1) The study tested the effect of adding zinc-dialkyl-dithiophosphate (ZDDP) additive to pongamia oil on viscosity and density.
2) Testing found that adding 2 wt% ZDDP resulted in the lowest kinematic viscosity of 36.9 cSt and decreasing trend in both viscosity and density.
3) Both viscosity and density increased with ZDDP amounts over 2 wt% due to excess ZDDP adversely affecting boundary film formation.
Graphene is one of the recently discovered materials and have a wide range of applications. One of the applications is its use as a lubricant. This presentation elaborates its various properties and perks of using it as a lubricant.
Graphene is one of the recently discovered materials and have a wide range of applications. One of the applications is its use as a lubricant. This presentation elaborates its various properties and perks of using it as a lubricant.
— Cashew nut shell liquid based termiticides using neemseed oil, karanjseed oil and bhilawan shell liquid, were developed and the effect of 30, 60, 90 and 120 0 C temperatures on viscosity, refractive index, specific gravity and colour was studied. It was observed that viscosity and refractive index of termiticides decreased with heating temperature from 30 to 120 0 C, specific gravity found decreased with increase in temperature from 30, 60 and 90 0 C. Colour of Neemseed oil became bright yellow and of Cashew nut shell liquid, Karanjseed oil and Bhilawan shell liquid became darker when heated at temperature from 30 to 120 0 C. CNSL based termiticides were oil based therefore the properties of oils were reflected in the termiticide formulations with respect to the temperature. Keywords— Cashew nut shell, Termiticides , neemseed oil, karanjseed oil, bhilawan shell liquid.
Assessment of Lubricant Properties of J.Curcas Seed Oil And 10w-30 Arrow Prem...inventionjournals
This study explored the tribological performance of J.curcas seed oil and compared with that of a foreign, 10W-30 Arrow premium synthetic blend plus oil, to see its suitability as base oil for lubricationin wire drawing. The experiment was conducted using a four ball tester. The results showed that unrefined J.curcas oil has higher friction reduction andcapability in an unformulated form than the conventional oil and can compete in wear protection when formulated with suitable anti-wear agent (ZDDP additives), hence can be a good alternative base stock oils suitable for wire drawing companies, and other metal working processes from tribological, environmental, and non-food competitive points of view.
Performance, Combustion and Emission Evaluation of Fish and Corn Oil as subst...IDES Editor
The indiscriminate usage of fossil fuels in many
countries has led to an increased interest in the search for
suitable alternative fuels. Methyl Esters of Vegetable oils and
Animal fats are found to be good alternative, renewable and
environmental friendly fuels for C.I. engines.
This paper presents the results of investigation carried
out in studying the properties and behavior of methyl esters
of corn seed oil, fish oil and its blends with diesel fuel in a C
I Engine. Engine tests have been carried out to determine the
performance, emission and combustion characteristics of the
above mentioned fuels.
The tests have been carried out in a 4-stroke,
computerized, single cylinder, constant speed, direct injection
diesel engine at different loads. The loads were varied from
0% to 100% of the maximum load in steps of 25%. The Methyl
Ester blends of 10%, 20% and 30% by volume with diesel were
used. The engine test parameters were recorded with the help
of engine analysis software and were studied with the help of
graphs.
The results showed that the properties of the above mentioned
oils are comparable with conventional diesel. The 20% blend
performed well in running a diesel engine at a constant speed
of 1500 rpm. It substantially reduced the emissions with
acceptable efficiency. Hence the oils can be used as suitable
additives for diesel in compression ignition engine.
The use ofbiodiesel inconventional diesel engines resultsinsubstantialreductionof unburnedhydrocarbon,carbon
monoxideand particulatematters. The performance, emission and characteristics of a single cylinder four stroke
variable compression ratio multi fuel engine when fueled with mustard oil methyl ester and its 10%, 20%, and
blends with diesel (on a volume basis) are investigated and compared with standard diesel. Bio diesel
produced from mustard oil by transesterificationprocess has been used in this study. Experiment has been
conducted a compressionratios of 14:1, 16:1and 18:1 The impact of compression ratio on fuel consumption, and
exhaust gas emissions has been investigated and presented. Optimum compression ratio which gives best
performance has been identified. The blends when used as fuel results in reduction of carbon monoxide,
hydrocarbon and nitrogen oxides emissions. It is concluded that mustard oil ester can be used as fuel in diesel
engine by blending it with diesel fuel.
