The 90-minute webinar included four parts: (1) Karma Sawyer, Technology Manager at U.S. Department of Energy, gave an overview of R&D Directions and Opportunities at the Building Technologies Office of USDOE; (2) Jimmy Tran, Operations Manager of U.S.-China Clean Energy Research Center (CERC) on Building Energy Efficiency (BEE) Consortium, gave an overview of objectives, key research activities and outcomes from CERC-BEE 1.0 (2011-2016) Program and the upcoming CERC-BEE 2.0 (2016-2021) Program; (3) Tianzhen Hong, Staff Scientist, and Yixing Chen, Senior Scientific Engineering Associate of Building Technology and Urban Systems Division of LBNL , provided an overview of the occupant behavior research project under CERC-BEE 1.0, introduced and demonstrated the three occupant behavior modeling tools; and (4) Questions and Answers.
For more information, contact Tianzhen Hong at thong@lbl.gov or visit http://behavior.lbl.gov/?q=node/5
The document summarizes the U.S. Department of Energy's Solar Energy Technologies Program (SETP). The SETP has an annual budget of $175 million and works to reduce the costs of solar technologies like photovoltaics and concentrating solar power. It funds research at national labs and partnerships with private companies. The goals of the SETP include enabling high solar energy penetration and achieving grid parity by 2015. It addresses challenges across the solar industry including costs, supply chains, reliability, grid integration, and market barriers.
The Scott Institute for Energy Innovation works through the academic units of Carnegie Mellon University to find solutions for the nation's and the world's energy challenges including pathways to a low carbon future, smart grid, new materials for energy, shale gas, and building energy efficiency through research, strategic partnerships, public policy outreach and education.
The Scott Institute for Energy Innovation at Carnegie Mellon University works to address energy challenges through research, education, and policy outreach. It is led by Director Jared Cohon and Co-Director Andrew Gellman. In the past year, the Scott Institute supported 9 seed grants totaling $460,420 and held its first Energy Week conference with over 720 participants. It focuses on strategic areas like building energy efficiency, energy cyber-physical systems, shale gas, and materials for energy technologies.
The Wilton E. Scott Institute for Energy Innovation at Carnegie Mellon University works to find solutions for energy challenges through research, education, and policy outreach. It is led by Directors Jared Cohon and Andrew Gellman and Associate Directors Deborah Stine and Anna Siefken. In 2015-2016, the Scott Institute supported 9 seed grants totaling $460,420 and held its first Energy Week conference with over 720 participants. It focuses on strategic areas like building energy efficiency, energy cyber-physical systems, shale gas, and materials for energy technologies.
Dr Callum Rae - A New Approach to Energy Centre Design
http://www.ktpscotland.org.uk/ViewArticle/tabid/4421/articleType/ArticleView/articleId/10338/Callum-Rae--Hurley-Palmer-Flatt.aspx
Carnegie Mellon University Wilton E. Scott Institute for Energy Innovation Amanda Finkenbinder, MPM
The Wilton E. Scott Institute for Energy Innovation at Carnegie Mellon University addresses the world’s most important energy-related challenges by enabling collaborative research, strategic partnerships, public policy outreach, entrepreneurship, and education. As one of CMU’s only university-wide institutes, we seek to optimize energy resources, reduce the environmental impacts of energy production and use, and develop breakthrough technologies and solutions that will have meaningful global impact.
2014 PV Reliability, Operations & Maintenance Workshop: A PV Cosmology Perspective for Ushering In: The Next Era in PV: Collaborative O&M Standards Development,
High Performance PV, John Balfour
Research Associate Dr Callum Rae discusses
the challenges presented by the growth in the
Energy Centre market, and outlines our alternative
approach to Energy Centre design, which has
successfully been applied to the AECC Energy
Centre project.
As the highly prestigious London Wall Place
project approaches completion of the shell
and core, Director, James O’Byrne reviews the
project and the application of BIM, and discusses
the various benefits on the overall design and
coordination process.
Diesel fuel is now a Category 3 flammable liquid.
Technical Board Director Wyn Turnbull reports
on the impact to diesel storage and use, as the
result of the recent Classification, Labelling and
Packaging of Chemical (CLP) Regulations 2015
which have replaced the now revoked CHIP
Regulations.
Associate Director Paul Scriven provides a brief
overview of the WELL Building Standard and
discusses why and how its popularity is growing.
Finally, Group Director Robert Thorogood discusses
how far standardisation of controls and automation
have developed using the IEC 61850 integration
standard, and what the benefits may bring to the
control of power distribution.
Paul Flatt, Group Chairman and CEO,
Hurley Palmer Flatt.
The document summarizes the U.S. Department of Energy's Solar Energy Technologies Program (SETP). The SETP has an annual budget of $175 million and works to reduce the costs of solar technologies like photovoltaics and concentrating solar power. It funds research at national labs and partnerships with private companies. The goals of the SETP include enabling high solar energy penetration and achieving grid parity by 2015. It addresses challenges across the solar industry including costs, supply chains, reliability, grid integration, and market barriers.
The Scott Institute for Energy Innovation works through the academic units of Carnegie Mellon University to find solutions for the nation's and the world's energy challenges including pathways to a low carbon future, smart grid, new materials for energy, shale gas, and building energy efficiency through research, strategic partnerships, public policy outreach and education.
The Scott Institute for Energy Innovation at Carnegie Mellon University works to address energy challenges through research, education, and policy outreach. It is led by Director Jared Cohon and Co-Director Andrew Gellman. In the past year, the Scott Institute supported 9 seed grants totaling $460,420 and held its first Energy Week conference with over 720 participants. It focuses on strategic areas like building energy efficiency, energy cyber-physical systems, shale gas, and materials for energy technologies.
The Wilton E. Scott Institute for Energy Innovation at Carnegie Mellon University works to find solutions for energy challenges through research, education, and policy outreach. It is led by Directors Jared Cohon and Andrew Gellman and Associate Directors Deborah Stine and Anna Siefken. In 2015-2016, the Scott Institute supported 9 seed grants totaling $460,420 and held its first Energy Week conference with over 720 participants. It focuses on strategic areas like building energy efficiency, energy cyber-physical systems, shale gas, and materials for energy technologies.
Dr Callum Rae - A New Approach to Energy Centre Design
http://www.ktpscotland.org.uk/ViewArticle/tabid/4421/articleType/ArticleView/articleId/10338/Callum-Rae--Hurley-Palmer-Flatt.aspx
Carnegie Mellon University Wilton E. Scott Institute for Energy Innovation Amanda Finkenbinder, MPM
The Wilton E. Scott Institute for Energy Innovation at Carnegie Mellon University addresses the world’s most important energy-related challenges by enabling collaborative research, strategic partnerships, public policy outreach, entrepreneurship, and education. As one of CMU’s only university-wide institutes, we seek to optimize energy resources, reduce the environmental impacts of energy production and use, and develop breakthrough technologies and solutions that will have meaningful global impact.
2014 PV Reliability, Operations & Maintenance Workshop: A PV Cosmology Perspective for Ushering In: The Next Era in PV: Collaborative O&M Standards Development,
High Performance PV, John Balfour
Research Associate Dr Callum Rae discusses
the challenges presented by the growth in the
Energy Centre market, and outlines our alternative
approach to Energy Centre design, which has
successfully been applied to the AECC Energy
Centre project.
As the highly prestigious London Wall Place
project approaches completion of the shell
and core, Director, James O’Byrne reviews the
project and the application of BIM, and discusses
the various benefits on the overall design and
coordination process.
Diesel fuel is now a Category 3 flammable liquid.
Technical Board Director Wyn Turnbull reports
on the impact to diesel storage and use, as the
result of the recent Classification, Labelling and
Packaging of Chemical (CLP) Regulations 2015
which have replaced the now revoked CHIP
Regulations.
