This document provides an overview of objective testing methods used to evaluate clothing comfort. It discusses the importance of objective comfort testing and lists several key parameters that are tested, including thermal resistance, air permeability, moisture vapor permeability, and hand properties. The document also outlines the historical development of objective testing instruments and methods. It describes several common testing devices, such as the Kawabata Evaluation System, guarded hot plate, and thermal manikins, and provides examples of standardized testing methods.
Knowing the basics of raw material, yarn production process and the other factors influencing quality will put the sourcing manager at the same eye level as a spinner /supplier when negotiating quality issues.
As a consequence this puts the sourcing manager in the position to pay the right price for the corresponding quality level.
This kind of know-how supports a retailer enormously in his efforts to establish a reliable supply chain which is based on mutual understanding.
This document provides an overview of textile finishing processes. It defines textile finishing as treatments applied to fibers, yarns, or fabrics to impart desired functional properties. These finishes are broadly classified into mechanical, chemical, and enzyme finishes. The document then describes various mechanical processes like calendaring and chemical processes like flame retardant treatments. It also discusses enzyme finishing and some specific thread finishing techniques.
importance of fibre finess,influences of fibre finess ,effect on stiffness , effect on torsional rigidity, reflection of light , dye absoprtion, method of measurement ,gravimetric method, micronaire
Spirality and shrinkage are common problems in knitted fabrics that can be influenced by various factors. [1] Spirality occurs when wales are not perpendicular to courses and is affected by yarn twist, count, fabric structure, and machine settings. [2] Shrinkage is a decrease in length or width upon washing and is mainly due to yarn swelling; it can be impacted by GSM, stitch length, and fabric type. [3] The document discusses measuring and reducing spirality and shrinkage through parameters like yarn and fabric properties as well as processing methods.
Raising is a mechanical process that uses revolving cylinders covered with metal points or abrasives to stand up the surface fibers of a fabric, creating a lofty texture. It is done on wet wool or dry cotton fabrics. Raising is used to create effects such as pile, fleece, peach skin, and a warmer, softer hand. There are two main types of raising machines - teasel raising machines and card wire raising machines. The two primary types of raising are napping, which uses metal wires to dig out fibers and create higher pile, and sueding, which uses abrasives like sandpaper for a lower, suede-like pile typically on silk fabrics.
This document profiles Abdullah Al Mahfuj, a student studying Textile Engineering at Green University of Bangladesh. His presentation discusses double cloth fabrics. Double cloths are fabrics made of two layers of threads woven separately and then stitched together. They have two objectives: to improve thermal resistance and provide a good appearance and feel. Double cloths are classified based on how the layers are stitched together, including self-stitching from face to back or back to face, or using different stitching threads between layers. Their end uses include industrial applications like hoses and insulation, as well as clothing like overcoats.
This presentation provides an overview of non-woven fabrics. It discusses the history and increasing production of non-wovens in Europe and the US. The main methods for producing non-woven fabrics are dry laying, wet laying, and spun melt. Key bonding methods are adhesive bonding, thermal bonding, and mechanical entanglement. Non-wovens are used in various industries like agriculture, construction, automotive, medical, and more. The manufacturing process involves fiber preparation, web formation, bonding, drying, and finishing. Cotton and polypropylene are common fibers used for non-woven production.
Knowing the basics of raw material, yarn production process and the other factors influencing quality will put the sourcing manager at the same eye level as a spinner /supplier when negotiating quality issues.
As a consequence this puts the sourcing manager in the position to pay the right price for the corresponding quality level.
This kind of know-how supports a retailer enormously in his efforts to establish a reliable supply chain which is based on mutual understanding.
This document provides an overview of textile finishing processes. It defines textile finishing as treatments applied to fibers, yarns, or fabrics to impart desired functional properties. These finishes are broadly classified into mechanical, chemical, and enzyme finishes. The document then describes various mechanical processes like calendaring and chemical processes like flame retardant treatments. It also discusses enzyme finishing and some specific thread finishing techniques.
importance of fibre finess,influences of fibre finess ,effect on stiffness , effect on torsional rigidity, reflection of light , dye absoprtion, method of measurement ,gravimetric method, micronaire
Spirality and shrinkage are common problems in knitted fabrics that can be influenced by various factors. [1] Spirality occurs when wales are not perpendicular to courses and is affected by yarn twist, count, fabric structure, and machine settings. [2] Shrinkage is a decrease in length or width upon washing and is mainly due to yarn swelling; it can be impacted by GSM, stitch length, and fabric type. [3] The document discusses measuring and reducing spirality and shrinkage through parameters like yarn and fabric properties as well as processing methods.
Raising is a mechanical process that uses revolving cylinders covered with metal points or abrasives to stand up the surface fibers of a fabric, creating a lofty texture. It is done on wet wool or dry cotton fabrics. Raising is used to create effects such as pile, fleece, peach skin, and a warmer, softer hand. There are two main types of raising machines - teasel raising machines and card wire raising machines. The two primary types of raising are napping, which uses metal wires to dig out fibers and create higher pile, and sueding, which uses abrasives like sandpaper for a lower, suede-like pile typically on silk fabrics.
This document profiles Abdullah Al Mahfuj, a student studying Textile Engineering at Green University of Bangladesh. His presentation discusses double cloth fabrics. Double cloths are fabrics made of two layers of threads woven separately and then stitched together. They have two objectives: to improve thermal resistance and provide a good appearance and feel. Double cloths are classified based on how the layers are stitched together, including self-stitching from face to back or back to face, or using different stitching threads between layers. Their end uses include industrial applications like hoses and insulation, as well as clothing like overcoats.
This presentation provides an overview of non-woven fabrics. It discusses the history and increasing production of non-wovens in Europe and the US. The main methods for producing non-woven fabrics are dry laying, wet laying, and spun melt. Key bonding methods are adhesive bonding, thermal bonding, and mechanical entanglement. Non-wovens are used in various industries like agriculture, construction, automotive, medical, and more. The manufacturing process involves fiber preparation, web formation, bonding, drying, and finishing. Cotton and polypropylene are common fibers used for non-woven production.
This project report summarizes work done on analyzing and minimizing spirality and shrinkage problems in knitted fabrics. It discusses raw materials used, yarn types and counts, subcontractors, and costs. It also provides an overview of the evolution of Bangladesh's knitting industry and its social and economic impacts. Key points are that spirality is caused by yarn twist and machine settings, while shrinkage is due to yarn swelling; both can be reduced through washing, drying, and fabric construction methods. The knitting industry is a major employer and exporter for Bangladesh.
Pierce's model treats woven fabric as a repeating network of identical unit cells composed of interlacing yarns with circular cross-sections. It allows for calculation of geometric parameters like thread spacing and fabric thickness. Kemp's model modifies yarn cross-section to an elliptical racetrack shape to better model tightly woven fabrics. Hearle's lenticular model uses an energy approach. While these models provide simplified representations, real fabrics do not conform to idealized shapes and the relationship between geometry and mechanical properties is still not fully understood.
This document provides guidelines for sampling procedures when testing cotton fibers to determine their quality properties. It discusses:
- The need for representative sampling due to natural variations in fiber properties within and between cotton bales.
- Procedures for obtaining a gross sample by drawing tufts from 10 equally spaced layers across randomly selected bales based on the lot size.
- Reducing the gross sample size by spreading it out and randomly pulling tufts weighing about 4g from 25 sub-squares of a 1m x 1m area or 2g from 50 sub-squares of a 1m x 2m area.
- Further reducing the reduced sample into 25 or 50 approximately equal parts for fiber testing.
This document discusses testing methods for pilling and abrasion resistance of fabrics. It describes that pilling is the formation of small balls of entangled fibers on fabric surfaces due to rubbing, and is influenced by fiber properties like strength and stiffness. Methods to measure pilling include objective counting/weighing of pills or subjective comparison to standards. Tests for pilling include the ICI pilling box method and Martindale abrasion tester. Abrasion resistance depends on fiber type, properties, yarn twist, and fabric structure, and is measured using the Martindale abrasion tester by recording cycles until thread breakage. Grading scales are used to assess levels of pilling and abrasion damage.
This document provides details on testing the length and uniformity of cotton fibers using a Fibrograph instrument. It describes the apparatus, sampling and specimen preparation methods, testing procedures, calculations, and reporting of results. Key details include:
- The Fibrograph scans fiber samples to create a fibrogram curve from which fiber length and uniformity measurements are derived.
