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Study on Fire Protective Clothing

Higher heat fluxes lead to decreased protection times for fire protective clothing. As heat flux increases, protection time decreases rapidly and nonlinearly. Incorporating materials like phase change materials and aerogels into clothing fabrics can improve thermal insulation and protection times. Higher heat fluxes also negatively impact tensile properties and tear strength of fabrics over time through degradation of polymer chains at a molecular level.

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Study on Fire Protective Clothing Presented By- Sandeep Kumar Maurya Rasujit Chongdar Sumona Chakrabarti Department of Textile and Fiber Engineering SCIENCE OF CLOTHING COMFORT TXL-750 Presented to- Prof. Apurba Das
Introduction
Scenario of Fires Accidents in India  Approx. 25000 deaths every year (66 persons /day)  As per the Indian Insurance Companies- 45% of the claims are due to fire losses (Rs.1000 crores lost) Number of death due to fire accident by causes
Basic Principle of Fire Protective Clothing Design Microclimate Thermal Environment (Thermal Energy, Heat) Metabolic-Heat+ Vapour Following points should be kept in mind-  Flammability behavior of fabrics/fibres  Melting and softening temperature of fibres  Comfortability of fabric
Fire Protective Clothing Flame Retardant Fabric Flame Retardant Chemicals Image courtesy- https://www.slideshare.net/abhibft/flame-retardant-finishes-72311112 Flame Resistant Fabric Inherently Flame-Resistant fibres Image courtesy- https://www.indiamart.com/proddetail/flame-resistant- fabric-11664865991.html Criteria to select the fire- retardant/resistant fibres Limiting Oxygen Index(LOI)- The minimum amount of oxygen required to burn these fibres (synthetic/natural). LOI value should be greater than 21% , called as a fire retardant/ resistant fibres.
Development of Fire Fighter’s clothing Ref.-Davis, Rick, et al. "Accelerated weathering of polyaramid and polybenzimidazole firefighter protective clothing fabrics." Polymer Degradation and Stability 95.9 (2010): 1642-1654.  Outer layer  Resistant to fires  Maintain the integrity of thermal protective layer  Prevents water ingress, cut, stab, tear and abrasion hazards  Middle Layer  Does not allow any penetration of hot liquids and steam.  Allow the transfer of sweat-vapor from firefighters’ bodies to their ambient environment  Thermal Liner( face cloth + batting cloth)  Enhances the overall thermal insulation characteristics of firefighters’ clothing
Skin Burn Injuries heat transfer through fabric-air gap-skin layer system Ref.-Talukdar, Prabal, Apurba Das, and Ramasamy Alagirusamy. "Heat and mass transfer through thermal protective clothing–A review." International Journal of Thermal Sciences 106 (2016): 32-56. Image courtesy-https://burnsurvivor.com/about-us/  Most common type  Only outer(Epidermis) layer affected  Results in blister and accumulation of fluid  Epidermal and dermal layers are affected and healing takes some weeks  Results in the damage of regenerative cells and affect basal layer.  Healing is not possible naturally
Selected Research Papers  Kothari, V. K., and S. Chakraborty. "Protective performance of thermal protective clothing assemblies exposed to different radiant heat fluxes." Fibers and Polymers 17.5 (2016): 809-814.  Zhu, F. L., et al. "Enhancing the thermal protective performance of firefighters' protective fabrics by incorporating phase change materials." Fibres & Textiles in Eastern Europe (2015): 68-73  Roguski, Jacek, et al. "Comparison of requirements and directions of development of methods for testing protective clothing for firefighting." Fibres & Textiles in Eastern Europe 5 (119) (2016): 132-136.  Fu, Ming, Wenguo Weng, and Hongyong Yuan. "Effects of multiple air gaps on the thermal performance of firefighter protective clothing under low-level heat exposure." Textile Research Journal 84.9 (2014): 968-978.  Cui, Zhi-ying, Chunjie Ma, and Na Lv. "Effects of heat treatment on the mechanical and thermal performance of fabric used in firefighter protective clothing." Fibres & Textiles in Eastern Europe (2015): 74-78
Thermal Protective Performance of Multilayer Fabric Fabric Details Fabric code Weave Conex/Twaron/Beltron (82/15/3) OL1 2/1 Twill Nomex OL2 2/1 Twill Conex OL3 2/1 Twill Modacrylic/Cotton IL1 Plain Wool/Viscose IL2 2/1 Twill Nomex-Nonwoven 1.7den NW1 - Nomex-Nonwoven 2.2 den NW2 - OL-Outer Layer IN-Inner Layer NW-Thermal Liner  All the coded fabric layers combined together and form Commercial heat protective fabrics including woven as a outer layer, needle punched thermal liner and inner layer clothes were selected from available set of fabrics. Materials- Ref.-Kothari, V. K., and S. Chakraborty. "Protective performance of thermal protective clothing assemblies exposed to different radiant heat fluxes." Fibers and Polymers 17.5 (2016): 809-814.
Estimation of Protection Time Ref.-Kothari, V. K., and S. Chakraborty. "Protective performance of thermal protective clothing assemblies exposed to different radiant heat fluxes." Fibers and Polymers 17.5 (2016): 809-814. Shutter Fabric Sensor Thermometer Specimen Holder Quartz Tubes Testing Instrument (ASTM F 1939-08 )- Stoll’s curve for a combination of fabrics tested at an arbitrary heat intensity This Stoll's curve estimated the second degree burn injury time. It is noted on continuous heating comparing cumulative heat curve with Stoll’s curve.