Associate Director Paul Scriven provides a brief
overview of the WELL Building Standard and
discusses why and how its popularity is growing.
Finally, Group Director Robert Thorogood discusses
how far standardisation of controls and automation
have developed using the IEC 61850 integration
standard, and what the benefits may bring to the
control of power distribution.
Paul Flatt, Group Chairman and CEO,
Hurley Palmer Flatt.
GreenFire Energy Presentation for CEC Clean Energy Workshop Feb 18 2016Andy Van Horn
This document discusses GreenFire Energy's ECO2GTM geothermal power technology, which uses supercritical carbon dioxide in closed loops to generate electricity from underground heat sources. This technology could significantly expand viable geothermal resources by not requiring natural fractures or permeability. The document notes California's need for flexible power sources to integrate rising renewable generation. It argues ECO2GTM could help meet this need by providing both baseload and flexible power with zero carbon emissions and no water use. The technology faces technical, economic, regulatory and contractual barriers, and the document requests support overcoming these barriers to develop ECO2GTM in California.
Dawn of the Building Performance Era WPErin Grossi
The document discusses the emergence of a new focus on building performance in the construction industry. It notes that while green building certifications improved design, they did not consistently deliver value through operations. The document argues that achieving optimal energy, water, and indoor air quality performance of building systems provides the greatest returns. It predicts that innovations in smart building technologies and performance standards will help drive the industry toward higher levels of sustainable resource management and occupant health.
As our communities transform economic development initiatives to meet the changing economy, universities are transforming educational programs that economically address the need for new types of degrees, new ways to learn, and curricular innovations. Engage with a panel that will describe 21st century changes to academic structures like the creation of new schools and degree programs (i.e. School for Green Chemistry and Engineering), virtual campuses, and other unique academic ventures that designed to dramatically change and enhance economic engagement activities in regions.
The Ska environmental rating tool for fit-outs has become widely adopted since its launch five years ago. It promotes sustainability in fit-out and refurbishment projects, which represent a significant portion of UK construction spending and carbon emissions. Ska assessments evaluate projects based on their implementation of simple, good practice measures rather than overall building performance calculations. This makes it suitable for fit-outs that only impact part of a building. While Ska use is growing, few building services engineers are yet trained as assessors, despite fit-outs requiring their input. RICS continues expanding Ska to more sectors like higher education.
Better by Design workshop, Wilton Centre, 26th Nov 2013BenPeace
Sustainable Business and Chemical Engineering.
Run by C-Tech Innovation, in collaboration with Chemistry Innovation and Environmental Sustainability Knowledge Transfer Networks, and the IChemE.
FY 2013 R&D REPORT January 6 2014 - Department of EnergyLyle Birkey
The document summarizes federal funding for environmental research and development from the Department of Energy (DOE) in fiscal years 2011-2013. It finds that DOE provides the largest amount of federal funding for environmental R&D of any federal agency, totaling $1.994 billion in FY2013. Much of this funding supports research at DOE national laboratories and is directed towards energy efficiency and renewable energy, fossil fuels like coal, and carbon capture and storage technologies. Specific areas of research focus on areas like energy efficient buildings, electric vehicles, advanced manufacturing, and improving the efficiency of power plants while enabling affordable carbon capture.
This document provides a summary of the current status of concentrated photovoltaic (CPV) technology. It discusses several large CPV power plant projects that have been commissioned, showing the technology is viable for utility-scale deployment. However, CPV still faces challenges in reducing costs to compete with standard photovoltaic systems. Solar simulators that allow for accurate testing of CPV components are seen as important for further technology advances. The document also notes some consolidation in the CPV industry as companies struggle with high costs and competition from inexpensive solar panels.
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive functioning. Exercise causes chemical changes in the brain that may help protect against mental illness and improve symptoms.
Dimensioning specifications define the nominal, as-modeled or as-intended geometry.
Tolerancing specifications define the allowable variation for the form and possibly the size of individual features, and the allowable variation in orientation and location between features
There are some fundamental rules that need to be applied
All dimensions must have a tolerance. Every feature on every manufactured part is subject to variation, therefore, the limits of allowable variation must be specified. Plus and minus tolerances may be applied directly to dimensions or applied from a general tolerance block or general note. For basic dimensions, geometric tolerances are indirectly applied in a related Feature Control Frame. The only exceptions are for dimensions marked as minimum, maximum, stock or reference.
Dimensions define the nominal geometry and allowable variation. Measurement and scaling of the drawing is not allowed except in certain cases.
Engineering drawings define the requirements of finished (complete) parts. Every dimension and tolerance required to define the finished part shall be shown on the drawing. If additional dimensions would be helpful, but are not required, they may be marked as reference.
Dimensions should be applied to features and arranged in such a way as to represent the function of the features. Additionally, dimensions should not be subject to more than one interpretation.
Descriptions of manufacturing methods should be avoided. The geometry should be described without explicitly defining the method of manufacture.
If certain sizes are required during manufacturing but are not required in the final geometry (due to shrinkage or other causes) they should be marked as non-mandatory.
All dimensioning and tolerancing should be arranged for maximum readability and should be applied to visible lines in true profiles.
When geometry is normally controlled by gage sizes or by code (e.g. stock materials), the dimension(s) shall be included with the gage or code number in parentheses following or below the dimension.
Angles of 90° are assumed when lines (including center lines) are shown at right angles, but no angular dimension is explicitly shown. (This also applies to other orthogonal angles of 0°, 180°, 270°, etc.)
Dimensions and tolerances are valid at 20 °C / 101.3 kPa unless stated otherwise.
Unless explicitly stated, all dimensions and tolerances are only valid when the item is in a free state.
Dimensions and tolerances apply to the length, width, and depth of a feature including form variation.
Dimensions and tolerances only apply at the level of the drawing where they are specified. It is not mandatory that they apply at other drawing levels, unless the specifications are repeated on the higher level drawing(s).
The Development Division constantly seeks to manufacture new cars by developing next-generation technology and responding sensitively to ever-changing environment and lifestyle trends. The division pursues concept, styling and design in a quest to realize the ideal car. This persistent spirit of development is the source which gives birth to next-generation cars. The Development Division is responsible for planning and visual design which bring satisfaction to customers, as well as the technical design, testing and evaluation process which support the product appeal. These various functions are made possible by the teamwork of the division.
A fast paced changing world requires dynamic methods and robust theories to enable designers to deal with the new product development landscape successfully and make a difference in an increasingly interconnected world. Designers continue stretching the boundaries of their discipline, and trail new paths in interdisciplinary domains, constantly moving the frontiers of their practice farther. This book, the successor to "Industrial Design - New Frontiers" (2011), develops the concepts present in the previous book further, as well as reaching new areas of theory and practice in industrial design. "Advances in Industrial Design Engineering" assists readers in leaping forward in their own practice and in preparing new design research that is relevant and aligned with the current challenges of this fascinating field.
This document discusses anthropometry, which is the measurement of human body dimensions used in product design. It covers key topics such as:
- Definitions of anthropometry and its uses in ergonomic design.
- The importance of considering anthropometric data for different populations when designing products for average size, specific ranges, or extremes.
- Factors that influence human body dimensions like age, gender, ethnicity, and work.
- Techniques for measuring body dimensions, including static measurements and functional/dynamic measurements of body positions during tasks.
- Statistical analysis and processing of anthropometric data, including determining percentiles and normal distributions.