- Samples are prepared by combing fibers randomly onto combs and inserting them into the Fibrograph.
- The instrument measures the span lengths at specific percentage points along the fibrogram curve, from which average lengths and a uniformity ratio are calculated.
Twill weave is a kind of weave that repeat on three or more ends and picks and produces diagonal line on the face of fabric.
In a regular twill the diagonal line or twill line produces at 45 degree angle with the horizontal.
Concept:
The most characteristic of twill is that they have diagonal lines on the cloth.
Flat knitting is a method for producing knitted fabrics in which the work is turned periodically, i.e., the fabric is worked with alternating sides facing the knitter. A "Flat" or Vee Bed knitting machine consists of 2 flat needle beds arranged in an upside-down "V" formation.
This document discusses testing the bursting strength and tearing strength of fabrics. It describes two common methods for measuring bursting strength - mechanical and hydraulic burst testing. Hydraulic burst testing involves clamping a fabric sample over an inflating rubber diaphragm and increasing the liquid pressure until the fabric bursts. The tearing strength is measured using an Elmendorf tearing tester, which involves clamping a fabric sample and creating a tear using the falling weight of a pendulum from a fixed height. Sample preparation and testing procedures are provided for both bursting strength and tearing strength tests.
This document discusses color fastness testing and quality control for textiles. It covers:
1. Color fastness is the resistance of a color to fading or bleeding from factors like washing, light, water, dry cleaning, and chemicals. It is assessed by changes in the sample color and staining of adjacent fabrics.
2. Various types of color fastness are described, including to washing, light, rubbing/crocking, perspiration, and more. Tests evaluate color change and staining on a scale of 1-5.
3. Factors like dye structure, bonding to fibers, shade depth, fiber chemistry, and test conditions impact color fastness properties. Standard tests and assessment methods following organizations
Non woven
Nonwoven fabrics are broadly defined as sheet or web structures made of fibers or filaments bonded or interlocked together by mechanical, thermal, chemical or solvent means. They are flat, porous sheets that are made directly from separate fibers or from molten plastic or plastic film. They are not made by weaving or knitting and do not require converting the fibers to yarn.
Milling is a process that felts wool fabrics to make them thicker, fuller, and more uniform. It involves treating wool fabrics with moisture, heat, and pressure in a milling machine. There are several types of milling depending on the chemicals used, such as alkaline milling using sodium carbonate, soap milling using soap solutions, and acid milling using diluted sulfuric acid. The objective is to felt the wool fibers together to condense and shrink the fabric while also making the weave less visible. Milling improves the strength, handle, and appearance of the wool fabric.
The document summarizes an experiment analyzing the effect of conditioning and softener treatment on the physical properties of denim fabric. Samples were tested with and without standard conditioning to determine the impact of temperature and humidity. Conditioned samples showed higher strength and weight. A second experiment applied cationic and silicone softeners to samples, finding silicone softener improved tear strength but reduced tensile strength and rubbing fastness more than cationic softener. Both softeners decreased properties from the untreated fabric. Conditioning was found essential for accurate testing.
TOPICS COVERED: ASOLUTE AND RELATIVE HUMIDITY MOISTURE REGAIN AND CONTENT Regain-Humidity Relations of Textiles Regain VS Relative Humidity Curve Factors Affecting the Regain of Textile Materials Effect of moisture on properties
This document provides information about garment dyeing machines. It begins by explaining that garment dyeing involves dyeing fully fashioned garments after manufacturing, as opposed to using pre-dyed fabrics. It then discusses different types of machines used for garment dyeing, including paddle machines, rotary drum machines, tumbler machines, toroid machines, and the Gyrobox. The document provides details on the features and operating principles of these different machine types. It also includes images and specifications for specific garment dyeing machines from STEFAB.
This document provides an overview of drawing and texturizing processes in the textile industry. It begins with an introduction to filament production from man-made materials and defines drawing as a process used to orient polymer molecules and increase filament strength. Texturizing is defined as introducing crimps, loops or coils to filaments to create bulk. Common texturizing methods like false twist, draw texturizing and air jet texturizing are described. The document concludes with links to related textile technology Facebook pages.
This document discusses the importance and scope of fabric testing. It begins by explaining that textile fabrics are manufactured for different end uses, each with different performance requirements. Fabric testing plays a crucial role in assessing product quality, regulatory compliance, and performance. The document then discusses how fabric testing has expanded in scope due to increasing globalization and demands from consumers. It provides examples of different types of fabric tests, including physical, chemical, and performance tests. The document emphasizes that an understanding of fabric testing is important for various textile industry professionals to make informed decisions. In summary, the document outlines the wide-ranging role of fabric testing in evaluating textiles and ensuring they meet requirements for different applications.
The document discusses the Advanced Fiber Information System (AFIS), which was developed to more accurately and precisely measure properties of raw textile materials like cotton. AFIS uses aeromechanical and electro-optical techniques to separate fibers and analyze them individually, providing distributions of properties rather than just average values. This gives more detailed information about factors like fiber length and imperfections. Specifically, AFIS can classify neps (entanglements) into fiber neps and seed coat neps, providing a more comprehensive quality assessment of ginning cotton and processed fibers.
Calendering is a process used to upgrade fabric handle and impart a smooth, silky touch. There are several types of calenders that produce different effects. The 7 bowl calender passes fabric between heated iron bowls and cotton bowls to compress, reduce thickness, and improve opacity and luster. Friction and Schreiner calenders use heated, engraved steel bowls to polish fabrics. Chasing and swizzing calenders overlap fabric layers to produce textured finishes. Felt calenders dry and finish fabrics using an endless felt blanket around a heated cylinder. Calendering effects depend on factors like moisture, bowl composition and arrangement, and pressure.
This document discusses fabric flammability and flame resistance. It defines key terms like flammable, flameproof, and flame resistant fabrics. It also discusses factors that affect flame resistance like fiber content, yarn type, fabric structure, and weight. The document describes several test methods used to measure flame resistance, including the torsion balance procedure, visual timing test, 45 degree test, and hoop test. It provides data on flame resistance ratings for various fabric mixtures and chemically treated fabrics. Finally, it discusses recent test method developments and flameproofing finishing processes.
Thermal Manikin is a human model to measure clothing insulation and to evaluate the relationship between thermal environment and thermal comfort. Thermal manikins are complex, delicate and expensive instruments.
Thermal manikins can react as a human being and some thermal manikins can also simulate human perspiration
This study examined the effect of fabric softener on the thermal comfort properties of cotton and polyester fabrics after repeated laundering. It found that fabric softener treatment significantly decreased the air permeability and wickability of cotton fabrics but did not affect polyester fabrics. The softener treatment increased the thermal insulation value of both cotton and polyester fabrics to a similar degree. Statistical analysis showed the results were significant for air permeability, thermal insulation value, and wickability of the fabrics. The chemical finishing had a significant influence on the thermal comfort properties of cotton and polyester fabrics after repeated laundering cycles.
This project report summarizes work done on analyzing and minimizing spirality and shrinkage problems in knitted fabrics. It discusses raw materials used, yarn types and counts, subcontractors, and costs. It also provides an overview of the evolution of Bangladesh's knitting industry and its social and economic impacts. Key points are that spirality is caused by yarn twist and machine settings, while shrinkage is due to yarn swelling; both can be reduced through washing, drying, and fabric construction methods. The knitting industry is a major employer and exporter for Bangladesh.
Pierce's model treats woven fabric as a repeating network of identical unit cells composed of interlacing yarns with circular cross-sections. It allows for calculation of geometric parameters like thread spacing and fabric thickness. Kemp's model modifies yarn cross-section to an elliptical racetrack shape to better model tightly woven fabrics. Hearle's lenticular model uses an energy approach. While these models provide simplified representations, real fabrics do not conform to idealized shapes and the relationship between geometry and mechanical properties is still not fully understood.
This document provides guidelines for sampling procedures when testing cotton fibers to determine their quality properties. It discusses:
- The need for representative sampling due to natural variations in fiber properties within and between cotton bales.
- Procedures for obtaining a gross sample by drawing tufts from 10 equally spaced layers across randomly selected bales based on the lot size.
- Reducing the gross sample size by spreading it out and randomly pulling tufts weighing about 4g from 25 sub-squares of a 1m x 1m area or 2g from 50 sub-squares of a 1m x 2m area.
