objectives of fiscal policy
,
to accelerate the rate of economic growth:
,
optimum allocation of resources
,
generally following are the objectives of a fiscal
,
equitable distribution of income and wealth:
,
full employment
,
to encourage investment
,
economic stability:
MEANING
MEANING
DEFINITION
CLASSIFICATION OF PUBLIC EXPENDITURE
CAUSES FOR THE GROWTH OF PUBLIC EXPENDITURE
MEANING
DEFINITION
CLASSIFICATION OF PUBLIC EXPENDITURE
CAUSES FOR THE GROWTH OF PUBLIC EXPENDITURE
MEANING
MEANING
DEFINITION
CLASSIFICATION OF PUBLIC EXPENDITURE
CAUSES FOR THE GROWTH OF PUBLIC EXPENDITURE
MEANING
DEFINITION
CLASSIFICATION OF PUBLIC EXPENDITURE
CAUSES FOR THE GROWTH OF PUBLIC EXPENDITURE
This slide contains:
Incidence of Tax, its shift-ability, effect of residental status of assesse on taxability of income, effect on tax in different demand situations.
This ppt contains
Budget
Fiscal Imbalance
Deficit
Deficit Financing
Harshit Jalan
Adverse Effect of Deficit Financing
Need
Is deficit financing inflationary
This slide contains:
Incidence of Tax, its shift-ability, effect of residental status of assesse on taxability of income, effect on tax in different demand situations.
This ppt contains
Budget
Fiscal Imbalance
Deficit
Deficit Financing
Harshit Jalan
Adverse Effect of Deficit Financing
Need
Is deficit financing inflationary
Monetary policy is a set of tools that a nation's central bank has available to promote sustainable economic growth by controlling the overall supply of money that is available to the nation's banks, its consumers, and its businesses.
Define conflict and conflict behavior in organizations
Distinguish between functional and dysfunctional conflict
Understand different levels and types of conflict in organizations
Analyze conflict episodes and the linkages among them
Explain why conflict arises, and identify the types and sources of conflict in organizations.
Describe conflict management strategies that managers can use to resolve conflict effectively.
Understand the nature of negotiation and why integrative bargaining is more effective than distributive negotiation.
,managing conflict ,politics ,and negotiation
,
capital budgeting
,
concept of capital budgeting
,
the capital budgeting process
,
significance of capital budgeting
,
classification of investment project proposals
,
techniques of capital budgeting
,
types of project
basic organization of computer
,
input unit
,
output unit
,
storage unit
,
arithmetic logic unit (alu)
,
computer codes
,
computer for organization
,
business communication
,
payroll system
,
management information system
operating system
,
os
,
what is an os?
,
types of os
,
logical architecture of a computer system
,
basic task perform by os
,
task switching
,
utility software
,
main functions of an os
,
ddata communications and computer networks
,
basic elements of a communication system
,
coaxial cable
,
star network
,
data transmission media
,
ring network
,
hybrid network
,
completely connected network
,
multi-access bus network
,
network linking devices
,
network interface card (nic)
International Business basic concept of international business
,
approaches to international business/ modes of ent
,
barriers to international business
,
absolute advantage and comparative advantage
Falcon stands out as a top-tier P2P Invoice Discounting platform in India, bridging esteemed blue-chip companies and eager investors. Our goal is to transform the investment landscape in India by establishing a comprehensive destination for borrowers and investors with diverse profiles and needs, all while minimizing risk. What sets Falcon apart is the elimination of intermediaries such as commercial banks and depository institutions, allowing investors to enjoy higher yields.
Empowering the Unbanked: The Vital Role of NBFCs in Promoting Financial Inclu...Vighnesh Shashtri
In India, financial inclusion remains a critical challenge, with a significant portion of the population still unbanked. Non-Banking Financial Companies (NBFCs) have emerged as key players in bridging this gap by providing financial services to those often overlooked by traditional banking institutions. This article delves into how NBFCs are fostering financial inclusion and empowering the unbanked.
what is the future of Pi Network currency.DOT TECH
The future of the Pi cryptocurrency is uncertain, and its success will depend on several factors. Pi is a relatively new cryptocurrency that aims to be user-friendly and accessible to a wide audience. Here are a few key considerations for its future:
Message: @Pi_vendor_247 on telegram if u want to sell PI COINS.
1. Mainnet Launch: As of my last knowledge update in January 2022, Pi was still in the testnet phase. Its success will depend on a successful transition to a mainnet, where actual transactions can take place.
