the ocean surface
water to the right of its original
direction in the Northern
Hemisphere, and to the left in
the Southern Hemisphere; the
Coriolis effect is zero at the
equator

8. OCEANIC GYRES AND GARBAGE PATCHES
• Each successive moving layer is deflected when compared to the
overlying layer’s movement, causing the direction of water movement
to gradually change with increasing depth; this is known as the Ekman
spiral.
• As more water is transported towards the center of the gyre, the
surface slope becomes steeper, causing the difference in horizontal
water pressure to increase.
• In response to this gradient, water tends to move “downhill” from
where the pressure is higher (pile-up areas) towards where the
pressure is lower.
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9. c
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Coriolis Effect Ekman spiral
1. Wind
2. Force from Above
3. Effective direction of the current
4. Coriolis Effect

10. OCEANIC GYRES AND GARBAGE PATCHES
• The gyres are the major hotspots of plastic debris accumulating.
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• So these gyres also
known as garbage
patches.
• North Pacific “garbage
patch” seems to
possess relatively high
plastic concentrations.

11. EFFECT OF GARBAGE PATCHES
• 99% of the garbage patches are
plastic.
• Plastic which is used by man get
accumulated in oceans.
• Usage increase caused by,
• lightweight
• durable
• strong
• inexpensive
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12. EFFECT OF GARBAGE PATCHES
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Through rivers
From beaches
Heavy Plastic Sinks
From ships
Sinking due to loss in
buoyancy
Through currents and wind
Coastal urbanization

13. EFFECT OF GARBAGE PATCHES
• Entanglement & Ghost fishing.
• Plastic accumulation through food
chain.
• Harmful chemical production during
the degradation.
• Indirectly affect human.
• Habitat loss.
• Increasing Global warming.
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14. EFFECT OF GARBAGE PATCHES
• Many marine animals including, Sharks, Cetaceans, Pinnipeds, marine
birds and turtles die because of plastic pollution occurs in Gyres..
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15. EFFECT OF GARBAGE PATCHES
• 136 marine species are affected by entanglement
in plastic debris
• 1,478 fur seals and sea lions annually die from
entanglement
• The “accidental” entanglement of fish species in
plastic
• debris such as discarded fishing nets is hard to
quantify
• marine mammals, drowning is the most common
death caused by entanglement in plastic debris
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16. EFFECT OF GARBAGE PATCHES
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• Plastic can be mistaken for food, which can provide a pathway for transport
of harmful chemicals up the food chain.
• Plastic marine debris that enters the food chain can indirectly result in
increased human (Bio Accumulation).
• Micro plastics can enter the food chain through ingestion by micro
zooplankton and can then be transferred to higher trophic levels.

17. CLEANUP CONCEPTS
• Drone Concept : automated drones to remove ocean plastics
• Advantages
• units are inexpensive to replace
• can potentially catch small particles
• unmanned
• deployment flexibility
• Disadvantages
• will take very long time
• potential for by-catch
• high operating expenditure
• logistically impractical
• unable to catch very large debris
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18. CLEANUP CONCEPTS
• Vessel Based Concept : which is a ship-based solution.
• Advantages
• existing technology, so low capital expenditures
• Disadvantages
• will take very long time
• potential for by-catch
• atmospheric emissions
• high operating expenditure
• logistically impractical
• low field efficiency
• catching small particles unlikely due to drag
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19. CLEANUP CONCEPTS
• Ocean Cleanup Array: A floating
barriers (or booms) and
platforms, moored to the
seabed, where buoyant plastic
particles can be caught, while
neutrally buoyant marine
organisms pass underneath the
boom with the flow of water
• Invented By the Young Scientist
Boyan Slat in 2013.
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20. CLEANUP PROCESS
• This is used for collecting marine plastic debris passively with the help
of natural rotational currents.
• Ocean Cleanup process contain 3 Major phases.
1. Catching phase
2. Concentration phase
3. Collection phase
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21. CLEANUP PROCESS
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Moorings
Collection Center
Boom
Vertical Load Anchor
Skirt