- Further reducing the reduced sample into 25 or 50 approximately equal parts for fiber testing.
This document discusses testing methods for pilling and abrasion resistance of fabrics. It describes that pilling is the formation of small balls of entangled fibers on fabric surfaces due to rubbing, and is influenced by fiber properties like strength and stiffness. Methods to measure pilling include objective counting/weighing of pills or subjective comparison to standards. Tests for pilling include the ICI pilling box method and Martindale abrasion tester. Abrasion resistance depends on fiber type, properties, yarn twist, and fabric structure, and is measured using the Martindale abrasion tester by recording cycles until thread breakage. Grading scales are used to assess levels of pilling and abrasion damage.
This document provides details on testing the length and uniformity of cotton fibers using a Fibrograph instrument. It describes the apparatus, sampling and specimen preparation methods, testing procedures, calculations, and reporting of results. Key details include:
- The Fibrograph scans fiber samples to create a fibrogram curve from which fiber length and uniformity measurements are derived.
- Samples are prepared by combing fibers randomly onto combs and inserting them into the Fibrograph.
- The instrument measures the span lengths at specific percentage points along the fibrogram curve, from which average lengths and a uniformity ratio are calculated.
Twill weave is a kind of weave that repeat on three or more ends and picks and produces diagonal line on the face of fabric.
In a regular twill the diagonal line or twill line produces at 45 degree angle with the horizontal.
Concept:
The most characteristic of twill is that they have diagonal lines on the cloth.
Flat knitting is a method for producing knitted fabrics in which the work is turned periodically, i.e., the fabric is worked with alternating sides facing the knitter. A "Flat" or Vee Bed knitting machine consists of 2 flat needle beds arranged in an upside-down "V" formation.
This document discusses testing the bursting strength and tearing strength of fabrics. It describes two common methods for measuring bursting strength - mechanical and hydraulic burst testing. Hydraulic burst testing involves clamping a fabric sample over an inflating rubber diaphragm and increasing the liquid pressure until the fabric bursts. The tearing strength is measured using an Elmendorf tearing tester, which involves clamping a fabric sample and creating a tear using the falling weight of a pendulum from a fixed height. Sample preparation and testing procedures are provided for both bursting strength and tearing strength tests.
This document discusses color fastness testing and quality control for textiles. It covers:
1. Color fastness is the resistance of a color to fading or bleeding from factors like washing, light, water, dry cleaning, and chemicals. It is assessed by changes in the sample color and staining of adjacent fabrics.
2. Various types of color fastness are described, including to washing, light, rubbing/crocking, perspiration, and more. Tests evaluate color change and staining on a scale of 1-5.
3. Factors like dye structure, bonding to fibers, shade depth, fiber chemistry, and test conditions impact color fastness properties. Standard tests and assessment methods following organizations
Non woven
Nonwoven fabrics are broadly defined as sheet or web structures made of fibers or filaments bonded or interlocked together by mechanical, thermal, chemical or solvent means. They are flat, porous sheets that are made directly from separate fibers or from molten plastic or plastic film. They are not made by weaving or knitting and do not require converting the fibers to yarn.
Milling is a process that felts wool fabrics to make them thicker, fuller, and more uniform. It involves treating wool fabrics with moisture, heat, and pressure in a milling machine. There are several types of milling depending on the chemicals used, such as alkaline milling using sodium carbonate, soap milling using soap solutions, and acid milling using diluted sulfuric acid. The objective is to felt the wool fibers together to condense and shrink the fabric while also making the weave less visible. Milling improves the strength, handle, and appearance of the wool fabric.
The document summarizes an experiment analyzing the effect of conditioning and softener treatment on the physical properties of denim fabric. Samples were tested with and without standard conditioning to determine the impact of temperature and humidity. Conditioned samples showed higher strength and weight. A second experiment applied cationic and silicone softeners to samples, finding silicone softener improved tear strength but reduced tensile strength and rubbing fastness more than cationic softener. Both softeners decreased properties from the untreated fabric. Conditioning was found essential for accurate testing.
TOPICS COVERED: ASOLUTE AND RELATIVE HUMIDITY MOISTURE REGAIN AND CONTENT Regain-Humidity Relations of Textiles Regain VS Relative Humidity Curve Factors Affecting the Regain of Textile Materials Effect of moisture on properties
This document provides information about garment dyeing machines. It begins by explaining that garment dyeing involves dyeing fully fashioned garments after manufacturing, as opposed to using pre-dyed fabrics. It then discusses different types of machines used for garment dyeing, including paddle machines, rotary drum machines, tumbler machines, toroid machines, and the Gyrobox. The document provides details on the features and operating principles of these different machine types. It also includes images and specifications for specific garment dyeing machines from STEFAB.
This document provides an overview of drawing and texturizing processes in the textile industry. It begins with an introduction to filament production from man-made materials and defines drawing as a process used to orient polymer molecules and increase filament strength. Texturizing is defined as introducing crimps, loops or coils to filaments to create bulk. Common texturizing methods like false twist, draw texturizing and air jet texturizing are described. The document concludes with links to related textile technology Facebook pages.
This document discusses the importance and scope of fabric testing. It begins by explaining that textile fabrics are manufactured for different end uses, each with different performance requirements. Fabric testing plays a crucial role in assessing product quality, regulatory compliance, and performance. The document then discusses how fabric testing has expanded in scope due to increasing globalization and demands from consumers. It provides examples of different types of fabric tests, including physical, chemical, and performance tests. The document emphasizes that an understanding of fabric testing is important for various textile industry professionals to make informed decisions. In summary, the document outlines the wide-ranging role of fabric testing in evaluating textiles and ensuring they meet requirements for different applications.
The document discusses the Advanced Fiber Information System (AFIS), which was developed to more accurately and precisely measure properties of raw textile materials like cotton. AFIS uses aeromechanical and electro-optical techniques to separate fibers and analyze them individually, providing distributions of properties rather than just average values. This gives more detailed information about factors like fiber length and imperfections. Specifically, AFIS can classify neps (entanglements) into fiber neps and seed coat neps, providing a more comprehensive quality assessment of ginning cotton and processed fibers.
Calendering is a process used to upgrade fabric handle and impart a smooth, silky touch. There are several types of calenders that produce different effects. The 7 bowl calender passes fabric between heated iron bowls and cotton bowls to compress, reduce thickness, and improve opacity and luster. Friction and Schreiner calenders use heated, engraved steel bowls to polish fabrics. Chasing and swizzing calenders overlap fabric layers to produce textured finishes. Felt calenders dry and finish fabrics using an endless felt blanket around a heated cylinder. Calendering effects depend on factors like moisture, bowl composition and arrangement, and pressure.
This document discusses fabric flammability and flame resistance. It defines key terms like flammable, flameproof, and flame resistant fabrics. It also discusses factors that affect flame resistance like fiber content, yarn type, fabric structure, and weight. The document describes several test methods used to measure flame resistance, including the torsion balance procedure, visual timing test, 45 degree test, and hoop test. It provides data on flame resistance ratings for various fabric mixtures and chemically treated fabrics. Finally, it discusses recent test method developments and flameproofing finishing processes.
Thermal Manikin is a human model to measure clothing insulation and to evaluate the relationship between thermal environment and thermal comfort. Thermal manikins are complex, delicate and expensive instruments.
Thermal manikins can react as a human being and some thermal manikins can also simulate human perspiration
This study examined the effect of fabric softener on the thermal comfort properties of cotton and polyester fabrics after repeated laundering. It found that fabric softener treatment significantly decreased the air permeability and wickability of cotton fabrics but did not affect polyester fabrics. The softener treatment increased the thermal insulation value of both cotton and polyester fabrics to a similar degree. Statistical analysis showed the results were significant for air permeability, thermal insulation value, and wickability of the fabrics. The chemical finishing had a significant influence on the thermal comfort properties of cotton and polyester fabrics after repeated laundering cycles.
Alternate Water Resource SystemSummary StatementxxxxxxD.docxgalerussel59292
Alternate Water Resource System
Summary Statement:
xxxxxx
Deliverables:
xxx
Customers:
xxxxxxx
School/Workplace Culture Improvement
Summary Statement:
Founding/transitioning into a more relaxed environment in a workplace or school campus
Implementing a “fun” workplace setting a culture standard
E.g. Google
Deliverables:
Use of new technology accessible to all students/workers
E.g. Segway, Bikes, resting pods
Tracking and storage systems
Employee/Student satisfaction
Customers:
Universities
Larger Companies with Campuses
Evaluation for Long-Term Structural Shading Materials for
use in Harsh Environments
A. Dominguez 1.
M. Lynch 1.
M. Miller 1.
T. George 1.
T. Hosokawa 1.
D. Chavez 2.
And O. Es-Said 1.