The IOSR Journal of Pharmacy (IOSRPHR) is an open access online & offline peer reviewed international journal, which publishes innovative research papers, reviews, mini-reviews, short communications and notes dealing with Pharmaceutical Sciences( Pharmaceutical Technology, Pharmaceutics, Biopharmaceutics, Pharmacokinetics, Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Computational Chemistry and Molecular Drug Design, Pharmacognosy & Phytochemistry, Pharmacology, Pharmaceutical Analysis, Pharmacy Practice, Clinical and Hospital Pharmacy, Cell Biology, Genomics and Proteomics, Pharmacogenomics, Bioinformatics and Biotechnology of Pharmaceutical Interest........more details on Aim & Scope).
All manuscripts are subject to rapid peer review. Those of high quality (not previously published and not under consideration for publication in another journal) will be published without delay.
Effect of injection pressure on performance and emission analysis of ci engin...eSAT Journals
Abstract Gradual depletion of world petroleum reserves and increase in the exhaust emissions day by day have led to an urgent need for alternative fuels to replace diesel. Vegetable oils biodiesel is considered as an alternative for diesel because of their properties which have been close to pure diesel. In the present study non edible vegetable oils like Honge and Jatropha oils biodiesel and their blends were used as fuel in a constant speed direct injection diesel engine. Further effect of injection pressure on the performance parameters such as brake thermal efficiency, brake specific fuel consumption, brake power and emission parameters such as HC, CO and NOX were investigated in a constant speed direct injection diesel engine with varied injection pressures of 180, 200 and 220 bar.The test results showed that Honge and Jatropa oil biofuel blends are having good performance and emission results at 200 bar injection pressure when compared to 180 and 200 bar injection pressure. The test results also showed that performance and emission results of Honge and Jatropa biofuel blends are near to that of the results obtained for pure diesel and they can be used to replace pure diesel. Keywords: - Performance parameters, Emission parameters, Biodiesel, Jatropa oil, Honge oil
Effect of injection timing on the performance and emissions of biodiesel fuel...Carnegie Mellon University
Continuous utilization of fossil fuels has been polluting our atmosphere with harmful exhaust emissions from the
engines. Rapid increase in the cost of fossil fuels have also generated interest in search for the alternative fuels. One
such alternative fuel for Compression Ignition (CI) engine applications is biodiesel. It is a renewable,
biodegradable and clean burning fuel. In the present work, experiments have been carried out to study the
performance and emission characteristics of a CI engine running on biodiesel. Injection timing was varied to obtain
optimum performance and lowest emissions from CI engine. Comparisons were drawn with respect to standard
diesel fuel performance and emissions. Results clearly indicated the optimum injection timing of 19° before top dead center (BTDC) for biodiesel. Also, the effects of injection timings on HC, CO and NOx emissions have been
discussed.
Everything you needed to know about CERFLON®:
A reinforced PTFE occurs when a ceramic compound,
Boron Nitride, which is stronger and tougher, is
introduced into the matrix of this fluoropolymer,
thereby “reinforcing” the polymer.
Using the Physicochemical Properties and the Thermo-oxidation Degradation Pro...theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
STUDY ON THE PROPERTIES OF PTMG TOUGHENER MODIFIED EPOXY RESINSijac123
The E-51 epoxy resin was modified by PTMG toughener. The resin was cured under high temperature, with
methyl tetrahydrophthalic anhydride (MeTHPA) as the curing agent and 2,4,6-
Tris(dimethylaminomethyl)phenol (DMP-30) as the curing accelerator. Dynamic Mechanic Analysis data shows that PTMG significantly reduced the glass transition temperature of cured material. Impact strength test results shows that the presence of PTMG in the cured material increased its impact strength. The maximum impact strength was achieved while the mass fraction of PTMG is 12%. Tensile strength, tensile modulus, flexural strength, and flexural modulus data indicates that the while the mass fraction was smaller than the valve value, PTMG increased the cured material’s tensile and flexural strength as well as its tensile and flexural modulus. While the mass fraction of PTMG was larger than the valve value, the increase of the mass fraction of PTMG reduced the cured material’s strength and modulus.