22. CLEANUP PROCESS
1. Catching Phase
• surface currents propel the plastic pollution towards the floating
barrier.
• Boom prevent plastic over topping the array.
• Skirt collects near surface plastic.
2. Concentration Phase
• Arranging the booms in a V or U-shape.
• Transport the debris towards a central collection point.
3. Collection Phase
• Plastic debris, accumulated at the center of the Array.
• Extracted using conventional techniques including scoops, conveyor
belts, pumps or similar techniques.
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23. CHALLENGES IN CLEANUP PROCESS
•Storm Conditions : sinking the boom to a less effective depth or by decoupling
from moorings.
• Protecting the ecology of the ocean:
• Phytoplankton : Determination of Chlorophyll in the ocean
• Zooplankton : Operate in day time.
• Nektons : Turtle Exclusion Devices (TED), Acoustic devices (Pingers) and
other BRD (Bycatch Reduction Devices).
• Maintenance: A team of operation will be onboard in a mono hull AHTS vessel
• Prevention of Bio fouling.
• Antifouling Coating
• Manual or Automated Clean
• Installation Cost.
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24. RECYCLING PROCESS
• What to do with the collected plastic?
• that waste plastics can be used both as a material and as a fuel,
except for halogenated plastics, such as PVC.
• Plastic degrade during it is in the marine environment.
• Degree of degradation categorized plastic in to
• Recycling (high value-added material recovery)
• Down-cycling (low value-added material recovery)
• Back to feedstock recycling
• Energy recovery (Pyrolysis and Syngas production)
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25. RECYCLING PROCESS
• Pyrolysis
• The goal of the pyrolysis process is to convert waste plastics into oil
at the highest possible yield to replace fossil fuel.
• Pyrolysis is usually carried out in the temperature range of
approximately 450 - 550 °C.
• As a result, gases and liquids (oil) as well as solids (char) are
produced.
• Pyrolysis does not depend on external energy sources.
• Refinement of oil is done to produce gasoline, unrefined one used
as Marine fuels.
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26. CONCLUSIONS
• Plastic debris increase in the ocean day by
day
• It effect about 1000 of marine organisms
and human
• Human activities caused for ocean
pollution
• Boyan slat’s concept is feasible in cleanup
process
• Prevention is needed in order to success in
clearing plastic from the ocean.
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27. REFERENCES
Boyan Slat, et al., 2014. How The Oceans Can Clean Themselves; A Feasibility Study. 2.0 ed. 2628 CN Delft: The Ocean
Cleanup.
Cox, A. & Swail, V., 2001. A Global Wave Hindcast Over the Period 1958-1997. Journal of Geophysical Research, pp. 2313-
2329.
Epstein, A. et al., 2012. Liquid-infused structured surfaces with exeptional anti - biofouling performance. Proceeding of
the National Academy of the United State of America, Issue 109(33).
Howard, J., 2019. National Geographic. [Online] Available at: http://www.national
geographic.com/environment/oceans/critical-issues-marine-pollution/ [Accessed 03 11 2019].
Lebreton, et al., 2012. Numerical modelling of floating debris in the world’s. Marine Pollution Bulletin, pp. 653-661.
NOAA, 2014. Endangered and Threatened Marine Species. [Online] Available at:
http://www.nmfs.noaa.gov/pr/pdfs/species/esa_table.pdf
Pedlosky, J., 1990. The Dynamics of the Oceanic Subtropical. Science, Volume 248, pp. 316-322.
Slat, B., 2013. The Ocean Cleanup. [Online] Available at: https://theoceancleanup.com [Accessed 03 November 2019].
Talley, L., Pickard, G., Swift, J. & Emery, W., 2011. Descriptive physical oceanography: An introduction:. s.l.:Elsevier.
Wright, S., Thompson, R. & Galloway, T., 2013. The physical impacts of microplastics on marine organisms. A review.
Environmental Pollution, Issue 178(0), pp. 483-492
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