stream flow, ocean

1. Stream Flow

6. s

12. 1. Water Quantity
2. Habitat Loss - Removal of Riparian
Vegetation
3. Wetlands
4. Channelization
5. Inadequate Substrate
6. Water Temperature and pH
7. Total Suspended Solids
8. Total Dissolved Solids and nutrients
9. Pollutants

24. Rank Ocean Notes
1 Pacific Ocean Separates Asia and Oceania from the Americas
2 Atlantic Ocean Separates the Americas from Eurasia and Africa
3 Indian Ocean
Washes upon southern Asia and separates Africa
andAustralia
4 Southern Ocean
Sometimes considered an extension of the Pacific,
Atlantic and Indian Oceans, which
encircles Antarctica
5 Arctic Ocean
Sometimes considered a sea of the Atlantic, which
covers much of the Arctic and washes upon
northern North America and Eurasia

25. Characteristics of Oceanic Gases
Gas
Concentration of
Seawater, by Mass
(in parts per
million), for whole
Ocean
% Dissolved Gas,
by Volume, in
Seawater at Ocean
Surface
Carbon dioxide
(CO2) 64 to 107 15%
Nitrogen (N2) 10 to 18 48%
Oxygen (O2) 0 to 13 36%

26. Solubility of Oceanic Gases (in terms of mL/L) with
Temperature at salinity of 33% and atmospheric
pressure
Temperature O2 CO2 N2
0 °C 8.14 8,700 14.47
10 °C 6.42 8,030 11.59
20 °C 5.26 7,350 9.65
30 °C 4.41 6,600 8.26

27. The SEA FLOOR/SEA BED

28. Generalized Characteristics of Ocean Surface by Latitude
Characteristic
Oceanic Waters
in Polar regions
Oceanic Waters
in Temperate
regions
Oceanic Waters
in Tropical
regions
Precipitation vs.
evaporation
P > E P > E E > P
Sea Surface
Temperature in
Winter
−2 °C 5 to 20 °C 20 to 25 °C
Average Salinity 28% to 32% 35% 35% to 37%
Annual Variation of
AirTemperature
≤ 40ªC 10 °C < 5 °C
Annual Variation of
WaterTemperature
< 5ªC 10 °C < 5 °C

29. Mean Oceanic Residence Times for specific
Constituents
Constituent Residence Time (in years)
Iron (Fe) 200
Aluminum (Al) 600
Manganese (Mn) 1,300
Water (H2O) 4,100
Silicon (Si) 20,000
Carbonate (CO3
2-) 110,000
Calcium (Ca2+) 1,000,000
Sulfate (SO4
2-) 11,000,000
Potassium (K+) 12,000,000
Magnesium (Mg2+) 13,000,000
Sodium (Na+) 68,000,000
Chloride (Cl-) 100,000,000

30. Absorption of Light in Different Wavelengths by Ocean
Color:
Wavelength (nm)
Depth wherein 99
percent of
wavelength is
absorbed (in
meters)
Percent absorbed
in 1 meter of
water
Ultraviolet (UV):
310 31 14.0
Violet (V): 400 107 4.2
Blue (B): 475 254 1.8
Green (G): 525 113 4.0
Yellow (Y): 575 51 8.7
Orange (O): 600 25 16.7
Red (R): 725 4 71.0
Infrared (IR): 800 3 82.0

31. The OCEAN BASIN

35. STRUCTURE

41. SOCIO ECONOMIC IMPACT