objectives of fiscal policy
,
to accelerate the rate of economic growth:
,
optimum allocation of resources
,
generally following are the objectives of a fiscal
,
equitable distribution of income and wealth:
,
full employment
,
to encourage investment
,
economic stability:
objectives of fiscal policy
,
to accelerate the rate of economic growth:
,
optimum allocation of resources
,
generally following are the objectives of a fiscal
,
equitable distribution of income and wealth:
,
full employment
,
to encourage investment
,
economic stability:
This slide contains:
Incidence of Tax, its shift-ability, effect of residental status of assesse on taxability of income, effect on tax in different demand situations.
The economic literature ever since the dawn of modern economics has been much preoccupied with the issue of economic growth Economic growth has also been understood to establish the conditions for economic development The better-known models of economic growth such as the Lewis, Rostow Harrod Domar Solow, and Romer growth models are discussed
This slide contains:
Incidence of Tax, its shift-ability, effect of residental status of assesse on taxability of income, effect on tax in different demand situations.
The economic literature ever since the dawn of modern economics has been much preoccupied with the issue of economic growth Economic growth has also been understood to establish the conditions for economic development The better-known models of economic growth such as the Lewis, Rostow Harrod Domar Solow, and Romer growth models are discussed
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"Keynesians in the White House" Economics Case studyNikhil Gupta
This case study is a part of cirriculum of Macro economics. This Presentation will give the idea of John Maynard Keynes General Theory which is to use the Fiscal Policy to control the Aggregate Demand of the Economy. The case deals about President Kennedy's proposal of Tax Cuts.
Poonawalla Fincorp and IndusInd Bank Introduce New Co-Branded Credit Cardnickysharmasucks
The unveiling of the IndusInd Bank Poonawalla Fincorp eLITE RuPay Platinum Credit Card marks a notable milestone in the Indian financial landscape, showcasing a successful partnership between two leading institutions, Poonawalla Fincorp and IndusInd Bank. This co-branded credit card not only offers users a plethora of benefits but also reflects a commitment to innovation and adaptation. With a focus on providing value-driven and customer-centric solutions, this launch represents more than just a new product—it signifies a step towards redefining the banking experience for millions. Promising convenience, rewards, and a touch of luxury in everyday financial transactions, this collaboration aims to cater to the evolving needs of customers and set new standards in the industry.
The secret way to sell pi coins effortlessly.DOT TECH
Well as we all know pi isn't launched yet. But you can still sell your pi coins effortlessly because some whales in China are interested in holding massive pi coins. And they are willing to pay good money for it. If you are interested in selling I will leave a contact for you. Just telegram this number below. I sold about 3000 pi coins to him and he paid me immediately.
Telegram: @Pi_vendor_247
The European Unemployment Puzzle: implications from population agingGRAPE
We study the link between the evolving age structure of the working population and unemployment. We build a large new Keynesian OLG model with a realistic age structure, labor market frictions, sticky prices, and aggregate shocks. Once calibrated to the European economy, we quantify the extent to which demographic changes over the last three decades have contributed to the decline of the unemployment rate. Our findings yield important implications for the future evolution of unemployment given the anticipated further aging of the working population in Europe. We also quantify the implications for optimal monetary policy: lowering inflation volatility becomes less costly in terms of GDP and unemployment volatility, which hints that optimal monetary policy may be more hawkish in an aging society. Finally, our results also propose a partial reversal of the European-US unemployment puzzle due to the fact that the share of young workers is expected to remain robust in the US.
What price will pi network be listed on exchangesDOT TECH
The rate at which pi will be listed is practically unknown. But due to speculations surrounding it the predicted rate is tends to be from 30$ — 50$.
So if you are interested in selling your pi network coins at a high rate tho. Or you can't wait till the mainnet launch in 2026. You can easily trade your pi coins with a merchant.
A merchant is someone who buys pi coins from miners and resell them to Investors looking forward to hold massive quantities till mainnet launch.
I will leave the telegram contact of my personal pi vendor to trade with.
@Pi_vendor_247
Falcon stands out as a top-tier P2P Invoice Discounting platform in India, bridging esteemed blue-chip companies and eager investors. Our goal is to transform the investment landscape in India by establishing a comprehensive destination for borrowers and investors with diverse profiles and needs, all while minimizing risk. What sets Falcon apart is the elimination of intermediaries such as commercial banks and depository institutions, allowing investors to enjoy higher yields.