- Applications of anthropometric data in workstation, equipment,
This document discusses product design and development. It covers factors that inspire product design such as identifying gaps in demand, underutilized resources, and new product ideas. It also discusses marketing factors to consider like market potential and competition. Additionally, it outlines the stages of new product development including idea generation, concept development, market strategy development, feasibility studies, product design, testing, and commercialization. Finally, it discusses the product life cycle and how investment depends on what stage the product is in such as introduction, growth, maturity, or decline.
The document outlines key concepts in engineering design. It discusses the course objectives which aim to develop an understanding of product design and development through interdisciplinary projects. Engineering design is defined as the creative application of scientific knowledge to solving problems. The design process involves gathering information, generating alternative solutions, evaluating alternatives through analysis and decision making, and communicating results. Different types of design such as original, adaptive, and redesign are also described.
Human factors and ergonomics (HF&E), also known as comfort design, functional design, and systems, is the practice of designing products, systems, or processes to take proper account of the interaction between them and the people who use them.
The field has seen contributions from numerous disciplines, such as psychology, engineering, bio-mechanics, industrial design, physiology, and anthropometry. In essence, it is the study of designing equipment and devices that fit the human body and its cognitive abilities. The two terms "human factors" and "ergonomics" are essentially synonymous
The document discusses the roles and impacts of engineering. It provides definitions of engineering from prominent engineers, noting that engineering applies science to improve everyday life and address human needs. The document also lists 14 major challenges that 21st century engineers will need to address, such as developing carbon storage, providing clean water, preventing nuclear terror, and advancing health technologies.
The document discusses various drafting instruments used in engineering drawing. It describes conventional tools like the drawing board, T-square, triangles, compass, protractor, templates, and pencils and pens in varying grades and sizes. It explains how to use each tool properly and the advantages they provide for creating precise engineering drawings.
The document outlines the process and considerations for vehicle occupant packaging and ergonomic evaluations. It begins with establishing assumptions about the vehicle type and intended users. Exterior dimensions, seating position, controls layout, and visibility are then evaluated in detail. Tests are conducted to evaluate entry/exit, comfort, reach, visibility and more. The goal is to apply ergonomic principles to optimize the design for human use and performance.
The document discusses engineering drawings and the tools used to create them. It explains that engineering drawings communicate design information through pictures, words, numbers and symbols. Traditionally, drawings were created manually using tools like drawing boards and compasses, but now they are often computer-generated electronic files. Whether created manually or digitally, engineering drawings serve the same purpose of recording and communicating design information. The document also lists and describes various tools that are used for creating engineering drawings, such as T-squares, compasses, protractors, scales, and pencils in different grades.
The document discusses spring rates, motion ratios, roll stiffness, and anti-roll bars. It provides equations to calculate spring rates for coil springs and torsion bars based on material properties and geometry. Motion ratio is defined as the displacement ratio between the spring and wheel center, and affects wheel rate. Roll stiffness is determined from individual wheel rates and track width. Asymmetric spring rates and locations are also addressed. Anti-roll bars contribute additional roll stiffness that depends on bar properties and motion ratio.
Engineering drawing (introduction of engineering drawing) lesson 1hermiraguilar
The document discusses engineering drawing and design. It provides examples of famous structures from around the world and describes the role of the designer in preparing plans and documentation. It also outlines the typical steps in the engineering design process, including problem identification, conceptual design, preliminary design, detailed design, and implementation. Finally, it discusses the importance of teamwork, problem solving, and communication skills for engineers.
GreenFire Energy Presentation for CEC Clean Energy Workshop Feb 18 2016Andy Van Horn
This document discusses GreenFire Energy's ECO2GTM geothermal power technology, which uses supercritical carbon dioxide in closed loops to generate electricity from underground heat sources. This technology could significantly expand viable geothermal resources by not requiring natural fractures or permeability. The document notes California's need for flexible power sources to integrate rising renewable generation. It argues ECO2GTM could help meet this need by providing both baseload and flexible power with zero carbon emissions and no water use. The technology faces technical, economic, regulatory and contractual barriers, and the document requests support overcoming these barriers to develop ECO2GTM in California.
Dawn of the Building Performance Era WPErin Grossi
The document discusses the emergence of a new focus on building performance in the construction industry. It notes that while green building certifications improved design, they did not consistently deliver value through operations. The document argues that achieving optimal energy, water, and indoor air quality performance of building systems provides the greatest returns. It predicts that innovations in smart building technologies and performance standards will help drive the industry toward higher levels of sustainable resource management and occupant health.
As our communities transform economic development initiatives to meet the changing economy, universities are transforming educational programs that economically address the need for new types of degrees, new ways to learn, and curricular innovations. Engage with a panel that will describe 21st century changes to academic structures like the creation of new schools and degree programs (i.e. School for Green Chemistry and Engineering), virtual campuses, and other unique academic ventures that designed to dramatically change and enhance economic engagement activities in regions.
The Ska environmental rating tool for fit-outs has become widely adopted since its launch five years ago. It promotes sustainability in fit-out and refurbishment projects, which represent a significant portion of UK construction spending and carbon emissions. Ska assessments evaluate projects based on their implementation of simple, good practice measures rather than overall building performance calculations. This makes it suitable for fit-outs that only impact part of a building. While Ska use is growing, few building services engineers are yet trained as assessors, despite fit-outs requiring their input. RICS continues expanding Ska to more sectors like higher education.
Better by Design workshop, Wilton Centre, 26th Nov 2013BenPeace
Sustainable Business and Chemical Engineering.
Run by C-Tech Innovation, in collaboration with Chemistry Innovation and Environmental Sustainability Knowledge Transfer Networks, and the IChemE.
FY 2013 R&D REPORT January 6 2014 - Department of EnergyLyle Birkey
The document summarizes federal funding for environmental research and development from the Department of Energy (DOE) in fiscal years 2011-2013. It finds that DOE provides the largest amount of federal funding for environmental R&D of any federal agency, totaling $1.994 billion in FY2013. Much of this funding supports research at DOE national laboratories and is directed towards energy efficiency and renewable energy, fossil fuels like coal, and carbon capture and storage technologies. Specific areas of research focus on areas like energy efficient buildings, electric vehicles, advanced manufacturing, and improving the efficiency of power plants while enabling affordable carbon capture.
This document provides a summary of the current status of concentrated photovoltaic (CPV) technology. It discusses several large CPV power plant projects that have been commissioned, showing the technology is viable for utility-scale deployment. However, CPV still faces challenges in reducing costs to compete with standard photovoltaic systems. Solar simulators that allow for accurate testing of CPV components are seen as important for further technology advances. The document also notes some consolidation in the CPV industry as companies struggle with high costs and competition from inexpensive solar panels.
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive functioning. Exercise causes chemical changes in the brain that may help protect against mental illness and improve symptoms.
Dimensioning specifications define the nominal, as-modeled or as-intended geometry.
Tolerancing specifications define the allowable variation for the form and possibly the size of individual features, and the allowable variation in orientation and location between features
There are some fundamental rules that need to be applied
All dimensions must have a tolerance. Every feature on every manufactured part is subject to variation, therefore, the limits of allowable variation must be specified. Plus and minus tolerances may be applied directly to dimensions or applied from a general tolerance block or general note. For basic dimensions, geometric tolerances are indirectly applied in a related Feature Control Frame. The only exceptions are for dimensions marked as minimum, maximum, stock or reference.
Dimensions define the nominal geometry and allowable variation. Measurement and scaling of the drawing is not allowed except in certain cases.
Engineering drawings define the requirements of finished (complete) parts. Every dimension and tolerance required to define the finished part shall be shown on the drawing. If additional dimensions would be helpful, but are not required, they may be marked as reference.
Dimensions should be applied to features and arranged in such a way as to represent the function of the features. Additionally, dimensions should not be subject to more than one interpretation.
Descriptions of manufacturing methods should be avoided. The geometry should be described without explicitly defining the method of manufacture.