Results Protection time (seconds) of different fabric combinations at different heat fluxes Details of fabrics  They have concluded that fabric has lower air permeability showed higher thermal protection time. Ref.-Kothari, V. K., and S. Chakraborty. "Protective performance of thermal protective clothing assemblies exposed to different radiant heat fluxes." Fibers and Polymers 17.5 (2016): 809-814.
Firefighters’Protective Fabrics by Incorporating Phase Change Materials PCM configuration within FFPF specimen assembly  Clothing fabric containing phase change materials has the property of offering a suitable response to changes in external temperature or to external and environmental stimuli.  Therefore it has been applied to firefighter protective clothing to improve thermal comfort or the heat protection effect, because of its high thermal storage capacities  Many Researcher studied the use of PCM to improve the thermal protection performance of firefighters’ protective clothing and observed a heat buffering effect when the clothing was exposed to a thermal radiation source. Ref.-Zhu, F. L., et al. "Enhancing the thermal protective performance of firefighters' protective fabrics by incorporating phase change materials." Fibres & Textiles in Eastern Europe (2015).
Fighter’s Protective Clothing by Aerogel Incorporated Ref.- Shaid, Abu, M. Fergusson, and Lijing Wang. "Thermophysiological comfort analysis of aerogel nanoparticle incorporated fabric for fire fighter's protective clothing." Chemical and materials engineering 2.2 (2014): 37-43. Ref.- Aerogel nonwoven as reinforcement and batting material for firefighter’s protective clothing: a comparative study Abu Shaid1 ( Lijing Wang ,Rajiv Padhye,M. A. Rahman Bhuyian)  Aerogel is an extremely lightweight nonporous material with excellent insulation properties  The Aerogel coated fabric has an excellent air resistance.  The Aerogel coated fabric provides better thermal insulation properties  Aerogel nonwoven can provide eight times more thermal resistance than commercial reinforcement material and existing batting of thermal liner.  Aerogel layer is used as a thermal liner, it will offer five times more resistance to heat than existing thermal liner and three times more thermal resistance than the combined performance of existing thermal liner and moisture barrier
Testing standard, Parameter, Requirements Ref.- Roguski, Jacek, et al. "Comparison of Requirements and Directions of Development of Methods for Testing Protective Clothing for Firefighting." Fibres & Textiles in Eastern Europe 5 (119) (2016): 132-136.
Softening/Melting Temperature and Flammability Evaluation Image courtesy- www.labtesting-equipment.com Forty five degree flammability tester Vertically flammability tester Image courtesy-https://www.taurus-instruments.de/ LOI tester Image Courtesy-https://www.alibaba.com/  Burning Time  Burning Rate  Ease of ignition  Limiting Oxygen index (BY LOI instrument)  Flammability behaviour of fabric  Char length
Thermal Protective performance evaluation Radiant Heat Exposures (ASTM F1939) Flame Exposures Test ASTM D 4108  Thermal Protective Performance (TPP) = Second degree burn time(s) × Radiant heat flux(kw/m2 )
Effect of Heat Flux on performance of thermal protective clothing
Effect of Heat Flux on Protection Time  As the applied heat flux increases from moderately high to higher, protection time decreases rapidly and nonlinearly. Further increase in applied heat flux, protection time decreases but not so fast  As increased heat fluxes, degradation of outer layers and thermal liners, was observed to be very rapid. Thermal degradation and charring at high heat fluxes consumes thermal energy and produce charred insulation at outer layers which may cause reduced heat transfer. Ref.-Kothari, V. K., and S. Chakraborty. "Protective performance of thermal protective clothing assemblies exposed to different radiant heat fluxes." Fibers and Polymers 17.5 (2016): 809-814.
Effect of Heat Flux on Tensile Properties Variation in: a) tensile strength and b) elongation at break as a function of heat flux and time.  Higher heat flux led to the breaking of polymer chains at a molecular level and resulted in a drop in fabric tensile strength. Ref.- Cui, Zhi-ying, Chunjie Ma, and Na Lv. "Effects of heat treatment on the mechanical and thermal performance of fabric used in firefighter protective clothing." Fibres & Textiles in Eastern Europe (2015). Material- Outer shell fabric made by X-Fiber® (93%/5%/2% Meta aramid/Kevlar/ P- 140 Antistatic Fiber)
Effect of Heat Flux on Tear strength Material- Outer shell fabric made by X-Fiber® (93%/5%/2% Meta aramid/Kevlar/ P- 140 Antistatic Fiber) Ref.- Cui, Zhi-ying, Chunjie Ma, and Na Lv. "Effects of heat treatment on the mechanical and thermal performance of fabric used in firefighter protective clothing." Fibres & Textiles in Eastern Europe (2015).  It was observed that the tear strength retention of the outer shell fabric decreased sharply with the exposure time. The reason for which was that the surface temperature (300 °C) was higher than the Tg of meta- aramid fiber (270 °C)
Effect of heat exposure on Thermal Protective Performance Material- Outer shell fabric made by X-Fiber® (93%/5%/2% Meta aramid/Kevlar/ P- 140 Antistatic Fiber)  After 6.5 kW/m2 thermal treatment causes increase in fabric thickness due to thermal shrinkage. It was thought that the fabric treated contained more air spaces, which increased the TPP rating  After exposure to 9.7 kW/m2 heat flux, formation of char takes place on fabric surface so TPP rating increases.
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