The document discusses the principle of maximum social advantage proposed by British economist Hugh Dalton. According to this principle, the optimal level of government fiscal activities is the point where marginal social benefits from public spending equals marginal social costs of taxation. This maximizes social welfare. The document explains this using diagrams showing marginal social benefit and marginal social sacrifice curves, with their point of intersection indicating maximum social advantage. It assumes taxes impose costs and spending provides benefits, with both subject to diminishing returns.

1. Principle of Maximum Social
Advantage
by
V.A.Chowdappa
Dept of Economics
VSK University
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2. Principle of Maximum Social Advantage
INTRODUCTION:
The fiscal or budgetary operations of the state have manifold
effects on the economy. The revenue collected by the state through
taxation and the dispersal of public expenditures can have significant
influence on the consumption, production and distribution of the
national income of the country.
The fiscal operations of the government resolve themselves into a
series of transfers of purchasing power from one section of the
community to another, along with the variations in the total incomes
available in the community. In fact, the fiscal activities of the state affect
the allocation of resources, the use of resources from one channel to
another, hence, the level of income, output and employment.
So it is important to know whether those changes are socially
advantageous or not. If they are socially advantageous, then the financial
operations are justified otherwise not.
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3. Principle of Maximum Social Advantage
The 'Principle of Maximum Social Advantage' was introduced by
British economist Hugh Dalton.
According to Dalton, “the principle of maximum social advantage
is the most fundamental principle lying at the root of public finance.
Hence, the best system of public finance is that which secures the
maximum social advantage from its fiscal operations. Maximum social
advantage is the maxim for the states. The optimum financial activities of
a state should, therefore, be determined by the principle of maximum
social advantage”.
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4. Hugh Dalton explains the principle of maximum social advantage
with reference to :-
Marginal Social Sacrifice
Marginal Social Benefits
Marginal Social Sacrifice (MSS) refers to that amount of social sacrifice
undergone by public due to the imposition of an additional unit of tax.
While imposition of tax puts burden on the people, public expenditure
confers benefits. The benefit conferred on the society, by an additional
unit of public expenditure is known as Marginal Social Benefit (MSB).
Principle of Maximum Social Advantage
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5. Principle of Maximum Social Advantage
This principle is however based on the following assumptions :-
All taxes result in sacrifice and all public expenditures lead to benefits.
Public revenue consist of only taxes and no other sources of income to
the government.
The government has no surplus or deficit budget but only balanced
budget.
Public expenditure is subject to diminishing marginal social benefit and
taxes are subject to increasing marginal social sacrifice.
The Point of Maximum Social Advantage :
Social advantage is maximized at the point where marginal social sacrifice cuts
the marginal social benefits curve. It can be explained through the diagramme.
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6. Principle of Maximum Social Advantage
This is diagram point P. At this point, the marginal disutility or social
sacrifice is equal to the marginal utility or social benefit. Therefore at this
point, the maximum social advantage is achieved. Beyond this point, the
marginal disutility or social sacrifice will be higher, and the marginal
utility or social benefit will be lower.
At point P social advantage is maximum. Now consider Point P1. At this
point marginal social benefit is P1Q1. This is greater than marginal social
sacrifice S1Q1. Since the marginal social sacrifice is lower than the
marginal social benefit, it makes more sense to increase the level of
taxation and public expenditure. At point P2, the marginal social sacrifice
S2Q2 is greater than marginal social benefit P2Q2. Therefore, beyond the
point P, any further increase in the level of taxation and public
expenditure may bring down the social advantage.
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7. Principle of Maximum Social Advantage
Conclusion ↓
Maximum Social Advantage is achieved at the point where the marginal social
benefit of public expenditure and the marginal social sacrifice of taxation are
equated, i.e. where MSB = MSS.
This shows that to obtain maximum social advantage, the public expenditure
should be carried up to the point where the marginal social benefit of the last
rupee or dollar spent becomes equal to the marginal social sacrifice of the last
unit of rupee or dollar taxed.
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