1. Mechanical Engineering Department Loyola Marymount University,
Los Angeles California, 90045
2. Naval Facilities Engineering and Expeditionary Warfare Center,
Port Hueneme California 93043
Page | 2
1. INTRODUCTION
In East Africa, the military personnel were quartered in Containerized Living Units (CLUs).
The increasing population on occasion outnumbers the amount of available CLUs. Due to hot and
humid climate, personal air conditioning unit (ACU) is being used in each CLU. Energy to run
these ACUs are produced from diesel power generators that run 24 hours a day, every day of the
year. The CLU’s estimate current consumption comprise around 40% of the electrical load. This
high electrical load results from poor air distribution, a large difference in the air temperature down
the length of the CLU, and oversized ACU’s cycling on and off every 3-4 minutes, [1]. A much
more energy efficient Containerized Living Unit (termed “SuperCLU”) technology design and
development project is in progress. It consists of two phases that modify existing CLUs and to
design and build SuperCLU prototypes, Figure 1. The SuperCLU program goals were to reduce
the amount of energy consumed by the CLUs and to create an easy and fast set up and tear down
system while the occupants were away from the CLUs, [1]. These include the layout design, air
conditioning unit modifications, using insulation materials for the walls, floors, and ceilings, using
coatings for the exterior and interior and using a shading structure to form a canopy above the
SuperCLU’s. All of these changes were designed to reduce cubic feet of conditioned air needed
while enhancing individual berthing spaces [1,2].
The objective of constructing a shading structure focuses on reducing the SuperCLU’s need
for air conditioning. Constructing shading structures would significantly reduce the heat buildup
on the surface of the SuperCLU thereby reducing the heat transfer through the SuperCLU envelope
and thus reducing the cooling costs. Five experiments were performed to evaluate the performance
and longevity of tent fabric materials. These are strength, resistance to wind, abrasion, thermal
effects and heat t.
This document provides an overview of moisture management in textiles. It begins with definitions of moisture management as the ability of a fabric to transport moisture away from the skin. It describes the role of moisture management in maintaining body temperature and comfort. The document outlines the key processes involved in moisture transmission through fabrics, including diffusion, sorption, desorption, wetting, wicking and convection. It discusses different concepts and types of moisture management fabrics, as well as common moisture management fibers and fabrics like CoolMax, FieldSensor and GoreTex. The document concludes with a discussion of moisture management properties of natural and synthetic fibers.
Investigation of Thermal Insulation on Ice CoolersIOSR Journals
This document investigates different materials for thermal insulation in ice coolers. It tests coconut fibre, polystyrene, and polyurethane at various densities using the Lee's Disk method to determine thermal conductivity. The study finds that polyurethane with a density of 95kg/m3 has the lowest thermal conductivity of 0.0195 W/mK. Numerical analysis confirms that polyurethane of this density and thickness of 64mm maintains the lowest inside temperature for an ice cooler. The experimental data and numerical analysis show that polyurethane of 95kg/m3 density and 64mm thickness provides the best thermal insulation to minimize heat transfer and increase ice melting time in coolers.
1) The document investigates suitable densities and thicknesses of materials for thermal insulation in ice coolers.
2) It analyzes coconut fiber, polystyrene, and polyurethane at different densities and thicknesses as insulation materials.
3) Thermal conductivity is experimentally determined using the Lee's Disk Apparatus, and it is found that polyurethane with a density of 95kg/m3 has the lowest thermal conductivity of 0.0195 W/m K.
Investigation of Thermal Insulation on Ice CoolersIOSR Journals
This document investigates different materials for thermal insulation in ice coolers. It tests coconut fibre, polystyrene, and polyurethane at various densities using the Lee's Disk method to determine their thermal conductivity. The study finds that polyurethane with a density of 95kg/m3 has the lowest thermal conductivity of 0.0195 W/mK. Numerical analysis confirms that polyurethane of this density and thickness of 64mm maintains the lowest inside temperature for an ice cooler. The experimental data and numerical analysis show that polyurethane of 95kg/m3 density and 64mm thickness provides the best thermal insulation to minimize heat transfer and increase ice melting time in coolers.
Thermal comfort is affected by both external environmental factors and internal personal factors. The document discusses various textile properties that influence thermal comfort, such as fabric structure, thickness, and thermal conductivity. It also examines factors like air temperature, humidity, clothing insulation, and metabolic heat. Well-designed clothing can improve thermal comfort through features like ventilation openings, layered fabrics, and structures that allow air circulation between the skin and garment. The optimal design depends on balancing thermal functionality with other considerations like aesthetics and cost.
International Journal of Engineering Research and DevelopmentIJERD Editor
Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering,
Information Engineering and Technology,
Mechanical, Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering,
Automation and Mechatronics Engineering,
Material and Chemical Engineering,
Civil and Architecture Engineering,
Biotechnology and Bio Engineering,
Environmental Engineering,
Petroleum and Mining Engineering,
Marine and Agriculture engineering,
Aerospace Engineering.
This document summarizes a study on the air permeability of knitted fabrics made from regenerated cellulosic fibers like viscose and modal. Sixteen knitted fabric samples were produced from viscose and modal yarns in two different counts spun at the same twist, knitted into pique structures at four tightness levels. Testing showed that air permeability decreased with increasing fabric thickness and tightness factor. Finer yarn counts and looser structures increased air permeability. Viscose fabrics showed a stronger correlation between air permeability and thickness than modal fabrics. Overall, the study found that air permeability of these knitted fabrics is influenced by yarn count, fabric thickness, tightness, and porosity.
James Webb Space Telescope (JWST)The JWST idea was first laun.docxpriestmanmable
James Webb Space Telescope (JWST):
The JWST idea was first launched for scientific purposes that included knowing what happened after the big bang. The main goals of JWST can be concluded as follows:
1. Reionization and first light.
2. Knowing how galaxies formed and the assembly of galaxies.
3. To know and get more details about the birth of stars and planets.
4. To know more about planets and the origin of life and if life is possible on other galaxies and planets.
5. To know what and where other earth-like planets are there.
The mission drives basic requirements can be concluded as recognizing the faint objects, distant -old- objects, and through dust clouds. This can be achieved using a telescope that has the following properties in sequence:
A high redshift is when galaxies move in respect together with low velocity and at high speed in relative to themselves.
Requirements of JWST:
To make this mission a successful one, several requirements were set as requirements. The requirements include the following:
· Large Light-Collecting Area:
· Deployable system (Deformable).
· Lightweight materials (thin mirrors, films and membranes, and composites).
· Stable structures and materials (beryllium mirrors &low creep composites).
· Infrared observations:
· A cryogenically compatible system (beryllium mirrors & carbon fiber composites).
· Cryogenic telescope and science instrument:
· Deformable beryllium mirrors (can deform in 6° of freedom).
· Bonded carbon fiber campsites structures.
· Four infrared optimized science instruments.
Composites were chosen for this mission because they are basically plastics that can deform under load and retain their original shape and dimensions upon unloading them. Carbon fiber, however, was chosen because its unique properties that include the high strength-to-weight ratio and extreme temperatures resistance.
Components of the JWST:
· The Sunshield:
A multi-layer sunshield was developed for this very mission and consisted of light-tight materials that are capable of resisting the damage that might be caused by sunlight (which is not filtered like the sunshine on earth). Also, the membranes are infrared-tight; which means that they won’t develop damages when an IR beam hit them. Note that the membranes are deployable.
The sunshield was coated with aluminum on both sides in layers 3, 4, & 5. However, layers 1 and 2 were coated with aluminum on top and silicon on bottom. It is worth mentioning that the size of the shield is almost the size of a tennis court. Two of the biggest challenges in the design of the sunshield are coming up with a concept to fold it in the rocket and the wide temperature range between the top and bottom.
The membranes are coated with kapton to withstand the high temperature range. The calculation of the temperature difference between the top and bottom resulted in realizing that the temperature on top (away from sun) is around 50 K (= -370 °F) and on bottom (facing sun) is ar ...