— Cashew nut shell liquid based termiticides using neemseed oil, karanjseed oil and bhilawan shell liquid, were developed and the effect of 30, 60, 90 and 120 0 C temperatures on viscosity, refractive index, specific gravity and colour was studied. It was observed that viscosity and refractive index of termiticides decreased with heating temperature from 30 to 120 0 C, specific gravity found decreased with increase in temperature from 30, 60 and 90 0 C. Colour of Neemseed oil became bright yellow and of Cashew nut shell liquid, Karanjseed oil and Bhilawan shell liquid became darker when heated at temperature from 30 to 120 0 C. CNSL based termiticides were oil based therefore the properties of oils were reflected in the termiticide formulations with respect to the temperature. Keywords— Cashew nut shell, Termiticides , neemseed oil, karanjseed oil, bhilawan shell liquid.
Assessment of Lubricant Properties of J.Curcas Seed Oil And 10w-30 Arrow Prem...inventionjournals
This study explored the tribological performance of J.curcas seed oil and compared with that of a foreign, 10W-30 Arrow premium synthetic blend plus oil, to see its suitability as base oil for lubricationin wire drawing. The experiment was conducted using a four ball tester. The results showed that unrefined J.curcas oil has higher friction reduction andcapability in an unformulated form than the conventional oil and can compete in wear protection when formulated with suitable anti-wear agent (ZDDP additives), hence can be a good alternative base stock oils suitable for wire drawing companies, and other metal working processes from tribological, environmental, and non-food competitive points of view.
Performance, Combustion and Emission Evaluation of Fish and Corn Oil as subst...IDES Editor
The indiscriminate usage of fossil fuels in many
countries has led to an increased interest in the search for
suitable alternative fuels. Methyl Esters of Vegetable oils and
Animal fats are found to be good alternative, renewable and
environmental friendly fuels for C.I. engines.
This paper presents the results of investigation carried
out in studying the properties and behavior of methyl esters
of corn seed oil, fish oil and its blends with diesel fuel in a C
I Engine. Engine tests have been carried out to determine the
performance, emission and combustion characteristics of the
above mentioned fuels.
The tests have been carried out in a 4-stroke,
computerized, single cylinder, constant speed, direct injection
diesel engine at different loads. The loads were varied from
0% to 100% of the maximum load in steps of 25%. The Methyl
Ester blends of 10%, 20% and 30% by volume with diesel were
used. The engine test parameters were recorded with the help
of engine analysis software and were studied with the help of
graphs.
The results showed that the properties of the above mentioned
oils are comparable with conventional diesel. The 20% blend
performed well in running a diesel engine at a constant speed
of 1500 rpm. It substantially reduced the emissions with
acceptable efficiency. Hence the oils can be used as suitable
additives for diesel in compression ignition engine.
The use ofbiodiesel inconventional diesel engines resultsinsubstantialreductionof unburnedhydrocarbon,carbon
monoxideand particulatematters. The performance, emission and characteristics of a single cylinder four stroke
variable compression ratio multi fuel engine when fueled with mustard oil methyl ester and its 10%, 20%, and
blends with diesel (on a volume basis) are investigated and compared with standard diesel. Bio diesel
produced from mustard oil by transesterificationprocess has been used in this study. Experiment has been
conducted a compressionratios of 14:1, 16:1and 18:1 The impact of compression ratio on fuel consumption, and
exhaust gas emissions has been investigated and presented. Optimum compression ratio which gives best
performance has been identified. The blends when used as fuel results in reduction of carbon monoxide,
hydrocarbon and nitrogen oxides emissions. It is concluded that mustard oil ester can be used as fuel in diesel
engine by blending it with diesel fuel.
