The burning of fossil fuels releases 11 billion tons of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere each year, which dissolves into the ocean and causes ocean acidification. Ocean acidification threatens shell-forming organisms as a small pH change equals a large acidity change, reducing the concentration of carbonate ions needed by corals and plankton for shell formation. Experiments show yeast producing carbon dioxide that dissolves in water, lowering the pH and demonstrating how ocean acidification occurs.
Ocean acidification is the ongoing decrease in the pH value of the Earth's oceans, caused by the uptake of carbon dioxide (CO 2) from the atmosphere. ... When carbon dioxide dissolves into seawater, it forms carbonic acid (H2CO3). Ocean acidification impacts many species, especially organisms like oysters and corals.
Ocean acidification reduces the amount of carbonate, a key building block in seawater. This makes it more difficult for marine organisms, such as coral and some plankton, to form their shells and skeletons, and existing shells may begin to dissolve. ... The impacts of ocean acidification are not uniform across all species.
This is a presentation about the North Pacific Gyre & Ocean Pollution. There are 5 gyres and each are a collection of litter from all over the world. A gyre is a wind driven surface current.
Ocean acidification is the ongoing decrease in the pH value of the Earth's oceans, caused by the uptake of carbon dioxide (CO 2) from the atmosphere. ... When carbon dioxide dissolves into seawater, it forms carbonic acid (H2CO3). Ocean acidification impacts many species, especially organisms like oysters and corals.
Ocean acidification reduces the amount of carbonate, a key building block in seawater. This makes it more difficult for marine organisms, such as coral and some plankton, to form their shells and skeletons, and existing shells may begin to dissolve. ... The impacts of ocean acidification are not uniform across all species.
This is a presentation about the North Pacific Gyre & Ocean Pollution. There are 5 gyres and each are a collection of litter from all over the world. A gyre is a wind driven surface current.
Ocean Acidification: Cause, Impact and mitigationIIT Kanpur
Ocean Acidification and the battle for Carbonate.
In this presentation the points covered are detailed briefing of ocean acidification, its causes, its impact on marine ecosystems and measures to mitigate this.
This presentation introduces two of the main threats that climate change poses to the survival of coral reefs: ocean acidification and bleaching events due to global warming.
This is a small presentation on ocean acidification.It is a compilation of all materials(including present information) I collected related to it, any new information beside this or concerning it please comment.
Sea changesCarbon dioxide is making the oceans more acidic.docxbagotjesusa
Sea changes
Carbon dioxide is making the oceans more acidic
Stephen Ornes
Apr 7, 2011 — 1:58 pm EST
Blue patches indicate parts of the ocean that are
more acidic than the yellow and red areas. Stars
show coral reefs, which can lose their skeletons
in more acidic water.
National Oceanic and Atmospheric
Administration (NOAA)
Every day, the ocean absorbs about 22 million tons of carbon dioxide. That's about the weight of
15 million hybrid automobiles. Just as you can't see the carbon dioxide that comes out of your
own body each time you exhale, you can't see the gas as it dissolves into the seas.
Space isn't an issue. After all, the oceans cover 72 percent of the planet. Still, there is a problem
brewing beneath the waves. Carbon dioxide in the air helps insulate our planet and keep it warm.
But there can be too much of a good thing: In the last 200 years, humans have added a lot of
extra carbon dioxide to the atmosphere by burning fossil fuels like coal, oil and gas to produce
energy. Two hundred years' worth of extra carbon dioxide in the atmosphere has bulked up our
carbon dioxide blanket. Now, average temperatures around the world are rising. Scientists refer
to this as global warming.
But effects of this global-warming gas go beyond the air and land. Much of the carbon dioxide
emitted into Earth’s atmosphere ends up in the seas. Of every 10 tons of the gas added to the
atmosphere, two or three end up in the water. The growing amounts of carbon dioxide that
human activities add to the air have begun changing the chemistry of the oceans. It's making
them more acidic. This process is called ocean acidification.