Turin Startup Ecosystem 2024 - Ricerca sulle Startup e il Sistema dell'Innov...Quotidiano Piemontese
Turin Startup Ecosystem 2024
Una ricerca de il Club degli Investitori, in collaborazione con ToTeM Torino Tech Map e con il supporto della ESCP Business School e di Growth Capital
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how to sell pi coins in South Korea profitably.DOT TECH
Yes. You can sell your pi network coins in South Korea or any other country, by finding a verified pi merchant
What is a verified pi merchant?
Since pi network is not launched yet on any exchange, the only way you can sell pi coins is by selling to a verified pi merchant, and this is because pi network is not launched yet on any exchange and no pre-sale or ico offerings Is done on pi.
Since there is no pre-sale, the only way exchanges can get pi is by buying from miners. So a pi merchant facilitates these transactions by acting as a bridge for both transactions.
How can i find a pi vendor/merchant?
Well for those who haven't traded with a pi merchant or who don't already have one. I will leave the telegram id of my personal pi merchant who i trade pi with.
Tele gram: @Pi_vendor_247
#pi #sell #nigeria #pinetwork #picoins #sellpi #Nigerian #tradepi #pinetworkcoins #sellmypi
Even tho Pi network is not listed on any exchange yet.
Buying/Selling or investing in pi network coins is highly possible through the help of vendors. You can buy from vendors[ buy directly from the pi network miners and resell it]. I will leave the telegram contact of my personal vendor.
@Pi_vendor_247
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#vashikaranspecialist #astrologer #palmistry #amliyaat #taweez #manpasandshadi #horoscope #spiritual #lovelife #lovespell #marriagespell#aamilbabainpakistan #amilbabainkarachi #powerfullblackmagicspell #kalajadumantarspecialist #realamilbaba #AmilbabainPakistan #astrologerincanada #astrologerindubai #lovespellsmaster #kalajaduspecialist #lovespellsthatwork #aamilbabainlahore#blackmagicformarriage #aamilbaba #kalajadu #kalailam #taweez #wazifaexpert #jadumantar #vashikaranspecialist #astrologer #palmistry #amliyaat #taweez #manpasandshadi #horoscope #spiritual #lovelife #lovespell #marriagespell#aamilbabainpakistan #amilbabainkarachi #powerfullblackmagicspell #kalajadumantarspecialist #realamilbaba #AmilbabainPakistan #astrologerincanada #astrologerindubai #lovespellsmaster #kalajaduspecialist #lovespellsthatwork #aamilbabainlahore #blackmagicforlove #blackmagicformarriage #aamilbaba #kalajadu #kalailam #taweez #wazifaexpert #jadumantar #vashikaranspecialist #astrologer #palmistry #amliyaat #taweez #manpasandshadi #horoscope #spiritual #lovelife #lovespell #marriagespell#aamilbabainpakistan #amilbabainkarachi #powerfullblackmagicspell #kalajadumantarspecialist #realamilbaba #AmilbabainPakistan #astrologerincanada #astrologerindubai #lovespellsmaster #kalajaduspecialist #lovespellsthatwork #aamilbabainlahore #Amilbabainuk #amilbabainspain #amilbabaindubai #Amilbabainnorway #amilbabainkrachi #amilbabainlahore #amilbabaingujranwalan #amilbabainislamabad
how to swap pi coins to foreign currency withdrawable.DOT TECH
As of my last update, Pi is still in the testing phase and is not tradable on any exchanges.
However, Pi Network has announced plans to launch its Testnet and Mainnet in the future, which may include listing Pi on exchanges.
The current method for selling pi coins involves exchanging them with a pi vendor who purchases pi coins for investment reasons.
If you want to sell your pi coins, reach out to a pi vendor and sell them to anyone looking to sell pi coins from any country around the globe.
Below is the contact information for my personal pi vendor.
Telegram: @Pi_vendor_247
how can I sell my pi coins for cash in a pi APPDOT TECH
You can't sell your pi coins in the pi network app. because it is not listed yet on any exchange.
The only way you can sell is by trading your pi coins with an investor (a person looking forward to hold massive amounts of pi coins before mainnet launch) .
You don't need to meet the investor directly all the trades are done with a pi vendor/merchant (a person that buys the pi coins from miners and resell it to investors)
I Will leave The telegram contact of my personal pi vendor, if you are finding a legitimate one.