The IOSR Journal of Pharmacy (IOSRPHR) is an open access online & offline peer reviewed international journal, which publishes innovative research papers, reviews, mini-reviews, short communications and notes dealing with Pharmaceutical Sciences( Pharmaceutical Technology, Pharmaceutics, Biopharmaceutics, Pharmacokinetics, Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Computational Chemistry and Molecular Drug Design, Pharmacognosy & Phytochemistry, Pharmacology, Pharmaceutical Analysis, Pharmacy Practice, Clinical and Hospital Pharmacy, Cell Biology, Genomics and Proteomics, Pharmacogenomics, Bioinformatics and Biotechnology of Pharmaceutical Interest........more details on Aim & Scope).
All manuscripts are subject to rapid peer review. Those of high quality (not previously published and not under consideration for publication in another journal) will be published without delay.
Effect of injection pressure on performance and emission analysis of ci engin...eSAT Journals
Abstract Gradual depletion of world petroleum reserves and increase in the exhaust emissions day by day have led to an urgent need for alternative fuels to replace diesel. Vegetable oils biodiesel is considered as an alternative for diesel because of their properties which have been close to pure diesel. In the present study non edible vegetable oils like Honge and Jatropha oils biodiesel and their blends were used as fuel in a constant speed direct injection diesel engine. Further effect of injection pressure on the performance parameters such as brake thermal efficiency, brake specific fuel consumption, brake power and emission parameters such as HC, CO and NOX were investigated in a constant speed direct injection diesel engine with varied injection pressures of 180, 200 and 220 bar.The test results showed that Honge and Jatropa oil biofuel blends are having good performance and emission results at 200 bar injection pressure when compared to 180 and 200 bar injection pressure. The test results also showed that performance and emission results of Honge and Jatropa biofuel blends are near to that of the results obtained for pure diesel and they can be used to replace pure diesel. Keywords: - Performance parameters, Emission parameters, Biodiesel, Jatropa oil, Honge oil
Effect of injection timing on the performance and emissions of biodiesel fuel...Carnegie Mellon University
Continuous utilization of fossil fuels has been polluting our atmosphere with harmful exhaust emissions from the
engines. Rapid increase in the cost of fossil fuels have also generated interest in search for the alternative fuels. One
such alternative fuel for Compression Ignition (CI) engine applications is biodiesel. It is a renewable,
biodegradable and clean burning fuel. In the present work, experiments have been carried out to study the
performance and emission characteristics of a CI engine running on biodiesel. Injection timing was varied to obtain
optimum performance and lowest emissions from CI engine. Comparisons were drawn with respect to standard
diesel fuel performance and emissions. Results clearly indicated the optimum injection timing of 19° before top dead center (BTDC) for biodiesel. Also, the effects of injection timings on HC, CO and NOx emissions have been
discussed.
Everything you needed to know about CERFLON®:
A reinforced PTFE occurs when a ceramic compound,
Boron Nitride, which is stronger and tougher, is
introduced into the matrix of this fluoropolymer,
thereby “reinforcing” the polymer.
Using the Physicochemical Properties and the Thermo-oxidation Degradation Pro...theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
STUDY ON THE PROPERTIES OF PTMG TOUGHENER MODIFIED EPOXY RESINSijac123
The E-51 epoxy resin was modified by PTMG toughener. The resin was cured under high temperature, with
methyl tetrahydrophthalic anhydride (MeTHPA) as the curing agent and 2,4,6-
Tris(dimethylaminomethyl)phenol (DMP-30) as the curing accelerator. Dynamic Mechanic Analysis data shows that PTMG significantly reduced the glass transition temperature of cured material. Impact strength test results shows that the presence of PTMG in the cured material increased its impact strength. The maximum impact strength was achieved while the mass fraction of PTMG is 12%. Tensile strength, tensile modulus, flexural strength, and flexural modulus data indicates that the while the mass fraction was smaller than the valve value, PTMG increased the cured material’s tensile and flexural strength as well as its tensile and flexural modulus. While the mass fraction of PTMG was larger than the valve value, the increase of the mass fraction of PTMG reduced the cured material’s strength and modulus.