Acids include liquids like vinegar and lemon juice that taste sour. These materials react with
bases ― substances, such as ammonia or baking soda, that feel slippery — to form salts. Water is
neutral, which means it's neither an acid nor a base. Scientists measure acidity using the pH
scale; acids have a pH between 0 and 7, and bases between 7 and 14. (Neutral water has a pH of
7.0.)
https://www.sciencenewsforstudents.org/article/sea-changes
https://www.sciencenewsforstudents.org/author/stephen-ornes
https://www.sciencenewsforstudents.org/author/stephen-ornes
https://www.sciencenewsforstudents.org/article/sea-changes
https://www.sciencenewsforstudents.org/article/sea-changes
Ocean water is slightly basic, with a pH of about 8.1. But that number is changing. As the
amount of carbon dioxide in ocean water goes up, the pH of ocean water goes down. And that
means it becomes more acidic.
It's happening now, and it's happening fast. By the year 2100, if we continue to add the same
amount of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere that we are adding now, the oceans will be more
than twice as acidic as they were before the Industrial Revolution. The Industrial Revolution
began more than 200 years ago. (That period describes the rapid growth of industry in the
Northerm Hemisphere.)
Carbon dioxide is a gas. So i.
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This will be used as part of your Personal Professional Portfolio once graded.
Objective:
Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
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The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
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4. Carbon dioxide dissolves in the ocean, where it causes a potentially more serious problem ocean acidification. Hoegh-Gulderg et al. 2007
5. Ocean acidification poses a threat to shell-forming organisms like corals and calcifying plankton. www.greendiary.com http://elrid.cult.bg
6. The pH Scale A small change in pH is equal to a LARGE change in acidity. www.thegardenersresource.com ACIDS BASES
7. CO 2 + H 2 O CO 2 + CO 3 2- + H 2 O carbonate ions Carbonic acid reduces ocean pH. The concentration of carbonate ions decreases. H 2 CO 3 carbonic acid 2HCO 3 – bicarbonate ions
13. Yeast Experiment Add sugar and yeast to water. Yeast will produce carbon dioxide.
14. Yeast Experiment Carbon Dioxide Set-up pH Set-up Yeast growing on sugar and water Yeast growing on sugar and water Carbon dioxide gas Carbon dioxide gas dissolved in water
Editor's Notes
The worldwide consumption of fossil fuels such as coal, oil, and natural gas releases 11 billion tons of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere every year.
Because of this, the concentration of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere is increasing at an alarming rate. This graph shows the concentration of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere from 1700 to the present. Starting at about 1950 (click), when people started burning lots of fossil fuels, the slope of this line starts rising very steeply, showing that the amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere is rapidly increasing.
Some of this carbon dioxide remains in the atmosphere, where it contributes to global warming. About 1/3 of it, however, gets dissolved in the ocean, causing a potentially more serious problem-ocean acidification.
Ocean acidification poses a threat to shell forming organisms like corals and calcifying plankton, because in a more acidic ocean, these creatures will not be able to create their shells and grow. To understand why this is the case, we need to review a bit of chemistry.
First, the pH scale, which ranges from 0 to 14, is a measure of how acidic or basic a substance is. Pure water is neutral with a pH of 7. Solutions with a pH less than 7 are acidic and those with a pH greater than 7 are basic. The pH scale is logarithmic, meaning a difference of one pH unit is equal to a ten-fold change in acidity, which is determined by the concentration of hydrogen ions in a substance. As seen on this scale, grapefruit (click), which has a pH of 3, is ten times more acidic than tomato juice (click), which has a pH of 4. Vinegar (click), which has a pH of 2, is 100 times more acidic than tomato juice (click). Because the pH scale is logarithmic, even small changes in the pH of the ocean can have significant effects on marine organisms.