If certain sizes are required during manufacturing but are not required in the final geometry (due to shrinkage or other causes) they should be marked as non-mandatory.
All dimensioning and tolerancing should be arranged for maximum readability and should be applied to visible lines in true profiles.
When geometry is normally controlled by gage sizes or by code (e.g. stock materials), the dimension(s) shall be included with the gage or code number in parentheses following or below the dimension.
Angles of 90° are assumed when lines (including center lines) are shown at right angles, but no angular dimension is explicitly shown. (This also applies to other orthogonal angles of 0°, 180°, 270°, etc.)
Dimensions and tolerances are valid at 20 °C / 101.3 kPa unless stated otherwise.
Unless explicitly stated, all dimensions and tolerances are only valid when the item is in a free state.
Dimensions and tolerances apply to the length, width, and depth of a feature including form variation.
Dimensions and tolerances only apply at the level of the drawing where they are specified. It is not mandatory that they apply at other drawing levels, unless the specifications are repeated on the higher level drawing(s).
The Development Division constantly seeks to manufacture new cars by developing next-generation technology and responding sensitively to ever-changing environment and lifestyle trends. The division pursues concept, styling and design in a quest to realize the ideal car. This persistent spirit of development is the source which gives birth to next-generation cars. The Development Division is responsible for planning and visual design which bring satisfaction to customers, as well as the technical design, testing and evaluation process which support the product appeal. These various functions are made possible by the teamwork of the division.
A fast paced changing world requires dynamic methods and robust theories to enable designers to deal with the new product development landscape successfully and make a difference in an increasingly interconnected world. Designers continue stretching the boundaries of their discipline, and trail new paths in interdisciplinary domains, constantly moving the frontiers of their practice farther. This book, the successor to "Industrial Design - New Frontiers" (2011), develops the concepts present in the previous book further, as well as reaching new areas of theory and practice in industrial design. "Advances in Industrial Design Engineering" assists readers in leaping forward in their own practice and in preparing new design research that is relevant and aligned with the current challenges of this fascinating field.
This document discusses anthropometry, which is the measurement of human body dimensions used in product design. It covers key topics such as:
- Definitions of anthropometry and its uses in ergonomic design.
- The importance of considering anthropometric data for different populations when designing products for average size, specific ranges, or extremes.
- Factors that influence human body dimensions like age, gender, ethnicity, and work.
- Techniques for measuring body dimensions, including static measurements and functional/dynamic measurements of body positions during tasks.
- Statistical analysis and processing of anthropometric data, including determining percentiles and normal distributions.
- Applications of anthropometric data in workstation, equipment,
This document discusses product design and development. It covers factors that inspire product design such as identifying gaps in demand, underutilized resources, and new product ideas. It also discusses marketing factors to consider like market potential and competition. Additionally, it outlines the stages of new product development including idea generation, concept development, market strategy development, feasibility studies, product design, testing, and commercialization. Finally, it discusses the product life cycle and how investment depends on what stage the product is in such as introduction, growth, maturity, or decline.
The document outlines key concepts in engineering design. It discusses the course objectives which aim to develop an understanding of product design and development through interdisciplinary projects. Engineering design is defined as the creative application of scientific knowledge to solving problems. The design process involves gathering information, generating alternative solutions, evaluating alternatives through analysis and decision making, and communicating results. Different types of design such as original, adaptive, and redesign are also described.
Human factors and ergonomics (HF&E), also known as comfort design, functional design, and systems, is the practice of designing products, systems, or processes to take proper account of the interaction between them and the people who use them.
The field has seen contributions from numerous disciplines, such as psychology, engineering, bio-mechanics, industrial design, physiology, and anthropometry. In essence, it is the study of designing equipment and devices that fit the human body and its cognitive abilities. The two terms "human factors" and "ergonomics" are essentially synonymous
The document discusses the roles and impacts of engineering. It provides definitions of engineering from prominent engineers, noting that engineering applies science to improve everyday life and address human needs. The document also lists 14 major challenges that 21st century engineers will need to address, such as developing carbon storage, providing clean water, preventing nuclear terror, and advancing health technologies.
The document discusses various drafting instruments used in engineering drawing. It describes conventional tools like the drawing board, T-square, triangles, compass, protractor, templates, and pencils and pens in varying grades and sizes. It explains how to use each tool properly and the advantages they provide for creating precise engineering drawings.
The document outlines the process and considerations for vehicle occupant packaging and ergonomic evaluations. It begins with establishing assumptions about the vehicle type and intended users. Exterior dimensions, seating position, controls layout, and visibility are then evaluated in detail. Tests are conducted to evaluate entry/exit, comfort, reach, visibility and more. The goal is to apply ergonomic principles to optimize the design for human use and performance.
The document discusses engineering drawings and the tools used to create them. It explains that engineering drawings communicate design information through pictures, words, numbers and symbols. Traditionally, drawings were created manually using tools like drawing boards and compasses, but now they are often computer-generated electronic files. Whether created manually or digitally, engineering drawings serve the same purpose of recording and communicating design information. The document also lists and describes various tools that are used for creating engineering drawings, such as T-squares, compasses, protractors, scales, and pencils in different grades.
The document discusses spring rates, motion ratios, roll stiffness, and anti-roll bars. It provides equations to calculate spring rates for coil springs and torsion bars based on material properties and geometry. Motion ratio is defined as the displacement ratio between the spring and wheel center, and affects wheel rate. Roll stiffness is determined from individual wheel rates and track width. Asymmetric spring rates and locations are also addressed. Anti-roll bars contribute additional roll stiffness that depends on bar properties and motion ratio.
Engineering drawing (introduction of engineering drawing) lesson 1hermiraguilar
The document discusses engineering drawing and design. It provides examples of famous structures from around the world and describes the role of the designer in preparing plans and documentation. It also outlines the typical steps in the engineering design process, including problem identification, conceptual design, preliminary design, detailed design, and implementation. Finally, it discusses the importance of teamwork, problem solving, and communication skills for engineers.
This document provides an overview of anthropometry, which is the quantitative measurement of the human body. It discusses various anthropometric measurements that can be taken including height, weight, body mass index, skin fold thickness, circumference measurements, and more. Guidelines are provided on techniques for accurately measuring each parameter in both adults and children. The document also discusses how these measurements can be used for nutritional assessment and to screen for malnutrition.
This document provides an introduction to different types of technical drawings including orthographic projection views, sectional views, auxiliary views, and isometric drawings. It discusses topics such as dimensioning of radii, holes, countersinks, counterbores, and spot faces. Examples are provided for various types of projection views and isometric drawings. Exercises are included at the end to apply the concepts learned.
The document discusses various types of automobile suspension systems. It describes independent suspension systems that allow each wheel to move independently and non-independent systems where the wheels are attached to a solid axle. Common types of independent suspension include MacPherson strut suspension, wishbone suspension, and solid rear axle suspension. The document also covers suspension components like springs, shock absorbers, control arms, and sway bars. It provides advantages and disadvantages of different suspension types.
Engineering drawings are a graphical means of communicating technical details and specifications without language barriers. They allow engineers to visualize and understand complex objects, structures, machines and their components. Drawings use standardized conventions, symbols and techniques to represent views, dimensions, materials, scales and other technical information precisely. They serve as roadmaps for manufacturing complex products. Manual drafting skills are still important for learning fundamental principles, even as computer-aided design has streamlined the process.
Download link: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/318852873_Engineering_Drawing_-_I
DOI: 10.13140/RG.2.2.22512.56328
An engineering drawing is a type of technical drawing, used to fully and clearly define requirements for engineered items, and is usually created in accordance with standardized conventions for layout, nomenclature, interpretation, appearance size, etc.