2. User Adoption: Pi's success will be closely tied to user adoption. The more users who join the network and actively participate, the stronger the ecosystem can become.
3. Utility and Use Cases: For a cryptocurrency to thrive, it must offer utility and practical use cases. The Pi team has talked about various applications, including peer-to-peer transactions, smart contracts, and more. The development and implementation of these features will be essential.
4. Regulatory Environment: The regulatory environment for cryptocurrencies is evolving globally. How Pi navigates and complies with regulations in various jurisdictions will significantly impact its future.
5. Technology Development: The Pi network must continue to develop and improve its technology, security, and scalability to compete with established cryptocurrencies.
6. Community Engagement: The Pi community plays a critical role in its future. Engaged users can help build trust and grow the network.
7. Monetization and Sustainability: The Pi team's monetization strategy, such as fees, partnerships, or other revenue sources, will affect its long-term sustainability.
It's essential to approach Pi or any new cryptocurrency with caution and conduct due diligence. Cryptocurrency investments involve risks, and potential rewards can be uncertain. The success and future of Pi will depend on the collective efforts of its team, community, and the broader cryptocurrency market dynamics. It's advisable to stay updated on Pi's development and follow any updates from the official Pi Network website or announcements from the team.
The secret way to sell pi coins effortlessly.DOT TECH
Well as we all know pi isn't launched yet. But you can still sell your pi coins effortlessly because some whales in China are interested in holding massive pi coins. And they are willing to pay good money for it. If you are interested in selling I will leave a contact for you. Just telegram this number below. I sold about 3000 pi coins to him and he paid me immediately.
Telegram: @Pi_vendor_247
Falcon stands out as a top-tier P2P Invoice Discounting platform in India, bridging esteemed blue-chip companies and eager investors. Our goal is to transform the investment landscape in India by establishing a comprehensive destination for borrowers and investors with diverse profiles and needs, all while minimizing risk. What sets Falcon apart is the elimination of intermediaries such as commercial banks and depository institutions, allowing investors to enjoy higher yields.
how to sell pi coins at high rate quickly.DOT TECH
Where can I sell my pi coins at a high rate.
Pi is not launched yet on any exchange. But one can easily sell his or her pi coins to investors who want to hold pi till mainnet launch.
This means crypto whales want to hold pi. And you can get a good rate for selling pi to them. I will leave the telegram contact of my personal pi vendor below.
A vendor is someone who buys from a miner and resell it to a holder or crypto whale.
Here is the telegram contact of my vendor:
@Pi_vendor_247
Resume
• Real GDP growth slowed down due to problems with access to electricity caused by the destruction of manoeuvrable electricity generation by Russian drones and missiles.
• Exports and imports continued growing due to better logistics through the Ukrainian sea corridor and road. Polish farmers and drivers stopped blocking borders at the end of April.
• In April, both the Tax and Customs Services over-executed the revenue plan. Moreover, the NBU transferred twice the planned profit to the budget.
• The European side approved the Ukraine Plan, which the government adopted to determine indicators for the Ukraine Facility. That approval will allow Ukraine to receive a EUR 1.9 bn loan from the EU in May. At the same time, the EU provided Ukraine with a EUR 1.5 bn loan in April, as the government fulfilled five indicators under the Ukraine Plan.
• The USA has finally approved an aid package for Ukraine, which includes USD 7.8 bn of budget support; however, the conditions and timing of the assistance are still unknown.
• As in March, annual consumer inflation amounted to 3.2% yoy in April.
• At the April monetary policy meeting, the NBU again reduced the key policy rate from 14.5% to 13.5% per annum.
• Over the past four weeks, the hryvnia exchange rate has stabilized in the UAH 39-40 per USD range.
how to sell pi coins effectively (from 50 - 100k pi)DOT TECH
Anywhere in the world, including Africa, America, and Europe, you can sell Pi Network Coins online and receive cash through online payment options.
Pi has not yet been launched on any exchange because we are currently using the confined Mainnet. The planned launch date for Pi is June 28, 2026.
Reselling to investors who want to hold until the mainnet launch in 2026 is currently the sole way to sell.
Consequently, right now. All you need to do is select the right pi network provider.
Who is a pi merchant?
An individual who buys coins from miners on the pi network and resells them to investors hoping to hang onto them until the mainnet is launched is known as a pi merchant.
debuts.