- A parachute is a device that uses drag from the air to slow the descent of falling objects using a large flexible fabric canopy.
- The key components of a parachute are the pilot chute, main canopy made of lightweight flexible fabric like nylon, suspension lines, harness, and container backpack.
- Important properties of parachute fabric include high tensile strength, permeability, elasticity, and resistance to tearing and abrasion to safely slow descent rates.
Higher heat fluxes lead to decreased protection times for fire protective clothing. As heat flux increases, protection time decreases rapidly and nonlinearly. Incorporating materials like phase change materials and aerogels into clothing fabrics can improve thermal insulation and protection times. Higher heat fluxes also negatively impact tensile properties and tear strength of fabrics over time through degradation of polymer chains at a molecular level.
Laboratory Performance Of Evaporative Cooler Using Jute Fiber Ropes As Coolin...IJERA Editor
Evaporative coolers use a variety of cooling media like wood wool, cellulose, aspen. This paper analyses the performance of jute fiber ropes as alternative cooling media. They are capable of retaining high moisture and have a large wetted surface area. Hot and dry air is allowed to flow over the wet jute rope bank tightly held between two plates which are integral part of two tanks. The inlet conditions of air varied from 30.5 0C dry bulb temperature and 52 % relative humidity to 34.5 0C dry bulb temperature and 32 % relative humidity. Outlet temperature of air is measured and saturation efficiency and cooling capacity are calculated. The outlet dry bulb temperature is obtained between 25.8 0C and 26.2 0C.The saturation efficiencies range from 69 % to 59 % and the cooling capacity is obtained between 6173 kJ/h and 11979 kJ/h. Thus jute fiber ropes prove to be a good alternative cooling media in evaporative cooler.
An Investigative and Concise Review on Evaporation and Condensation Processes...IJERA Editor
The vapour adsorption refrigeration is based on the evaporation and condensation of a refrigerant combined with adsorption or chemical reaction. The towering fossil fuel price and the responsiveness of environmental problems offer many potential applications to thermal powered adsorption cooling. However, the adsorption cooling machines still have some disadvantages that hinder their wide application. The patents surveyed are classified into four main groups: adsorption system development, adsorbent bed innovation, adsorbent/adsorbate material development and novel application of adsorption cooling system. The adsorption refrigeration is based on the evaporation and condensation of a refrigerant combined with adsorption or chemical reaction. Important targets are to reach a high efficiency through optimization measures at various components and the control system. On the other hand measures are to verify to simplify the construction with regard to a low-cost manufacturing, as well as to reach long periods with maintenance-free operation. This review paper gives a comprehensive review on the work carried out on vapour adsorption refrigeration for cryogenic applications.
THERMAL PERFORMANCE TESTING OF A FLAT PLATE SOLAR AIR HEATER USING OPTICAL ME...ijmech
Experimental test set up at laboratory scale has been developed for thermal performance testing of flat
plate solar air heater with simulated solar radiation intensity; 600W/m2. A test cell of size 1m x 0.5m x
0.1m was fabricated. Three designs namely (i) plane absorber (ii) transverse V- porous ribs and (iii)
inclined V-porous ribs of absorber are tested. All the experiments are conducted with artificial solar
radiation and in natural convection. Performances of these three designs have been compared on the basis
of overall thermal efficiency and thermal gradient along normal to the base. Thermal gradient has been
determined by laser beam deviation method. PT-100 temperature sensors have also been used to validate
the optical results of thermal gradient. The overall thermal efficiencies of these designs have been found as
14.91%, 17.24% and 20.04% respectively. It has also been seen that thermal gradient tends to reduce with
increase in efficiency.
Numerical investigation on heat sink by computational fluid dynamics (cfd)eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
The document summarizes an investigation into the moisture management and thermal properties of various plated knitted fabrics. Samples will be fabricated using different combinations of polyester, cotton, and bamboo yarns on the front and back sides with various structures. Yarn and fabric properties will be tested, including air permeability, OMMC, thermal conductivity, bursting strength, and more. The results aim to determine how plating structure affects a fabric's thermal and moisture management performance.
This document discusses ablative and thermal insulation materials. It provides information on:
1) Ablative materials which protect vehicles during atmospheric reentry by absorbing, dissipating, and blocking heat. They are needed for ballistic missiles, rocket nozzles, and other high heat applications.
2) Thermal insulation materials which prevent or reduce heat transfer to maintain temperatures. They include organic materials like wool and inorganic materials like glass wool.
3) Intumescent ablators which form a foam-like char when heated, decreasing conductivity and insulating the substrate while cutting off oxygen supply. They are common as fire-retardant coatings.
This presentation discusses breathability testing of fabrics. It introduces three common test methods: the upright cup method, inverted cup method, and sweating hot plate method. The upright cup method measures the amount of moisture pulled through a fabric into a desiccant-filled cup. The inverted cup method similarly measures moisture transfer but with the cup inverted. The sweating hot plate method measures the resistance of a fabric to evaporative heat loss. Breathable fabrics allow moisture vapor transmission while maintaining properties like thermal regulation, shape retention, and quick drying. These fabrics have applications in outdoor wear, protective clothing, and medical supports.
The document discusses the history and constituents of soaps and detergents. It notes that soap making dates back to 1500 BC and involved combining plant/animal oils with alkaline salts. Modern synthetic detergents slowly replaced soaps and were first used for dishwashing and laundering fine fabrics. Soaps are made through saponification which involves heating oils/fats with lye, while detergents are made from petrochemicals. Both soaps and detergents work by forming micelles that emulsify oils and allow them to be rinsed away. While soaps are more eco-friendly, detergents work better in hard water. However, detergents pose health and environmental risks if certain regulations are
Enzymes have been used for over 2,000 years in textile processing. Their use has increased in the past century, especially for processing natural fibers, as enzymes are more environmentally friendly and specific than chemicals. Enzymes are proteins that act as catalysts to accelerate chemical reactions without being altered. Common enzymes used in textiles include amylases, cellulases, lipases, and proteases. Enzymes are measured in activity units and mediate synthetic and degradative reactions in living organisms.
Yarn properties effecting comfort of the fabrichema upadhayay
Yarn properties such as twist, size, and texture affect the comfort properties of fabrics. High twist yarns result in fabrics with better durability but lower moisture absorption. Low twist yarns allow for better insulation and moisture absorption. Bulkier yarns like textured yarns provide more comfort through better absorbency, stretch, and insulation compared to smooth filament yarns. The type of yarn, whether spun, filament, or textured, determines characteristics like warmth, absorbency, durability, and ease of care for the resulting fabric. Yarn properties are thus an important consideration in designing comfortable fabrics.
Kashmiri embroidery, also known as Kashida, is known for its fine stitches and flat, formalized designs. Common stitches used include satin stitch, stem stitch, chain stitch, and darning stitch. The embroidery is traditionally done by men in Kashmir on fabrics like silk and wool. Motifs often depict floral patterns and Kashmiri landscapes. The embroidery is known for its subtle colors and use of single thread to create symmetrical patterns on both sides of the fabric. Kashmiri embroidery is used to embellish garments, home goods, and other crafts like carpets.
1. The document discusses various types of agrotextiles used in agriculture, horticulture, and animal husbandry to control the environment for plants and animals. Some examples provided include shade nets, crop covers, windshields, weed control discs, and bird protection nets.
2. Agrotextiles are made from natural fibers like jute, wool, and coir as well as synthetic fibers like polyolefin, nylon, and polyester. Woven, non-woven, knitted and other constructions are used depending on the application.
3. Agrotextiles provide benefits like preventing soil drying, reducing pesticide and herbicide use, improving crop yields, and controlling climate and
Traditional block printing techniques are used across India with regional variations. The document outlines the printing processes which involve preparing blocks, fabric, and printing pastes as well as auxiliary components like thickeners, dyes, and resists. Specific techniques are described for regions like Sanganer with floral designs, Bagru with resist patterns, Andhra Pradesh known for vegetable dyes, and Uttar Pradesh featuring motifs like paisley and butis in classical styles.