Its purpose is to accurately and unambiguously capture all the geometric features of a product or a component. The end goal of an engineering drawing is to convey all the required information that will allow a manufacturer to produce that component.
Buildings account for 40% of global greenhouse gas emissions. Improving the energy efficiency of existing buildings through programs like LEED's EBOM can significantly reduce emissions. HKU's CYC and TTT building retrofit project in Hong Kong demonstrated energy savings of 30-33% through upgrades like HVAC and lighting improvements. However, achieving the certification required demonstrating actual performance, which depends on organizational support and user behaviors. EBOM projects can be challenging but provide lessons for improving building operations and sustainability efforts in China and Asia.
The Wilton E. Scott Institute for Energy Innovation at Carnegie Mellon Univer...Amanda Finkenbinder, MPM
The Wilton E. Scott Institute for Energy Innovation works through the academic units of Carnegie Mellon University to find solutions for the nation's and the world's energy challenges including pathways to a low carbon future, smart grid, new materials for energy, shale gas, and building energy efficiency through research, strategic partnerships, public policy outreach and education.
The Wilton E. Scott Institute for Energy Innovation at Carnegie Mellon Univer...Amanda Finkenbinder, MPM
The Wilton E. Scott Institute for Energy Innovation works through the academic units of Carnegie Mellon University to find solutions for the nation's and the world's energy challenges including pathways to a low carbon future, smart grid, new materials for energy, shale gas, and building energy efficiency through research, strategic partnerships, public policy outreach and education
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The Wilton E. Scott Institute for Energy Innovation works through the academic units of Carnegie Mellon University to find solutions for the nation’s and world’s energy challenges through research, strategic partnerships, public policy outreach and education.
The Wilton E. Scott Institute for Energy Innovation at Carnegie Mellon Univer...Amanda Finkenbinder, MPM
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ENERGY IN BUILDINGs 50 BEST PRACTICE INITIATIVESJosh Develop
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Occupant behavior modeling tools by Berkeley Labs
1. A Public Webinar
Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory
U.S. Department of Energy
Occupant Behavior Modeling Tools
10:30am – 12:00pm, PDT
March 15, 2016
2. 2Webinar on Occupant Behavior Modeling Tools
Agenda
1. Building Technologies Office: R&D Directions & Opportunities, 5 minutes
Karma Sawyer, Technology Manager, USDOE
2. Overview of U.S.-China CERC-BEE Consortium, 10 minutes
Jimmy Tran, Operations Manager of CERC-BEE, LBNL
3. Introduction of occupant behavior modeling tools, 60 minutes
Tianzhen Hong, PI, LBNL; Yixing Chen, Lead programmer, LBNL
4. Q & A, 15 minutes
3. 3
Building Technologies Office: R&D
Directions & Opportunities
Karma Sawyer, Ph.D.
Technology Manager, CERC-BEE
March 15, 2016
4. 4
U.S.-China Clean Energy Research Center (CERC)
President Barack Obama and President Xi Jinping of China greet children during the
State Arrival Welcome Ceremony at the Great Hall of the People in Beijing, China, Nov. 12, 2014
U.S. President Obama and China President Xi Jinping
Five CERC Research Consortia
1. Advanced Coal Technology
2. Building Energy Efficiency
3. Clean Vehicles
4. Energy & Water
5. Medium & Heavy Duty Trucks
CERC is a joint clean energy research & development program between the U.S. & China.
• Established in 2009 by President Barack Obama & President Hu Jintao
• Renewed & expanded in 2014 for an additional 5 years (2016-2020)
5. 5
2014 Building Energy Use
Sources: 2013, 2014 EIA Annual Energy Outlook; 2010
Manufacturing Energy Consumption Survey
Buildings use about 76% of the electricity, and about 40% of all
primary energy, in the USA.
6. 6
Research & Development
• Develop technology roadmaps
• Prioritize opportunities
• Solicit and select innovative
technology solutions
• Collaborate with researchers
• Solve technical barriers and test
innovations to prove effectiveness
• Measure and validate energy savings
Codes and Standards
• Establish minimum energy use in a transparent
public process
• Protect consumer interests
• Reduce market confusion
• Enhance industry competitiveness & profitability
• Expand portfolio of EE appliances & equipment
• Raise the efficiency bar
Market Stimulation
• Identify barriers to speed and scale
adoption
• Collaborate with industry partners to
improve market adoption
• Increase usage of products & services
• Work through policy, adoption, and
financial barriers
• Communicate the importance and
value of energy efficiency
• Provide technical assistance and
training
BTO Ecosystem
BTO’s Integrated Approach
7. 7
“Other” dominates in future:
Transformers, medical imagers, elevators,
escalators, pumps, laundry equipment,
pumps, fume hoods, CHP, etc.
Best available does not consider
cost
ET 2020 includes cost effectiveness
Limits to Energy Efficiency (USA)
Source: 2015 DOE
Quadrennial Technology
Review, QTR (Chioke
Harris, Jared Langevin,
Jack Mayernik, & Brent
Nelson)
EUI = Energy Use Intensity
ET = Emerging Technologies
10. 10
Questions
• I will be available during the Q&A session at the end of the webinar.
• Or you can reach out directly: karma.sawyer@ee.doe.gov
11. Buildings Energy Efficiency Consortium, US-China Clean Energy Research Center, (CERC-BEE)
BUILDINGS ENERGY EFFICIENCY CONSORTIUM
U.S. - CHINA CLEAN ENERGY RESEARCH CENTER (CERC-BEE)
Presentation for Webinar on Occupant
Behavior Models
Led by MoHURD Center of Science and Technology of Construction of China
and Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory of the United States with:
Jimmy Tran
Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory
March 15th, 2016
12. Buildings Energy Efficiency Consortium, US-China Clean Energy Research Center, (CERC-BEE) 12
U.S. LEADERSHIP
DOE OPI
Bob Marley
U.S. Director, CERC
LBNL
Nan Zhou
Director, CERC-BEE
Rick Diamond
Deputy Director, CERC-BEE
Jimmy Tran
Operations Manager
Yao Yuan
China Liaison
U.S. LEADERSHIP
DOE BTO
Roland Risser &
Karma Sawyer,
Technical Oversight
Research Groups
** Proposed
U.S. Advisors
Industrial Board
Clay Nesler
(Johnson Controls), Chair
Technical
Patrick Hughes
Adam Hinge
John Millhone
Carl Blumstein
Strategic
Bill Jackson
Tom McCawley
Brian Heimberg
Industry
U.S. CERC-BEE ORGANIZATION
13. Buildings Energy Efficiency Consortium, US-China Clean Energy Research Center, (CERC-BEE)
Impact and Approaches
Technology Innovation:
• New state-of-the art
products
• Software
• Tools
• Guidebooks
Pilot Buildings:
• Demonstrating value of
technologies
• Accelerating
development
• Commercial impact
Codes and Market:
• Industry
commercialization
• Policies and standards
• Trainings
• Developers as path to
market
100 million tons CO2 reduction per year by 2025
Pioneering collaboration model with foundational IP protection
Accelerated technology development and deployment benefiting both countries
13
Development Demonstration Deployment
14. Buildings Energy Efficiency Consortium, US-China Clean Energy Research Center, (CERC-BEE)
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
4000
4500
2010 Baseline 2050 High Performance
Envelopes &
Integrated Design
Super-efficient
Equipment & Smart
Controls, Microgrids
Low-carbon Energy
Supply
RF 2050
BuildingPrimaryEnergyUse(Mtce)
China
U.S.