IOSR Journal of Applied Physics (IOSR-JAP) is an open access international journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of physics and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in applied physics. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
PERFORMANCE AND EMISSION STUDY OF MAHUA METHYL ESTER AT DIFFERENT INJECTION P...IAEME Publication
Import of petroleum products is a major drain on our foreign exchange sources and with growing demand in future years the situation is likely become even worse. Hence it has become imperative to find suitable fuels, which can be produced in our country. In this work, Mahua oil, a non-edible type is used in this investigation for studying its suitability for use in diesel engine. This work deals with the results of investigations carried out in studying the fuel properties of methyl ester of mahua oil blends with diesel fuel from 10 to 30% by volume and in running a single cylinder four-stroke diesel engine with this fuels at different injection pressures (200bar, 210bar & 220bar). Tests were performed on the engine for different pressure and the results were displayed.
Enhancement in viscosity of diesel by adding vegetable oilIJMER
International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER) is Peer reviewed, online Journal. It serves as an international archival forum of scholarly research related to engineering and science education.
International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER) covers all the fields of engineering and science: Electrical Engineering, Mechanical Engineering, Civil Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Computer Engineering, Agricultural Engineering, Aerospace Engineering, Thermodynamics, Structural Engineering, Control Engineering, Robotics, Mechatronics, Fluid Mechanics, Nanotechnology, Simulators, Web-based Learning, Remote Laboratories, Engineering Design Methods, Education Research, Students' Satisfaction and Motivation, Global Projects, and Assessment…. And many more.
Study of the effect of Vegetable oil based cutting fluid on machining charact...ijiert bestjournal
In the present work,properties of the non-ionic surfactants have been identified to formulate vegetable based cutting fluid (VBCF) of castor oil for the formation of emulsion as non �conventional lubricant. The mineral oil based cutting fluid emulsion is also used for turning operation as conventional lubricant. Experimentation has been carried out for different combinations. Cutting fluid,cutting ve locity,feed rate and depth of cut are considered as machining parameters. Then machining with conventional and non-conventional lubricants in wet condition has been carried out upon SS 316 L work piece with carb ide cutting inserts tool,to evaluate cutting forces and tool wear. The results show that non-conventional lubric ant performs better than conventional cutting fluid.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
DevOps and Testing slides at DASA ConnectKari Kakkonen
My and Rik Marselis slides at 30.5.2024 DASA Connect conference. We discuss about what is testing, then what is agile testing and finally what is Testing in DevOps. Finally we had lovely workshop with the participants trying to find out different ways to think about quality and testing in different parts of the DevOps infinity loop.
Essentials of Automations: Optimizing FME Workflows with ParametersSafe Software
Are you looking to streamline your workflows and boost your projects’ efficiency? Do you find yourself searching for ways to add flexibility and control over your FME workflows? If so, you’re in the right place.
Join us for an insightful dive into the world of FME parameters, a critical element in optimizing workflow efficiency. This webinar marks the beginning of our three-part “Essentials of Automation” series. This first webinar is designed to equip you with the knowledge and skills to utilize parameters effectively: enhancing the flexibility, maintainability, and user control of your FME projects.
Here’s what you’ll gain:
- Essentials of FME Parameters: Understand the pivotal role of parameters, including Reader/Writer, Transformer, User, and FME Flow categories. Discover how they are the key to unlocking automation and optimization within your workflows.
- Practical Applications in FME Form: Delve into key user parameter types including choice, connections, and file URLs. Allow users to control how a workflow runs, making your workflows more reusable. Learn to import values and deliver the best user experience for your workflows while enhancing accuracy.
- Optimization Strategies in FME Flow: Explore the creation and strategic deployment of parameters in FME Flow, including the use of deployment and geometry parameters, to maximize workflow efficiency.