Hema Upadhayay presented on the concept of cosmetotextiles. Cosmetotextiles are textile articles that contain substances or preparations released over time on the skin with special functionalities like cleansing, perfuming, or protecting the skin. They discussed various agents used in cosmetotextiles like moisturizing agents, sun protection agents, aromas and perfumes. Technologies used include microencapsulation, nanotechnology, and smart textiles with phase change materials. Commonly used ingredients are natural herbs, plants, oils as well as synthetic compounds. Finishing techniques to apply these ingredients include coating, grafting, dyeing and use of new fibers. Some commercial products featuring anti-cellulite
Executive Directors Chat Leveraging AI for Diversity, Equity, and InclusionTechSoup
Let’s explore the intersection of technology and equity in the final session of our DEI series. Discover how AI tools, like ChatGPT, can be used to support and enhance your nonprofit's DEI initiatives. Participants will gain insights into practical AI applications and get tips for leveraging technology to advance their DEI goals.
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Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty, In...Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty,
International FDP on Fundamentals of Research in Social Sciences
at Integral University, Lucknow, 06.06.2024
By Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
বাংলাদেশের অর্থনৈতিক সমীক্ষা ২০২৪ [Bangladesh Economic Review 2024 Bangla.pdf] কম্পিউটার , ট্যাব ও স্মার্ট ফোন ভার্সন সহ সম্পূর্ণ বাংলা ই-বুক বা pdf বই " সুচিপত্র ...বুকমার্ক মেনু 🔖 ও হাইপার লিংক মেনু 📝👆 যুক্ত ..
আমাদের সবার জন্য খুব খুব গুরুত্বপূর্ণ একটি বই ..বিসিএস, ব্যাংক, ইউনিভার্সিটি ভর্তি ও যে কোন প্রতিযোগিতা মূলক পরীক্ষার জন্য এর খুব ইম্পরট্যান্ট একটি বিষয় ...তাছাড়া বাংলাদেশের সাম্প্রতিক যে কোন ডাটা বা তথ্য এই বইতে পাবেন ...
তাই একজন নাগরিক হিসাবে এই তথ্য গুলো আপনার জানা প্রয়োজন ...।
বিসিএস ও ব্যাংক এর লিখিত পরীক্ষা ...+এছাড়া মাধ্যমিক ও উচ্চমাধ্যমিকের স্টুডেন্টদের জন্য অনেক কাজে আসবে ...
LAND USE LAND COVER AND NDVI OF MIRZAPUR DISTRICT, UPRAHUL
This Dissertation explores the particular circumstances of Mirzapur, a region located in the
core of India. Mirzapur, with its varied terrains and abundant biodiversity, offers an optimal
environment for investigating the changes in vegetation cover dynamics. Our study utilizes
advanced technologies such as GIS (Geographic Information Systems) and Remote sensing to
analyze the transformations that have taken place over the course of a decade.
The complex relationship between human activities and the environment has been the focus
of extensive research and worry. As the global community grapples with swift urbanization,
population expansion, and economic progress, the effects on natural ecosystems are becoming
more evident. A crucial element of this impact is the alteration of vegetation cover, which plays a
significant role in maintaining the ecological equilibrium of our planet.Land serves as the foundation for all human activities and provides the necessary materials for
these activities. As the most crucial natural resource, its utilization by humans results in different
'Land uses,' which are determined by both human activities and the physical characteristics of the
land.
The utilization of land is impacted by human needs and environmental factors. In countries
like India, rapid population growth and the emphasis on extensive resource exploitation can lead
to significant land degradation, adversely affecting the region's land cover.
Therefore, human intervention has significantly influenced land use patterns over many
centuries, evolving its structure over time and space. In the present era, these changes have
accelerated due to factors such as agriculture and urbanization. Information regarding land use and
cover is essential for various planning and management tasks related to the Earth's surface,
providing crucial environmental data for scientific, resource management, policy purposes, and
diverse human activities.
Accurate understanding of land use and cover is imperative for the development planning
of any area. Consequently, a wide range of professionals, including earth system scientists, land
and water managers, and urban planners, are interested in obtaining data on land use and cover
changes, conversion trends, and other related patterns. The spatial dimensions of land use and
cover support policymakers and scientists in making well-informed decisions, as alterations in
these patterns indicate shifts in economic and social conditions. Monitoring such changes with the
help of Advanced technologies like Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems is
crucial for coordinated efforts across different administrative levels. Advanced technologies like
Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems
9
Changes in vegetation cover refer to variations in the distribution, composition, and overall
structure of plant communities across different temporal and spatial scales. These changes can
occur natural.
This presentation was provided by Steph Pollock of The American Psychological Association’s Journals Program, and Damita Snow, of The American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE), for the initial session of NISO's 2024 Training Series "DEIA in the Scholarly Landscape." Session One: 'Setting Expectations: a DEIA Primer,' was held June 6, 2024.
How to Add Chatter in the odoo 17 ERP ModuleCeline George
In Odoo, the chatter is like a chat tool that helps you work together on records. You can leave notes and track things, making it easier to talk with your team and partners. Inside chatter, all communication history, activity, and changes will be displayed.
This slide is special for master students (MIBS & MIFB) in UUM. Also useful for readers who are interested in the topic of contemporary Islamic banking.
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Odoo 17 CRM allows us to track why we lose sales opportunities with "Lost Reasons." This helps analyze our sales process and identify areas for improvement. Here's how to configure lost reasons in Odoo 17 CRM
A review of the growth of the Israel Genealogy Research Association Database Collection for the last 12 months. Our collection is now passed the 3 million mark and still growing. See which archives have contributed the most. See the different types of records we have, and which years have had records added. You can also see what we have for the future.
2. 1. Clothing Comfort: Types of clothing comfort
2. Comfort testing: Types of comfort testing.
3. Objective testing: Areas of application, Importance
4. Methods of Objective testing
5. Historical Background of Objective testing
6. Important parameters and their effect on clothing comfort
7. Instrument used for Objective testing
8. Advancement in Objective testing.
9. Institutes providing testing facilities in India.
10. Research in the field of Objective testing
11. References
CONTENTS
3. • Comfort is defined as ‘the absence of unpleasantness or
discomfort’ or ‘a neutral state compared to the more active state
of pleasure’ (Slater, 1977).
• Clothing comfort is defined as a pleasant state arising out of
physical, physiological and psychological harmony between a
human being and the environment.
3
INTRODUCTION
4. PHYSICAL PHYSIOLOGICAL
COMFORT
PSYCHOLOGICAL
Physical comfort : related
to the effect of the
external parameters on
the body.
Feeling of well being due
to the harmony between
physical activity and
clothing properties.
Physiological comfort
relates to the ability of
the clothing to maintain
equilibrium between the
human body and the
environment.
Psychological comfort
:minds ability to keep
itself functioning
satisfactorily with the
external help.
It is mainly based on
subjective feelings and
fashion trends that
influence personal
preferences.
6. COMFORT TESTING
Testing of different parameters which
determines the comfort properties of
fabric and garment for different end
uses.
Objective
Evaluation
Quantitative Evaluation of
fabric comfort properties by
the application of mechanical
instruments and equipment.
Subjective
Evaluation
Qualitative evaluation of fabric
and garment based on human
perception.
7. Objective Evaluation
7
.
The application of necessary and sufficient instrumental
measurements using set standards and procedures on the fabrics and
clothing.
Importance
To specify and control
•Quality
•Suitability according to end use
• Ultimate performance of fabric, garment and clothing system.
Feasible
•Suitable instruments
•Analytical methods for interpretation of data.
9. HISTORICAL BACKGROUND OF OBJECTIVE TESTING FOR
COMFORT
Heated kata thermometer
first attempt to measure human climate comfort
1916 .
9
Eupatheoscope
Dufton, 1929 in order to imitate the human body
heat loss (eupatheostat), and he termed the
measured variable ' equivalent temperature.
10. 10
Eupatheoscope
•To record the warmth of a room from the
point of view of comfort.
•It consists of a blackened hollow copper
cylinder heated by a carbon filament and a
metal filament lamp, which are controlled
by a thermostat to maintain a temperature
of 75°F.
•The power used was interpreted in terms
of equivalent temperatures.
11. 11
clo unit in 1941 by Gagge, Burton, and Bazett was an
important advancement in clothing science as it
provided for a standard measure of the thermal
insulation of clothing.
1 clo equaled the insulation provided by a typical
business suit.
The objective measurement of fabric mechanical
properties can be traced back to the work reported by
Pierce in 1930 in a classic paper” The handle of cloth
as measurable quantity” by Pierce in 1930
First book “Psychology of clothes” on
clothing comfort by J C Flugel in
1930.