50% Reduction Potential
in buildings in both U.S. and China
Note: U.S. numbers based on RMI Reinventing Fire, China numbers based on LBNL 2050 DREAM model
Projected Energy Consumption of Buildings in 2050 in the U.S. and China
50% reduction from Passive measures
50% reduction from Active measures
66 Quads
106 Quads
56 Quads
14
15. Buildings Energy Efficiency Consortium, US-China Clean Energy Research Center, (CERC-BEE)
Benefits to Both Countries
15
1. Accelerated technology development through access to world-class scientists
2. Real world impact through commercialization
3. New technologies with robust applications in the global market developed for energy-
efficient buildings
4. Expanded markets for U.S. technologies valued at ~ $50B/year
5. Cost-effective and scalable solutions reduced energy use in buildings and CO2
emissions
6. Increased demand for deployment of energy efficient building technologies through
successful demonstrations and by policies and codes
7. Insights from new data facilitated through the bi-lateral CERC R&D model
8. Protected intellectual property of U.S. industrial partners through a pioneering,
enhanced U.S. - China agreement
9. Model collaborative R&D program providing opportunities for expanded international
cooperation on energy efficient buildings and more
10. Long-term partnerships with demonstrated results linking governments, universities,
research institutions including U.S. national laboratories, and industry
16. Buildings Energy Efficiency Consortium, US-China Clean Energy Research Center, (CERC-BEE)
Unique Business Benefits in the U.S. and China Compared to Traditional
Bi-lateral R&D Programs
Access and Input
• Inform new policies/initiatives, stimulating the
penetration/adoption of energy efficient technologies and
practices
• Direct access to governments, official policy making institutions,
U.S. national laboratories, and Chinese research, policy
institutes, and companies
• Recognition as a Member at major conferences and workshops
Market Development and Special IP Protections
• Better understanding of, and access to expose new technologies
to large markets
• Enhanced IP protection and assistance in China side licensing
agreements
16
17. Buildings Energy Efficiency Consortium, US-China Clean Energy Research Center, (CERC-BEE)
>13 U.S.
& China
Research
Partners
>59 U.S.
& China
Industry
Partners
including:
Tsinghua
University
Chongqing
University
Tongji
University
Tianjin
University
China Society for
Urban Studies
China Academy of
Building Research
MoHURD Center of Science &
Technology of Construction
>71 Research & Industry Partners
Supported by U.S. Department of Energy and China Ministry of Science Technology, with:
18. Buildings Energy Efficiency Consortium, US-China Clean Energy Research Center, (CERC-BEE)
0
5
10
15
20
FY 2011 FY 2012 FY 2013 FY 2014 FY 2015
MillionsUSD
Annual CERC-BEE Funding
US DOE US PARTNERS CHINA MOST & PARTNERS
8M
13.4M 14.5M 15.5M
17.5M
Industry engagement strongest ever
• Industrial partners see value, demonstrated by +30% annual average growth rate
for cash and in-kind contributions to date
• Initial 5-year total program funding of $69M vs. $50M planned (+38%)
• Presidents Obama & Xi renewed CERC for another 5-yrs 2016-2020
• Expanded industry engagement through affiliates programs
18
19. Buildings Energy Efficiency Consortium, US-China Clean Energy Research Center, (CERC-BEE)
List of Key Accomplishments
Products Launched
•3M: 3M 3015 product launch of primerless
self-adhering membrane
•ClimateMaster: Co-axial ground heat
exchanger (GHX) and Trilogy integrated
heat pump
•DOW: LIQUIDARMOR – RS and
LIQUIDARMOR – CM
Patents & Invention Disclosures
•DOW Air sealing - US 8,641,846 B2
•Smart Pumping Control for Hydraulic
Distribution Systems
•Incorporation of SH powders in water based
acrylic coatings
•LBNL’s "Cool Roof Time Machine" (ASTM D7897-
15) cuts prototype testing to 3 days from 3 years
Standards, Codes, Policies
•ISO 15099 for standardized characterization
of window and fenestration products
•China Building Energy Consumption
Standard
•MOHURD national energy performance
benchmarking and disclosure (EPB&PD)
policy
Copyrights Software
•Enhancement to EnergyPlus, Behavior
software module
•DER-CAM, webopt and operation DER-CAM
•Online Hotel Commercial building
benchmarking tool for China
19
20. Buildings Energy Efficiency Consortium, US-China Clean Energy Research Center, (CERC-BEE)
Demonstration projects yield meaningful technological progress
#1 Beijing, China, CABR Near Zero Energy Building
#2 Zhu Hai, China, Xingye Research and Office
Building
• Office, R&D facility, 4025m
2
, cold climate zone
• Energy Intensity 25 kWh/(m
2
.a)
• 0 fossil fuel for space heating
• cooling energy 50%
• lighting energy 75%
• Led to development of China’s NZEB standard.
• Office Building,23,500 m2, Hot Summer and
Warm Winter zone
• Annual Energy Intensity:52.4kWh/m2·a
• Energy Saving Target:76.7%
• Renewable energy:172,863 kWh
• Percentage of Renewable energy:14.4%
20
Passive design
and natural
ventilation
Lighting
controls
Efficient HVAC
PV, Solar thermal,
and Microgrid
High
Performance
Windows
21. Buildings Energy Efficiency Consortium, US-China Clean Energy Research Center, (CERC-BEE)
CERC-BEE 2.0 Unique Approaches
Technology silo System efficiency
Disconnect policy and
deployment research
Fewer, yet high impact & prominent
technology breakthroughs
individual buildings
Adding large scale developers and builders,
engage more Chinese industry partners
No developers
Expanding to building complex and
communities
Many small projects &
incremental improvements
Market and Policy research support each
project
Independent IP Potential for Joint IP
Independent projects
Integrative programs encouraging cross area
collaboration
Academia led projects
More IAB partner led projects to ensure
commercialization
CERC-BEE 1.0 CERC-BEE 2.0
22. Buildings Energy Efficiency Consortium, US-China Clean Energy Research Center, (CERC-BEE)
Impact: Facade integrated design and prefab
construction: provides a platform for optimal
integration of energy saving features into facades
for new construction or existing building re-skins.
Integrated Design, Construction and
Industrialized Building
Problem: Façade energy-saving features are
limited by: poor construction site workmanship
and/or the difficulty enforcing, through
construction site inspections, stringent passive
envelope energy codes.
Energy saving features that can be integrated:
(1) insulation, (2) air sealing, (3) high albedo exterior
surfaces, (4) exterior shading of fenestration, (5) har-
vesting of daylight and passive solar heating, (6) pro-
visions for natural ventilation, and (7) lower embod-
ied energy and environmental impact materials.
Industrialized building advances:
(1) design standardization, (2) factory production,
(3) construction site assembly , (4) architectural
feature integration, (5) materials waste reduction,
and (6) building information modeling (BIM) for
improved cost and QA/QC management.
22
1. Integrated Precast Façade Design
2. New: 3-D Printed Precast Forms3. Pour/Ship/Assemble Modules
4. New/Retrofit Finished Facade
2. Old: Handcrafted Precast Forms
23. Buildings Energy Efficiency Consortium, US-China Clean Energy Research Center, (CERC-BEE)
Integrated Sensors, Controls and Commissioning
• Building operation needs to become elastic, energy-optimized, grid-aware and occupancy responsive
• Develop and demonstrate open-source, Hierarchical Occupancy Responsive Model Predictive Control at Room, Building
and Campus Levels, built on open standards, consisting of
• machine learning for user behavior, occupancy and load prediction, and for model and state identification to
reduce commissioning time, adjust to actual operation, and provide information about performance degradation
for continuous commissioning, feeding into
• Hierarchical Model Predictive Controllers that dynamically control rooms, buildings and campus, and
• dashboards that inform occupants, building operators and campus managers about how to save energy or shed
loads, and that retrieve their comfort and operation preferences
• Building and district energy systems that optimize their operation across end-uses, learn about the energy system
dynamics and user’s comfort preferences and inform the building occupants and operator about how to reduce energy
consumption
• On site demonstration within an open infrastructure that allows start-up to also test and integrate their technologies
Energy/Comfort
Dashboards
Occupancy-responsive Model
Predictive Control
23
Hierarchical distributed, occupancy-
and grid-aware operation
Machine learning
for system identification
Problem
Approach
Outcome
24. Buildings Energy Efficiency Consortium, US-China Clean Energy Research Center, (CERC-BEE)
DC Buildings and Smart Grid
Current hybrid buildings with on-site
generation-storage require many
energy conversions.
current hybrid
DC building-microgrid
source: Emerge Alliance
Current commercial buildings have about 1/3 efficient loads involving DC,
i.e. electronics, lighting, variable speed motors, etc. and the fraction is growing.