So how does carbon dioxide affect ocean chemistry? When carbon dioxide dissolves in water (click), it forms carbonic acid (click), which lowers the pH of the water (click). The carbon dioxide also reacts with other carbon containing compounds, such as carbonate ions (click), that are naturally dissolved in seawater. Carbonate ions are important because they combine with calcium to form calcium carbonate, which is what marine organisms use to make their shells. However, in the presence of carbon dioxide, the carbonate ions react (click) and form bicarbonate ions. Thus, (click) the concentration of carbonate ions in the ocean decreases. Unfortunately, organisms cannot use bicarbonate ions to build their shells. So, to recap, an increase in carbon dioxide in the atmosphere threatens calcifying organisms in two ways. First, a decreased pH makes the water more corrosive. This can actually cause shells to dissolve. Second, a reduction in the concentration of carbonate ions means there is not enough calcium carbonate for organisms such as corals and calcifying plankton to make new shells and grow.
Pteropods and coccolithophores, shown here (click), are two types of calcifying plankton that are being impacted by ocean acidification. These planktonic organisms are microorganisms-they can’t be seen without the aid of a microscope. The pteropod is a kind of zooplankton, meaning it is a planktonic animal. It is actually a tiny marine snail. The coccolithophore is a microscopic algae, and is a type of phytoplankton. All phytoplankton undergo photosynthesis and generate oxygen, but the calcium carbonate plates that surround coccolithophores make them unique. Despite their small size, these organisms are very important to the survival of our marine ecosystems, because they form the base of the marine food web.
Zooplankton, such as pteropods, feast on the tiny coccolithophores (click). In turn, the pteropods are critical food sources for larger marine animals like fish (click) and whales (click). If coccolithophores and pteropods become less abundant due to ocean acidification, there will be less food for animals higher up the food chain (click).
Similarly, ocean acidification is predicted to dramatically alter coral reefs, as shown here. The photo on the left (click) shows a relatively healthy reef, with a carbon dioxide concentration of 375 ppm. As you move from left to right, the concentration of carbon dioxide in the water increases, meaning that the pH decreases. In the photo on the right (click), where the carbon dioxide concentration is greater than 500ppm, we can see that the reef is severely degraded, and very few corals survive. Many organisms live on coral reefs, and if corals disappear, they won’t be able to find food or shelter. Ocean acidification therefore represents a serious threat to the survival of many marine ecosystems. Because ocean acidification is so important, it’s a good idea to learn as much about it as we can. To do so, you’re going to do an experiment in which you simulate ocean acidification, using yeast to generate carbon dioxide. The carbon dioxide released by the yeast will mimic the carbon dioxide humans release into the environment through the burning of fossil fuels.
Yeast are tiny, eukaryotic organisms, shown here. Humans use yeast for many purposes, such as baking bread. When you purchase yeast at the store, it looks like this (click), and is in a dormant state. When given food, such as sugar (click), the yeast become active, and use the sugar to produce energy. In the process, the yeast release carbon dioxide as a waste product. These carbon dioxide bubbles are what make your bread fluffy, and they are what we’ll be using to simulate ocean acidification.
The class will divide into groups. Within each group, half of the students will be measuring the amount of carbon dioxide the yeast generate over time, while the other half will be measuring how this carbon dioxide affects the pH of water. To make these measurements, each group will be given a LabQuest, which records this data when connected to a CO2 probe and a pH probe.
To activate the yeast, and cause them to respire, they will be dissolved in water and given food in the form of sugar. This will cause the yeast to produce carbon dioxide gas.
The carbon dioxide gas will then be directed through rubber tubing to one of two places: a chamber of air, where CO2 is measured, as seen on the left, or a bottle of water, where we can measure how this change in carbon dioxide concentration affects the pH of water, as seen on the right. You will be given a handout that details how to set up the experiment. But before you start, make a prediction. After the yeast is activated, what will happen to the pH and CO 2 levels over time?