12. • In the late 1950s and 1960s, TEFO started the evaluation of
stress mechanical properties such as bending, buckling,
tensile, shear and compression for the tailorability and
formability of the fabrics into garments.
• Tatsuki Matsuo ( Toyobo Research Centre) identified useful
parameters, and developed a collection of fabrics samples,
which provides an Atlas of fabric hand, combining subjective
feel and objective characterization.
12
TEFO: Swedish institute for fiber and polymer research
13. Efforts of Prof. Seo Kawabata of Kyoto University and
his associates led to the development of The Hand
Evaluation and Standardization Committee (HESC) in
1972 followed by KES (Kawabata Evaluation System)
which was used in the wide spread for fabric
assessment.
CSIRO, Division of Wool Technology, Australia,
developed the FAST (Fabric assurance by simple testing)
system which is commercially available and is also widely
used for the objective evaluation of fabric.
14. GE’s “Copper Man,” a quarter-inch-thick, electroplated copper
mannequin from the early ’40s that the Army used to evaluate the
thermal-insulating quality of protective clothing issued to B-17 and
B-24 airmen.
14
The first thermal manikin was a one-segment copper manikin made for the
US Army in the 40's (Belding). Dr. Harwood Belding first build a headless
and armless manikin from pipes and metal sheets. The manikin had an
internal heater and fan to distribute the heat.
15. 1942 Belding collaborated with engineers
at the General Electric Co., build a new
thermal manikin made out of an
electroplated copper shell with electrical
circuits that uniformly heated the surface.
The manikin was made with a feature to
change the surface temperature of the
hands and feet independent of the surface
temperature of the rest of the manikin’s
body.
15
16. • In 1961, military thermal manikin work was centered
at the new U.S. Army Research Institute of
Environmental Medicine (also known as "USARIEM")
located at Natick, Massachusetts.
• The introduction of the moisture permeability index
(im) was given by Woodcock in 1962 at USARIEM.
• This value is the ratio of the maximum evaporative
cooling, at a given ambient vapor pressure, from a
100% wetted surface through a fabric, to the
maximum evaporative cooling of a psychrometric wet
bulb thermometer at the same vapor pressure.
• This parameter characterized the permeability of
clothing materials to the transfer of water vapor.
1616
17. • Woodcock used a sweating, heated cylinder to
conduct his permeability evaluations of both the
bare cylinder surface and various protective
clothing textiles.
• Goldman and Breckenridge, interested in
utilizing this index for practical clothing
applications, outfitted thermal manikins with
tight fitting cotton skins that could be saturated
with water to simulate a sweat wetted skin
surface.
• This work made it possible to begin a concerted
effort to increase the "breathability" of chemical
and biological protective clothing.
17
18. • USARIEM 1984 began using a new
articulated, thermal manikin
employing 19 separate heating
zones.
• Ability to simulate the bodily
movements involved in walking
and running.
• The manikin is housed in a
climatic chamber with precise
control over the air velocity
directed at the manikin.
19. S.no Segment Series Material Posture Country
1. 1-Segment SAM Copper Standing USA 1942
2. 11-Segments ALMANKIN Aluminum Standing UK 1964
3. Radiation
Manikin
CEPAT400 Aluminum Standing France
1972
4. 16-Segments HENRIK2 Plastic Moveable Demark
1973
5. 16 –Segments CHARLIE Plastic Moveable Germany
1978
6. 16 –Segments SIBMAN Plastic Sit stand Sweden
1980
7. 19-segments VOLTMAN Plastic Sitting Sweden
1982
8. 36-Segments ASSMAN Plastic Sitting Sweden
1983
9. 19-Segments TORE Plastic Moveable Sweden
1984
20. S.No Segment Series Material Posture Country
10. 7-Segments CLOUSSEAU Plastic Standing Sweden 1987
11. Sweating
manikin
COPELIUS Plastic Moveable Finland 1988
12. Female manikin NILLE Plastic Moveable Denmark
1989
13. 33+3
Segments
HEATMAN Plastic Moveable Sweden 1991
14. 1-segment
sweating
WALTER Fabric Moveable Hong Kong 1991
15. 36-segments HEATMAN Plastic Moveable France 1995
16. Breathing
Manikin
NILLIE Plastic Moveable Denmark 1996
17. Sweating
manikin
SAM Plastic Moveable Switzerland 2001
18. 26-segments TOM Copper Moveable USA 2003
19. 126-segments ADAM Composite Moveable USA 2003
26. Air Permeability
•Number of cubic centimeters of air passing through
one square centimeter of fabric per second when the
differential between the air pressures on opposite sides
of the fabric is equal to 12.7 mm of water.
Major
•CAN/CGSB-4.2 No. 36 – M89.
•ASTM D – 737.
30. • Moisture vapour permeability
• The ability of a fabric to allow perspiration in its
vapour form to pass through is measured by its
moisture vapour permeability in grams of water
vapour per square meter per 24 hours.
• A fabric of low moisture vapour permeability is
unable to pass sufficient perspiration and this
leads to sweat accumulation in the clothing and
hence comfort.
31. MOISTURE COMFORT RELATED TESTING
1.WATER VAPOUR PERMEABILITY
A)Gravimetric methods: Most simple and commonly used
methods. These methods are named also “cup method” and
“dish method”.
31
31Cup method Inverted cup method
33. Permetest skin model (Sensora instruments)
•Slightly curved porous surface is moistened and exposed in a wind channel to the parallel air flow
of adjustable velocity.
•The tested sample is placed on the wetted area of diameter about 80mm.The amount of evaporation
heat taken away from the active porous surface is measured by integrated system.
•In the beginning of the measurement, the measuring head is first covered by semi permeable foil to
keep the measured garment dry. Then ,heat flow value (q) without a sample is registered.
• The full-size garment is inserted between the head and the orifice in the bottom of the channel.
With the signal gets steady, the level of qs, which quantifies heat loses, of wet measuring head
covered by a sample, is registered.
• Both values then serve for automated calculation of mean value and variation coefficient of the
following characteristics of the tested fabric/garment.
SAMPLE
THERMAL
INSULATION
TEMPERATURE
SENSOR
TEMPERATUR
E SENSOR
WIND CHANNEL
RELATIVE
HUMIDITY
SENSOR
FAN
HEATING
ELEMENT
INSTRUM.
BODY
WATER
INLET
POROUS LAYER SIMULA-
TING THE HUMAN SKIN
WITH INTEGRATED SEN-
SOR OF COOLING POWER
MEASURING
HEAD
34. Water Resistance and Repellency
Standard Test Methods
AATCC Method 21, Water repellency: Static absorption
test
AATCC Method 22, Water repellency: Spray test
AATCC Method 35, Water resistance: rain test
AATCC Method 42, Water resistance: Impact penetration
test
AATCC Method 127: Water resistance: Hydrostatic
pressure test
34
38. Single plate method: In this method the specimen
under test is placed on the heated lower plate as
above but it is left uncovered.
The top plate being used to measure the air
temperature (T3). The air above the test
specimen has a considerable thermal resistance
itself so that the method is in fact measuring the
sum of the specimen
TOGMETER
39. Two plate method: In this method the
specimen under test is placed between
the heated lower plate and an
insulated top plate. The top plate has a
low mass so that it does not compress
the fabric. The temperature is
measured at the heater (T1), between
the standard and the test fabric (t2)
and between the fabric and the top
plate (T3)
40. The guarded hot plate is used to measure thermal
transmittance which is reciprocal of the thermal
resistance. The apparatus consist of a heated test
plate surrounded by a guard ring and with a
bottom plate .
the test fabric in place the apparatus is allowed to
reach equilibrium before any readings are taken.
This may take some time with the thick
specimens. The amount of heat passing through
the sample in watts per square meter is measured
from the power consumption of the test plate
heater. The temperature of the test plate and the
air 500mm above the test plate are measured.
GUARDED HOT PLATE
41. ALAMBETA INSTRUMENT
Alambeta measuring device is a fast measuring
of transient and steady state thermo-physical
properties (Thermal insulation and thermal
contact properties).
1. Thermal conductivity (a)
2. Thermal absorption(b)
3. Thermal resistance (r)
4. The ratio of maximal to stationary heat flow
density (q max/qs)
5. Stationary heat flow density qs at the
contact point (qs)
6. Samples thickness.
42. ASTM F1868
Standard Test Method for Thermal and Evaporative Resistance of
Clothing Materials Using a Sweating Hot Plate
• This test method covers the measurement of thermal
resistance and evaporative resistance under steady-state
conditions for fabrics, films, coatings, foams, and leathers,
including multi-layer assemblies, as used in clothing systems.