Eliminating conversions DC AC DC saves 10-20% electricity consumption.
DC has other power quality advantages, so future buildings may use both.
China conditions amenable to development of DC building systems
24
25. Buildings Energy Efficiency Consortium, US-China Clean Energy Research Center, (CERC-BEE)
Indoor Environment Quality
PROBLEM: Outdoor air ventilation for commercial buildings limits energy
and CO2 savings opportunities and impacts indoor air quality because:
– The outdoor air must be thermally conditioned
– The most conditioning energy is often needed during peak times
– Outdoor air pollutants (e.g., particulate matter) increase indoors
GOAL: Develop and demonstrate technologies that manipulate air supply for
energy-efficient HVAC while providing excellent indoor environmental quality.
APPROACH: Advances will be made in the following areas:
– Develop and demonstrate air cleaning technologies for fine particulate
matter (PM2.5), ozone, formaldehyde, volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and carbon dioxide (CO2).
– Integrate air cleaning with ventilation by real-time monitoring using low-cost sensors
– Develop simulation tools to aid system design & selection for different building types, climates and air quality challenges
ACTIVITIES: Joint US-China teams will develop novel air cleaning materials, demonstrate air cleaning systems and sensing
networks in Chinese buildings, and develop and apply simulation and other evaluation tools.
CASE STUDY: Office building
in San Antonio, Texas Energy Savings:
40% cooling load reduction
(Aug-Sep/2013)
Enhanced removal
of indoor and
outdoor
contaminants
Reduced
need for
outdoor air
ventilation
Lower HVAC energy costs &
excellent indoor air quality
Example Technology: Enverid HLR
system with BASF sorbent materials that
remove CO2 and VOCs.
• increases HVAC energy efficiency
• provides and monitored continuously
good indoor air quality, reducing
intake of outdoor pollutants
• Significant impact on peak electricity
demand with reduced GHG emissionsGreen: air cleaning ON; Blue: air cleaning OFF
Images provided by Enverid
25
26. Buildings Energy Efficiency Consortium, US-China Clean Energy Research Center, (CERC-BEE)
Policy & Markets Initiative
Objective: Accelerate the market penetration of advanced CERC technologies during new construction,
major retrofit, and minor retrofit in the United States and China through the following solutions:
26
CERC
2.0
Solution
Background/Description Goals
Opportunity Areas Annual Savings
New
Construction
Major Retrofit
Minor
Retrofit
United
States
China
Systems
Dynamic
Model
Current DOE technology/policy impact
assessment tools focus only on the US. We will
expand the system dynamics model developed
for CERC 1.0 to evaluate the impact of
variations to market and policy solutions in
both the US and China, in order to inform
decision-making, and ultimately our policy
implementation recommendations
By 2020, inform the development of
outcome-based code, retrofit, and finance
policies; impact and scale up potential of
these policies; as well as price points for
the adoption of CERC 2.0 technologies
✓ ✓
Energy
Use: 3.9
Quads
Emissions:
375
MtCO2
Energy
Use: 5.3
Quads
Emissions:
500
MtCO2
Outcome-
Based Code
Models
Traditional codes fall short in being able to
drive the implementation of very low energy
buildings; we will help drive the development
of an outcome based code that can capture all
the savings, verified
By 2020, China’s national 14th 5-year plan
(2020–2025) specifies the development
and DOE provides guidance to cities for
developing outcome based codes for very
low energy buildings
✓
Retrofit
Models
Current retrofit implementation models have
not been able to achieve the scale required of
them; we will work with implementation
partners to pilot and scale new retrofit and
financing models
By 2020, deliver working retrofit and
financing models that are in the process
of scaling in one China city and one US
city
✓
27. Buildings Energy Efficiency Consortium, US-China Clean Energy Research Center, (CERC-BEE)
CERC-BEE 2.0
Moving Towards Net Zero Energy Buildings
27
Contact Jimmy Tran jtran2@lbl.gov for further information
28. 28Webinar on Occupant Behavior Modeling Tools
Occupant Behavior Modeling Tools
• Introduction
– A CERC-BEE 1.0 project (2013 – March 2016)
• Three occupant behavior modeling tools
1. Occupancy Simulator, a web App for simulating
occupant presence and movement in buildings
2. obXML, an XML schema for representation and
exchange of occupant behavior models
3. obFMU, a functional mock-up unit (FMU) of
occupant behavior models for co-simulation
• Next steps
• Resources
behavior.lbl.gov
occupancysimulator.lbl.gov
www.annex66.org
29. 29Webinar on Occupant Behavior Modeling Tools
Introduction
• Why behavior research?
– Technologies alone not necessarily
guarantee low energy use in buildings.
– Human behavior plays an essential role in
buildings, but it is not well understood and
usually over-simplified.
– Behavior changes, usually no- or low-cost,
has demonstrated 5 to 30% energy savings
in buildings, but potential savings can be
more in very low energy buildings.
• Occupant behavior is complex
– Stochastic in time and space
– Diversity
– Multidisciplinary
– Sensing and data is a challenge
2008 NBI Study of LEED NC certified buildings
Courtesy: Danny Parker, FSEC
Energy-related occupant
behavior in buildings, e.g.:
• Open/close windows
• Switch/dim lights
• Adjust thermostat
• Movement
• Turn on/off HVAC
• Operate shades
• Adjust clothing
• Turn on/off plug-loads
Impact of occupants:
• Passive effect: heat and
moisture gains from occupants
• Active effect: occupants interact
with lighting, plug loads, HVAC,
windows and shades
30. 30Webinar on Occupant Behavior Modeling Tools
State-of-the-art
Limitations of occupant input in current
building simulation programs:
• Use deterministic or static settings and rules
• Assume homogeneous profiles
– Schedules, comfort requirements
• Hard to use custom features, e.g.
– EnergyPlus EMS (Energy Management System)
– DOE-2 User Function
– IDA ICE NMF
• Simulation programs represent occupant
input differently
– No standardization
– Cannot reuse models or data
Occupant schedules used in the DOE reference building models
31. 31Webinar on Occupant Behavior Modeling Tools
Research Approach on Occupant Behavior in Buildings
This webinar focuses on:
1. Occupancy Simulator
2. obXML
3. obFMU
32. 32Webinar on Occupant Behavior Modeling Tools
Occupancy Simulator
• Occupant schedule is crucial to building energy simulation
• Simplified occupant schedules lack diversity and stochastics
Markov Chain model
• Determine the location of each occupant based
on their previous location and a transition
probability matrix
• Transition Probability Matrix
𝑃𝑃𝑖𝑖,𝑗𝑗: The probability of an occupant
moving from location (i) to location (j)
00 01 0
10 11 1
, 1
0 1
n
n
t t
n n nn
P P P
P P P
P
P P P
+
=
𝑋𝑋 𝑡𝑡 = 𝑖𝑖
𝑝𝑝𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖
𝑋𝑋 𝑡𝑡 + 1 = 𝑗𝑗
Occupancy Simulator:
• A web Application running on multiplatform and devices
• Uses Markov Chain model to simulate movement of each
occupant
• A simple and layered way for user input
• Produces occupant schedules for spaces and individual
occupant
• Downloadable schedules in csv and IDF files
References:
1. C. Wang, D. Yan, Y. Jiang. A novel approach for building occupancy
simulation. Building Simulation, 4(2): 149-167, 2011.