I'll provide you the Telegram username
@Pi_vendor_247
US Economic Outlook - Being Decided - M Capital Group August 2021.pdfpchutichetpong
The U.S. economy is continuing its impressive recovery from the COVID-19 pandemic and not slowing down despite re-occurring bumps. The U.S. savings rate reached its highest ever recorded level at 34% in April 2020 and Americans seem ready to spend. The sectors that had been hurt the most by the pandemic specifically reduced consumer spending, like retail, leisure, hospitality, and travel, are now experiencing massive growth in revenue and job openings.
Could this growth lead to a “Roaring Twenties”? As quickly as the U.S. economy contracted, experiencing a 9.1% drop in economic output relative to the business cycle in Q2 2020, the largest in recorded history, it has rebounded beyond expectations. This surprising growth seems to be fueled by the U.S. government’s aggressive fiscal and monetary policies, and an increase in consumer spending as mobility restrictions are lifted. Unemployment rates between June 2020 and June 2021 decreased by 5.2%, while the demand for labor is increasing, coupled with increasing wages to incentivize Americans to rejoin the labor force. Schools and businesses are expected to fully reopen soon. In parallel, vaccination rates across the country and the world continue to rise, with full vaccination rates of 50% and 14.8% respectively.
However, it is not completely smooth sailing from here. According to M Capital Group, the main risks that threaten the continued growth of the U.S. economy are inflation, unsettled trade relations, and another wave of Covid-19 mutations that could shut down the world again. Have we learned from the past year of COVID-19 and adapted our economy accordingly?
“In order for the U.S. economy to continue growing, whether there is another wave or not, the U.S. needs to focus on diversifying supply chains, supporting business investment, and maintaining consumer spending,” says Grace Feeley, a research analyst at M Capital Group.
While the economic indicators are positive, the risks are coming closer to manifesting and threatening such growth. The new variants spreading throughout the world, Delta, Lambda, and Gamma, are vaccine-resistant and muddy the predictions made about the economy and health of the country. These variants bring back the feeling of uncertainty that has wreaked havoc not only on the stock market but the mindset of people around the world. MCG provides unique insight on how to mitigate these risks to possibly ensure a bright economic future.
Introduction to Indian Financial System ()Avanish Goel
The financial system of a country is an important tool for economic development of the country, as it helps in creation of wealth by linking savings with investments.
It facilitates the flow of funds form the households (savers) to business firms (investors) to aid in wealth creation and development of both the parties
how to sell pi coins in all Africa Countries.DOT TECH
Yes. You can sell your pi network for other cryptocurrencies like Bitcoin, usdt , Ethereum and other currencies And this is done easily with the help from a pi merchant.
What is a pi merchant ?
Since pi is not launched yet in any exchange. The only way you can sell right now is through merchants.
A verified Pi merchant is someone who buys pi network coins from miners and resell them to investors looking forward to hold massive quantities of pi coins before mainnet launch in 2026.
I will leave the telegram contact of my personal pi merchant to trade with.
@Pi_vendor_247
how to sell pi coins on Bitmart crypto exchangeDOT TECH
Yes. Pi network coins can be exchanged but not on bitmart exchange. Because pi network is still in the enclosed mainnet. The only way pioneers are able to trade pi coins is by reselling the pi coins to pi verified merchants.
A verified merchant is someone who buys pi network coins and resell it to exchanges looking forward to hold till mainnet launch.
I will leave the telegram contact of my personal pi merchant to trade with.
@Pi_vendor_247
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USDA Loans in California: A Comprehensive Overview.pptxmarketing367770
USDA Loans in California: A Comprehensive Overview
If you're dreaming of owning a home in California's rural or suburban areas, a USDA loan might be the perfect solution. The U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) offers these loans to help low-to-moderate-income individuals and families achieve homeownership.
Key Features of USDA Loans:
Zero Down Payment: USDA loans require no down payment, making homeownership more accessible.
Competitive Interest Rates: These loans often come with lower interest rates compared to conventional loans.
Flexible Credit Requirements: USDA loans have more lenient credit score requirements, helping those with less-than-perfect credit.
Guaranteed Loan Program: The USDA guarantees a portion of the loan, reducing risk for lenders and expanding borrowing options.
Eligibility Criteria:
Location: The property must be located in a USDA-designated rural or suburban area. Many areas in California qualify.
Income Limits: Applicants must meet income guidelines, which vary by region and household size.
Primary Residence: The home must be used as the borrower's primary residence.
Application Process:
Find a USDA-Approved Lender: Not all lenders offer USDA loans, so it's essential to choose one approved by the USDA.
Pre-Qualification: Determine your eligibility and the amount you can borrow.