@Pi_vendor_247
#pi network
#pi coins
#money
how to sell pi coins effectively (from 50 - 100k pi)DOT TECH
Anywhere in the world, including Africa, America, and Europe, you can sell Pi Network Coins online and receive cash through online payment options.
Pi has not yet been launched on any exchange because we are currently using the confined Mainnet. The planned launch date for Pi is June 28, 2026.
Reselling to investors who want to hold until the mainnet launch in 2026 is currently the sole way to sell.
Consequently, right now. All you need to do is select the right pi network provider.
Who is a pi merchant?
An individual who buys coins from miners on the pi network and resells them to investors hoping to hang onto them until the mainnet is launched is known as a pi merchant.
debuts.
I'll provide you the Telegram username
@Pi_vendor_247
2. What is Fiscal Policy ?
• Fiscal policy is the general name for the
federal government's taxation and
expenditure decisions and activities,
particularly as they affect the economy.
(Monetary policy refers to policies that affect
interest rates and the money supply.)
3. Government's Unique Situation
• Government has the power to tax, which
gives it greater control over its revenue.
• By increasing or decreasing taxes, the
government affects households' level of
disposable income.
• The federal government can finance budget
deficits by borrowing in the financial
markets.
• The Federal government can print more
money.
5. • The previous figure ignores Taxes.
• Taxes lower households' disposable income.
• The amount collected in taxes doesn't find its way
into consumption (“C”). But if the government
spends every dollar that it collects in taxes, then
that amount does find its way into total demand
through government expenditures.
• When that occurs, the GDP remains unaffected by
taxes.
• The size of the economy is the same whether
people choose to produce and consume private
goods or public goods.
• The mix of goods doesn't affect the level of GDP, as
long as the total amount spent on them doesn't
change
6. What happens when the government collects more in taxes than
it spends?
Total spending:
• when the government brings in more in taxes than it
spends, it reduces disposable income and slows the
growth of the economy. Fiscal policy prescription to
stabilize an overheated economy is higher taxes.
In Times of inflation:
• when too much demand is bidding up prices—a tax
increase, coupled with no increase in government
spending, will dampen the upward pressure on
prices. The tax increase lowers demand by lowering
disposable income. As long as that reduction in
consumer demand is not offset by an increase in
government demand, total demand decreases.
8. Spending Policy:
• If the government were to keep taxes the same,
but decrease its spending, it would have the
same effect as a tax increase, but through a
slightly different channel.
• Instead of decreasing disposable income and
decreasing consumption (“C”), a decrease in
government spending decreases the “G” in C + I
+ G directly.
• The lower demand flows through to the larger
economy, slows growth in income and
employment, and dampens inflationary
pressure.
9. Ricardian equivalence
• The Ricardian equivalence theorem
essentially states that government deficits
are anticipated by individuals who increase
their saving because they realize that
borrowing today has to be repaid later. More
precisely, bond-financed deficits must be met
by a future tax increase, which would be
foreseen by individuals who would thus
adjust their present consumption
accordingly.
10. • If this theory is true, it would mean a tax cut
financed by higher borrowing would have no
impact on increasing aggregate demand because
consumers would save the tax cut to pay the
future tax increases.
• It is argued that if the government borrows
money to fund a tax cut, rational consumers
realize in the future taxes will have to rise to
finance the borrowing. Therefore, they save the
extra income so that they can pay future tax
rises.
• Consumers wish to smooth their consumption
over the course of their life. Thus if consumers
anticipate a rise in taxes in the future they will
save their current tax cuts to be able to pay
future tax rises.
11. Fiscal Policy in Pakistan
• In Pakistan, the fiscal deficit has a direct
impact on inflation as government
expenditure constitutes a large part of
aggregate expenditure that might lead to
demand pull inflation, and an indirect impact
as the fiscal deficit is financed partly through
the central bank.
12. • During the period between 1965 and 1972, due
to domestic and international political
disturbances, the share of defense expenditure
increased. In early 1970s, the initiation of
nationalization strategy also contributed to the
massive fiscal expenditure in terms of public
investment.
• Consequently, during the 1980s and 1990s,
policy has been preoccupied by the need to
contain growing fiscal deficits and the
accompanying increase in public indebtedness,
and efforts to curb the cost of debt servicing.