2. X. Feng, D. Yan, T. Hong. Simulation of occupancy in buildings.
Energy and Buildings, 87: 348-359, 2015.
3. Y. Chen, X. Luo, T. Hong. An Agent-Based Occupancy Simulator for
Building Performance Simulation, ASHRAE Annual Conference, 2016
33. 33Webinar on Occupant Behavior Modeling Tools
Demonstration of the Occupancy Simulator
OccupancySimulator.lbl.gov
34. 34Webinar on Occupant Behavior Modeling Tools
The DNAS Framework for representing occupant behavior in buildings
The DNAS Framework:
• Drivers represent the stimulating factors that
provoke energy-related occupant behavior
• Needs represent the requirements of an
occupant that must be met in order to ensure
satisfaction with the environment
• Actions are interactions with building systems or
activities that an occupant can conduct in order
to satisfy their needs
• Systems are the equipment or mechanisms with
which an occupant may interact to restore
comfort
References:
1. T. Hong, S. D’Oca, S.C. Taylor-Lange, W. J.N. Turner, Y. Chen, S. P.
Corgnati. An ontology to represent energy-related occupant behavior
in buildings. Part II: Implementation of the DNAs Framework using an
XML schema. Building and Environment, 2015
2. T. Hong, S. D'Oca, W. Turner, S.C. Taylor-Lange. An ontology to
represent energy-related occupant behavior in buildings. Part I:
Introduction to the DNAs Framework. Building and
Environment, 2015
An example – opening a window
35. 35Webinar on Occupant Behavior Modeling Tools
obXML – An XML schema implementing the DNAS framework
37. 37Webinar on Occupant Behavior Modeling Tools
obFMU
• A Functional Mock-up Unit (FMU) of occupant
behavior models
• Support co-simulation with building simulation
programs, e.g., EnergyPlus
• Implement occupant behavior models for:
1. Controls: on, off, proportional
2. Systems: windows, shade/blind, lights, plug
loads, thermostat, and HVAC
3. Events: entering, leaving, meeting, lunch
4. Various probabilistic models
• Reference
T. Hong, Y. Chen, S.C. Taylor-Lange, H. Sun, D. Yan. An occupant behavior
modeling tool for co-simulation. Energy and Buildings, 2016
38. 38Webinar on Occupant Behavior Modeling Tools
Results
csv files
Co-Simulation via FMI
Multiple instances of obFMU
Each obFMU simulates one space
obFMU – Software Architecture
EnergyPlus
(Simulation engine, also the
co-simulation manager)
obFMU
DLL xml
Occupant Models
obXML File
obXML
Schema
Describes occupant behaviors
Results
OB DNAS
Framework Building Model
IDF File
Co-Simulation Info
obCoSim.xml
Simulation period, space mapping
between obXML and IDF
Co-Simulation Info
ExternalInterface
FunctionalMockupUnitImport
obFMU
DLL xml
obFMU
DLL xml
Results
csv filesResults
csv files
39. 39Webinar on Occupant Behavior Modeling Tools
EnergyPlus
obFMU – Data Exchange and Work Flow
FMU External
Interface
obFMU
Get control variables
Set variables
Perform time-step calculation
• Movement Solver
Occupancy
• Interaction Solver
Window
Shade/Blind
Lighting
Plug load
Thermostat
HVAC
Data Exchange
Occupancy schedule
Lighting schedule
Plug load schedule
Window schedule
Shade/Blind schedule
Thermostat setpoint
HVAC schedule
Zone air temperature
Zone illumination level
Zone CO2 concentration
Outdoor air temperature
Outdoor rain indicator
etc.
40. 40Webinar on Occupant Behavior Modeling Tools
Types of Occupant Behavior Models Implemented in obXML and obFMU
Interaction Types
Turn On (Open)
Turn Off (Close)
Event Types
Entering
Leaving
Stay
Other Constraints
No other occupants
Have other occupants
Probability Models
Constant
Linear 1D
Linear 2D
Linear 3D
Quadratic 1D
Logit 1D
Logit 2D
Logit 3D
Weibull 1D
1800+
Proportional/
Control value
Systems
Windows
Lights
HVAC
Thermostat
Shade/Blind
Plug loads
Leaving more
than 1 hour
Leaving more
than 6 hour
Logit 1D Quadratic
41. 41Webinar on Occupant Behavior Modeling Tools
An Example – Hunt’s lighting use model (1980)
Interaction Type
Turn On
System
Lights
Probability Model
Logit1D Quadratic
Turn on lights based on daylight illuminance using Logit 1D Quadratic Model.
Reference: Hunt, D. R. G. Predicting artificial lighting use - a method based upon observed patterns of behaviour. Light. Res. Technol. (1980).
𝑝𝑝 = 𝐴𝐴 +
𝐶𝐶
1 + exp{−𝐵𝐵 ∗ [𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙 𝑙𝑙10 𝑃𝑃𝑃 − 𝐷𝐷]}
42. 42Webinar on Occupant Behavior Modeling Tools
Future Plan
• Occupancy Simulator
– Validation with measured data
– Support complex cases with a large number of spaces and occupants
– Improve run-time performance with parallel computing
• obXML
– Add annotations to the schema
– Develop a library of occupant behavior models in obXML
– Consider constraints of multiple behaviors (e.g. turn off HVAC if opening windows)
– Explore potential integration of obXML with BIM
• obFMU
– Develop an Application Guide
– Improve EnergyPlus FMI: (1) removing memory limitation, (2) supporting FMI 2.0 standard
• CERC 2.0 project
– Application of these tools and integration with building control systems
• Collaboration
– IEA EBC Annex 66
– ASHRAE MTG.OBB
43. 43Webinar on Occupant Behavior Modeling Tools
Acknowledgments
• U.S. Department of Energy
– the U.S-China CERC-BEE Consortium
– The Building Energy Modeling Tools program
• CERC-BEE partners
– Tsinghua University, China
– Bentley Systems
• IEA EBC Annex 66 collaborators
– Carnegie Mellon University
– Rutgers University
– Fraunhofer, Germany
– KIT, Germany
– Polytechnic of Turin, Italy
– BME University, Hungary
– University of Strathclyde, UK Group photo of the Annex 66 participants at the 2nd Experts Meeting at KIT, Germany
44. 44Webinar on Occupant Behavior Modeling Tools
How you can help us to improve these tools?
• Try them and provide feedback
• Provide data for validation
• Propose new features
• Use the tools
• Join our future development
45. 45Webinar on Occupant Behavior Modeling Tools
Questions
Karma Sawyer, karma.sawyer@ee.doe.gov
Jimmy Tran, jtran2@lbl.gov
Tianzhen Hong, thong@lbl.gov
46. 46Webinar on Occupant Behavior Modeling Tools
Building Technologies Office, USDOE:
http://energy.gov/eere/buildings/building-technologies-office
U.S.-China Clean Energy Research Center (CERC): www.us-china-cerc.org
CERC Building Energy Efficiency Consortium: cercbee.lbl.gov
CERC-BEE occupant behavior research project: Behavior.lbl.gov
Occupancy Simulator: Occupancysimulator.lbl.gov
IEA EBC Annex 66: Annex66.org
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