Property Search: Look for properties in eligible rural or suburban areas.
Loan Application: Submit your application, including financial and personal information.
Processing and Approval: The lender and USDA will review your application. If approved, you can proceed to closing.
USDA loans are an excellent option for those looking to buy a home in California's rural and suburban areas. With no down payment and flexible requirements, these loans make homeownership more attainable for many families. Explore your eligibility today and take the first step toward owning your dream home.
What website can I sell pi coins securely.DOT TECH
Currently there are no website or exchange that allow buying or selling of pi coins..
But you can still easily sell pi coins, by reselling it to exchanges/crypto whales interested in holding thousands of pi coins before the mainnet launch.
Who is a pi merchant?
A pi merchant is someone who buys pi coins from miners and resell to these crypto whales and holders of pi..
This is because pi network is not doing any pre-sale. The only way exchanges can get pi is by buying from miners and pi merchants stands in between the miners and the exchanges.
How can I sell my pi coins?
Selling pi coins is really easy, but first you need to migrate to mainnet wallet before you can do that. I will leave the telegram contact of my personal pi merchant to trade with.
Tele-gram.
@Pi_vendor_247
1. Top 8 Objectives of Fiscal Policy
Fiscal policy must be designed to be performed in two ways-by expanding investment in public
and private enterprises and by diverting resources from socially less desirable to more desirable
investment channels.
The objective of fiscal policy is to maintain the condition of full employment, economic stability
and to stabilize the rate of growth.
For an under-developed economy, the main purpose of fiscal policy is to accelerate the rate of
capital formation and investment.
Therefore, fiscal policy in under-developed countries has a different objective to that of
advanced countries.
Generally following are the objectives of a fiscal policy in a developing economy:
1. Full employment
2. Price stability
3. Accelerating the rate of economic development
4. Optimum allocation of resources
5. Equitable distribution of income and wealth
6. Economic stability
7. Capital formation and growth
8. Encouraging investment
1. Full Employment:
The first and foremost objective of fiscal policy in a developing economy is to achieve and
maintain full employment in an economy. In such countries, even if full employment is not
achieved, the main motto is to avoid unemployment and to achieve a state of near full
employment. Therefore, to reduce unemployment and under-employment, the state should spend
sufficiently on social and economic overheads. These expenditures would help to create more
employment opportunities and increase the productive efficiency of the economy.
In this way, public expenditure and public sector investment have a special role to play in a
modern state. A properly planned investment will not only expand income, output and
employment but will also step up effective demand through multiplier process and the economy
2. will march automatically towards full employment. Besides public investment, private
investment can also be encouraged through tax holidays, concessions, cheap loans, subsidies etc.
In the rural areas attempts can be made to encourage domestic industries by providing them
training, cheap finance, equipment and marketing facilities. Expenditure on all these measures
will help in eradicating unemployment and under-employment.
2. Price Stability:
There is a general agreement that economic growth and stability are joint objectives for
underdeveloped countries. In a developing country, economic instability is manifested in the
form of inflation. Prof. Nurkse believed that “inflationary pressures are inherent in the process of
investment but the way to stop them is not to stop investment. They can be controlled by various
other ways of which the chief is the powerful method of fiscal policy.”
Therefore, in developing economies, inflation is a permanent phenomena where there is a
tendency to the rise in prices due to expanding trend of public expenditure. As a result of rise in
income, aggregate demand exceeds aggregate supply. Capital goods and consumer goods fail to
keep pace with rising income.
Thus, these result in inflationary gap. The price rise generated by demand pull reinforced by cost
push inflation leads to further widening the gap. The rise in prices raises demand for more
wages. This further gives rise to repeated wage-price spirals. If this situation is not effectively
controlled, it may turn into hyperinflation.
In short, fiscal policy should try to remove the bottlenecks and structural rigidities which cause
imbalance in various sectors of the economy. Moreover, it should strengthen physical controls of
essential commodities, granting of concessions, subsidies and protection in the economy. In
short, fiscal measures as well as monetary measures go side by side to achieve the objectives of
economic growth and stability.
3. To Accelerate the Rate of Economic Growth:
Primarily, fiscal policy in a developing economy, should aim at achieving an accelerated rate of
economic growth. But a high rate of economic growth cannot be achieved and maintained
without stability in the economy. Therefore, fiscal measures such as taxation, public borrowing
and deficit financing etc. should be used properly so that production, consumption and
distribution may not adversely affect. It should promote the economy as a whole which in turn
helps to raise national income and per capita income.