43. ASTM F1291-05
Temperature Ratings: Heat transfer models are used with the insulation
value to determine the temperature ratings for comfort at different
activity levels.
43
46. •The Kawabata evaluation system (KES) is used to measure the
mechanical properties of fabric.
•Developed by a team led by Professor Kawabata in the department
of polymer chemistry, Kyoto University ,Japan.
•KES is composed of four different machines on which a total of six
tests can be performed:
• Tensile & shear tester – tensile, shear
• Pure bending tester – pure bending
• Compression tester – compression
• Surface tester – surface friction and roughness
46
47. Tensile LT Linearity of load extension curve
WT Tensile energy
RT Tensile resilience
Shear G Shear rigidity
2HG Hysteresis of shear force at 0.5º
2HG5 Hysteresis of shear force at 5º
Bending B Bending rigidity
2HB Hysteresis of bending moment
Later compression LC Linearity of compression thickness curve
WC Compressional energy
RC Compressional resilience
Surface
characteristics
MIU Coefficient of friction
MMD Mean deviation of MIU
SMD Geometrical roughness
Fabric construction W Fabric weight per unit area
To Fabric thickness
48. Automatic Tensile & Shear Tester-KES-FB1
This machine is a new automated model of tensile and shear tester
that can measure tensile property and shear property of fabrics,
papers, non-woven fabrics, and films by one machine. 48
49. Automatic Pure Bending Tester - KES-FB2
This machine is a new automated model of bending tester
that can measure bending property (bending rigidity,
hysteresis in bending moment) of fabrics, non-woven fabrics,
and yarns, hairs, optionally.
49
50. Automatic Compression Tester - KES-FB3
This machine is a new automated model of compression tester that can
measure compression property such as fabric thickness, work of
compression and recoverability of fabrics and films by applying
compression load.
50
51. Automatic Surface Tester - KES-FB4
This machine is a new automated model of surface tester
that can measure surface property of fabrics, papers, non-
woven fabrics, and films.
51
52. •FAST has been developed by CSIRO in Australia which is designed to
predict the properties of wool and wool blended fabrics that effect
their tailoring performance and the appearance of the tailored
garments in wear.
•These instruments also give information which can be related to the
fabric handle.
•Unlike KES-F system, FAST only measures the resistance of fabric to
deformation and not the recovery of the fabric from deformation.
•However , The FAST system is much cheaper, simpler and more
robust than KES-F system, and , as such, perhaps more suited to an
industrial revolution.
•FAST can predict how a fabric will perform when made up into a
garment- an information of importance for fabric manufactures,
suppliers, finishers and garment makers.
FAST (Fabric assurance by simple testing)
52
53. 53
•Test results from FAST-1,-2,-3 can be recorded instantly and automatically, FAST-4
results are recorded manually.
•The results are plotted on a control chart to provide a fabric fingerprint, which indicates
weather the tested fabric will be suitable for the intended use.
54. 54
FAST-1 (Compression Meter)
Measures the thickness of the fabric under two fixed loads
First the fabric is measured under the
load of 2g/cm2
And then again under a load of
100g/cm2
55. 55
•Measure the stiffness or conversely, the flexibility of a fabric.
•The instrument works on the cantilever principle, which involves pushing a
fabric over a vertical edge until it has bent to a specified angle (41.5)
•Stiff fabric will need pushing further to bent to this angle, whereas a flexible,
or limp one will fall quickly.
•The bending rigidity , which is related to the perceived stiffness, is calculated
from bending length and mass/unit area.
•Fabrics with low bending rigidity may exhibit seam pucker and are prone to
problems in cutting out.
•They are difficult to handle on an automated production line.
•A fabric with a higher bending rigidity may be more manageable during
sewing, resulting in a flat seam but may cause problems during moulding as
it is stiffer
FAST-2 (Bending Meter)
56. 56
•Measures the amount (in per cent) that the fabric will stretch under three
fixed loadings (5,20 and 100g/cm)
•Fabrics are measured at all three loads in the warp and weft directions and
(at the lowest load only) in a bias direction of 45.
•Bias extension is converted to shear rigidity which is directly related to
fabric looseness.
•Both high and low values of Extensibility can have serious consequences if
the garment maker is not aware of them.
FAST-3 (Extension Meter)
57. 57
FAST-4 (Dimensional stability Test)
•In this test (which requires a laboratory oven), the fabric is subjected
to a cycle of drying, wetting and then drying again.
•After each stage the fabrics dimensions in both warp and weft are
measured
•The results give valuable information to the garment maker as to
how the dimensions of a fabric will change when exposed to
moisture.
•The test method enables the Dimensional stability properties of the
fabric to be split into clearly identifiable components whose cause and
effect are quite different.
•The se are: Relaxation shrinkage and Hygral expansion.
58. 58
•The whole results are plotted on a
chart, which is similar to the chart
produced by the KES-F system.
• The shaded area show regions
where the fabric properties are
likely to cause problems in
garment manufacture.
•These limits have been determined
from experience and apply only to
the worsted suiting's for which the
systems was originally designed.
61. 61
•World's most advanced thermal comfort manikin
having 126 individual sweating zones.
•Developed for the Department of Energy's National
Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL).
•Mimics human responses such as sweating and
breathing with incredible accuracy.
• High spatial resolution and rapid response to
environmental changes allow it to respond realistically
to transient, non-uniform inputs.
• All electronics including batteries and a wireless
transceiver for true cordless operation of all manikin
systems.
A.D.A.M. = Advanced Automotive Manikin
62. 62
• Constructed of a thermally conductive carbon-epoxy shell with
embedded heating and sensor wire elements.
• Jointed at the hips and shoulders only, with simplified hands and feet,
and having 13-zones.
• Complete turn-key system for sleeping bag and environmental testing
• Hidden hanging hook at top of head provides an attachment point for
support, when needed
• System includes a PC computer and Thermal DAC control software
S
I
M
O
N
63. • Complete turn-key thermal manikin
system perfect for a broad range of
clothing and environmental testing.
• Developed using advanced CAD digital
modeling and is constructed using
a thermally conductive composite shell
with embedded resistance wire heating
and sensor wire elements.
• Available in standard 20, 26, or 34-zone
configurations.
• Optional removable fabric sweating skin
with computerized
fluid flow.
• Motorized walking motion and support
stand available.
• Breathing machine with nose/mouth
manifold and filter available
63
NEWTON
64. SHERLOCK
• "Sherlock" is the latest member (2014) of a
large "test family"
• Sweating thermal articulated manikin
possible to measure both the thermal
insulation and the breathability of
clothing of all kinds using one measuring
system.
• Work in closely controlled conditions.
• Different ambient temperatures and
humidity levels can be simulated, along
with other external influences such as
wind, radiated heat and rain.
• "Sherlock" will have to work until he
"sweats," so that the moisture management
of clothing can be assessed in real wearing
conditions.
64
65. CONCLUSION
•The quality and performance characteristics of fabric and clothing
are closely related to their basic engineering properties and can,
therefore, be control led through fabric objective measurements.
•These measurements provide objective communication between
various sectors of textiles and clothing industries, thus facilitating
fabric specifications for quality and performance requirements and
transactions based on these specifications.
•The development and application of fabric objective measurement
technology is consistent and compatible with the continuing trends to
high technology in the textile and clothing industries.
65
67. REFERENCES
•Das B. et al., 2007. Moisture transmission through textiles. Part II:
Evaluation methods and mathematical modelling. AUTEX Research Journal,
Vol. 7, No3. Retrieved on November 30 from http://www.autexrj.org/No3-
2007/0236.pdf
•Saville, B.P., 2004, Comfort, Physical Testing of Textiles, The textiles
Institute, Woodhead Publishing Limited, Cambridge, England, pp 209-243.
•Slater,K.,1986, The assessment of comfort, Journal textile Inst., 77(3),pp
157-171.
•Uttam,D.,2012,Objective Measurement of heat transport through clothing,
International Journal of Engineering research and Development, 12(2),pp
43-47.
•Kaplan, S. and Okur, A., 2012, Thermal comfort of sports garments with
objective and subjective measurements, International journal of Fiber &
Textile research , 3, pp 46-54.