13. • A rule based fiscal policy requires the
government to commit to a fiscal policy
strategy or to specific fiscal targets that can
be monitored.
• To encourage fiscal sustainability and
macroeconomic stability a fiscal policy rule
can be used as an instrument.
• In Pakistan, macroeconomic imbalances have
contributed to deceleration in economic
growth and investment which in turns was
translated into a rise in poverty levels.
14. Govt. Expenditure and Tax Revenues as the % of GDP
• There has been considerable improvement in the
fiscal deficit and the overall fiscal deficit which
averaged nearly 7.0 percent of the GDP in the 1990s
has steadily declined to 2.3 percent in 2002-03 but
increased to 3.3 percent in 2003-04 because of higher
development spending.
• The fiscal deficit has remained above 4.0 percent of
GDP for the years (2005- 06 and 2006-07, 2007-08)
mainly because of earthquake related spending and
higher development expenditure, particularly
towards financing of physical and human
infrastructure projects.
• Higher government spending on the war against the
terrorism also contributes to the rise in the level of
fiscal deficits.
15. Results of pure fiscal shocks
The effects of Government Expenditure Shock:
• Government spending consists of the public
money spent to provide social goods such as
public goods and merit goods. The size of
government spending varies with
government role but it is independent of
profit expectations and way beyond
minimum level of society needs.
• Government spending has prompt and
significant effect on the aggregate demand
and it is a key fiscal tool.
16. The Effects of Net Taxes:
• Government expenditure falls in case of tight
fiscal policy in terms of high tax revenues.
• This finding is theoretically inconsistent
because higher revenues encourage
government spending and this relationship is
statistically insignificant.
• The GDP response to a tax shock is positive.
• These tax shocks are also inflationary as the
consumer price index is persistently
increasing due to a positive shock in tax
revenues.
17. Objectives and Role of Fiscal Policy
Increase in Savings:-
This policy is also used to increase the rate of savings in the country. In
the developing countries rich class spends a lot of money on luxuries.
The government can impose taxes on them and can provide the basic
necessities of life to the poor class on low rate. In this way by providing
incentives, savings can be increased.
To Encourage Investment:-
The government can encourage the investment by providing various
incentives like the tax holiday in the various sectors of the economy.
The capital can be shifted from less productive sectors to more
productive sectors. So the resources of the country can be utilized
maximum.
To Achieve Equal Distribution of Wealth:-
Fiscal policy is very useful for the achievement of equal distribution of
wealth. When the wealth is equally distributed among the various
classes, then their purchasing power increases which ensures the high
level of employment and production.
To Control Inflation:-
Fiscal policy is very useful weapon for controlling the rate of inflation.
When the expenditure on non productive projects is reduced or the
rates of taxes are increased then the purchasing power of the people
reduces.
18. Stabilization of Price Level:-
Fiscal policy is also used to achieve desirable level of prices in
the country. It means the cost and price should be at such level
that production and employment may increase.
To Attain Maximum Welfare of the People:-
Fiscal policy main objective is to achieve maximum welfare of
the people. The quality of life must improve in the country.
To Check Rapid Increase in Consumption :-
Fiscal policy is also used to check the rapid increase in the
consumption will be high then the rate of saving will be low
and consequently rate of investment will be low. A country
cannot improve its economic condition without increasing their
investment.
To Achieve Economic Stability:-
The aim of fiscal policy is to increase the rate of production and
employment without inflation. So in the entire countries fiscal
policy major objective is to ensure the economic stability in the
country.
19. Issues in Fiscal Policy
The Multiplier Effect:
the multiplier will boost the effect of an
increase or reduction in taxes or spending. For
instance, an extra dollar of government
spending will flow through the economy and,
by being repeatedly respent, will magnify the
stimulus provided by that incremental dollar.
Likewise, a dollar of reduced spending will take
a dollar out of the economy, and the multiplier
applies to that as well.
20. The propensity to spend or save:
• like the multiplier, the propensities to spend and
to save are at work.
• If the government reduces taxes to stimulate
consumption, but households save the money
rather than spend it, consumption will not rise,
nor will investment. If people save the money,
they are “sitting on their wallets” and
consumption remains low.
• If consumption is low, businesses won't invest.
This has been a problem in the application of
fiscal stimulus in Japan, where people tend to
save increases in income.