4. Optimum Allocation of Resources:
Fiscal measures like taxation and public expenditure programs, can greatly affect the allocation
of resources in various occupations and sectors. As it is true, the national income and per capita
income of under developed countries is very low. In order to gear the economy, the government
can push the growth of social infrastructure through fiscal measures. Public expenditure,
3. subsidies and incentives can favorably influence the allocation of resources in the desired
channels.
Tax exemptions and tax concessions may help a lot in attracting resources towards the favored
industries. On the contrary, high taxation may draw away resources in a specific sector. Above
all, direct curtailment of consumption and socially unproductive investment may be helpful in
mobilization of resources and the further check of the inflationary trends in the economy.
Sometimes, the policy of protection is a useful tool for the growth of some socially desired
industries in an under-developed country.
5. Equitable Distribution of Income and Wealth:
It is needless to emphasize the significance of equitable distribution of income and wealth in a
growing economy. Generally, inequality in wealth persists in such countries as in the early stages
of growth, it concentrates in few hands. It is also because private ownership dominates the entire
structure of the economy. Besides, extreme inequalities create political and social discontentment
which further generate economic instability. For this, suitable fiscal policy of the government
can be devised to bridge the gap between the incomes of the different sections of the society.
To reduce inequalities and to do distributive justice, the government should invest in those
productive channels which incur benefit to low income groups and are helpful in raising their
productivity and technology. Therefore, redistributive expenditure should help economic
development and economic development should help redistribution.
Thus, well-planned fiscal programme, public expenditure can help development of human capital
which in turn possesses positive effects on income distribution. Regional disparities can also be
removed by providing incentives to backward regions. A redistributive tax policy should be
highly progressive and aim at imposing heavy taxation on the richer and exempting poorer
sections of the community. Similarly, luxurious items, which are consumed by the higher
section, may be subject to heavy taxation.
6. Economic Stability:
Fiscal measures, to a larger extent, promote economic stability in the face of short-run
international cyclical fluctuations. These fluctuations cause variations in terms of trade, making
the most favourable to the developed and unfavorable to the developing economies. So, for the
purpose of bringing economic stability, fiscal methods should incorporate built-in-flexibility in
the budgetary system so that income and expenditure of the government may automatically
provide compensatory effect on the rise or fall of the nation’s income.
Therefore, fiscal policy plays a leading role in maintaining economic stability in the face of
internal and external forces. The instability caused by external forces is corrected by a policy,
popularly known as ‘tariff policy’ rather than aggregative fiscal policy. In the period of boom,
export and import duties should be imposed to minimize the impact of international cyclical
fluctuations.
4. To curb the use of additional purchasing power, heavy import duty on consumer goods and
luxury import restrictions are essential. During the period of recession, government should
undertake public works programmes through deficit financing. In nut shell, fiscal policy should
be viewed from a larger perspective keeping in view the balanced growth of various sectors of
the economy.
7. Capital Formation and Growth:
Capital assumes a central place in any development activity in a country and fiscal policy can be
adopted as a crucial tool for the promotion of the highest possible rate of capital formation. A
newly developing economy is encompassed by a ‘vicious circle of poverty’. Therefore, a
balanced growth is needed to breakdown the vicious circle which is only feasible with higher
rate of capital formation. Once a country comes out of the clutches of backwardness, it
stimulates investment and encourage capital formation.
This Policy will help to raise the level of aggregate savings in the economy and create capital for
bringing about a qualitative improvement in it. Capital formation, however, can also be
facilitated by taxation, deficit spending and foreign borrowing. In fact, fiscal measures of the
government can induce the private entrepreneurs to take active participation for mobilizing
resources at least in the long run.
8. To Encourage Investment:
Fiscal policy aims at the acceleration of the rate of investment in the public as well as in private
sectors of the economy. Fiscal policy, in the first instance, should encourage investment in public
sector which in turn effect to increase the volume of investment in private sector. In other words,
fiscal policy should aim at rapid economic development and must encourage investment in those
channels which are considered most desirable from the point of view of society.
It should aim at curtailing conspicuous consumption and investment in unproductive channels. In
the early stages of economic development, the government must try to build up economic and
social overheads such like transport and communication, irrigation, flood control, power, ports,
technical training, education, hospital and school facilities, so that they may provide external
economies to induce investment in industrial and agricultural sectors of the economy.
These economies will be helpful for widening the size of the market, reducing the cost of
production and increasing the social marginal productivity of investment. Here it must be
remembered that projects of social marginal productivity should wisely be selected keeping in
view its practical implication.