- Pro Tips for Success: Gain insights on parameterizing connections and leveraging new features like Conditional Visibility for clarity and simplicity.
We’ll wrap up with a glimpse into future webinars, followed by a Q&A session to address your specific questions surrounding this topic.
Don’t miss this opportunity to elevate your FME expertise and drive your projects to new heights of efficiency.
Encryption in Microsoft 365 - ExpertsLive Netherlands 2024Albert Hoitingh
In this session I delve into the encryption technology used in Microsoft 365 and Microsoft Purview. Including the concepts of Customer Key and Double Key Encryption.
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In this insightful webinar, Inflectra explores how artificial intelligence (AI) is transforming software development and testing. Discover how AI-powered tools are revolutionizing every stage of the software development lifecycle (SDLC), from design and prototyping to testing, deployment, and monitoring.
Learn about:
• The Future of Testing: How AI is shifting testing towards verification, analysis, and higher-level skills, while reducing repetitive tasks.
• Test Automation: How AI-powered test case generation, optimization, and self-healing tests are making testing more efficient and effective.
• Visual Testing: Explore the emerging capabilities of AI in visual testing and how it's set to revolutionize UI verification.
• Inflectra's AI Solutions: See demonstrations of Inflectra's cutting-edge AI tools like the ChatGPT plugin and Azure Open AI platform, designed to streamline your testing process.
Whether you're a developer, tester, or QA professional, this webinar will give you valuable insights into how AI is shaping the future of software delivery.
Connector Corner: Automate dynamic content and events by pushing a buttonDianaGray10
Here is something new! In our next Connector Corner webinar, we will demonstrate how you can use a single workflow to:
Create a campaign using Mailchimp with merge tags/fields
Send an interactive Slack channel message (using buttons)
Have the message received by managers and peers along with a test email for review
But there’s more:
In a second workflow supporting the same use case, you’ll see:
Your campaign sent to target colleagues for approval
If the “Approve” button is clicked, a Jira/Zendesk ticket is created for the marketing design team
But—if the “Reject” button is pushed, colleagues will be alerted via Slack message
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As AI technology is pushing into IT I was wondering myself, as an “infrastructure container kubernetes guy”, how get this fancy AI technology get managed from an infrastructure operational view? Is it possible to apply our lovely cloud native principals as well? What benefit’s both technologies could bring to each other?
Let me take this questions and provide you a short journey through existing deployment models and use cases for AI software. On practical examples, we discuss what cloud/on-premise strategy we may need for applying it to our own infrastructure to get it to work from an enterprise perspective. I want to give an overview about infrastructure requirements and technologies, what could be beneficial or limiting your AI use cases in an enterprise environment. An interactive Demo will give you some insides, what approaches I got already working for real.
Smart TV Buyer Insights Survey 2024 by 91mobiles.pdf91mobiles
91mobiles recently conducted a Smart TV Buyer Insights Survey in which we asked over 3,000 respondents about the TV they own, aspects they look at on a new TV, and their TV buying preferences.
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We believe integration and automation are essential to user experience and the promise of efficient work through technology. Automation is the critical ingredient to realizing that full vision. We develop integration products and services for Bonterra Case Management software to support the deployment of automations for a variety of use cases.
This video focuses on the notifications, alerts, and approval requests using Slack for Bonterra Impact Management. The solutions covered in this webinar can also be deployed for Microsoft Teams.
Interested in deploying notification automations for Bonterra Impact Management? Contact us at sales@sidekicksolutionsllc.com to discuss next steps.
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The latest edition of the OT/ICS and IoT security Threat Landscape Report 2024 also covers:
State of global ICS asset and network exposure
Sectoral targets and attacks as well as the cost of ransom
Global APT activity, AI usage, actor and tactic profiles, and implications
Rise in volumes of AI-powered cyberattacks
Major cyber events in 2024
Malware and malicious payload trends
Cyberattack types and targets
Vulnerability exploit attempts on CVEs
Attacks on counties – USA
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In-depth analysis of the cyber threat landscape across North America, South America, Europe, APAC, and the Middle East
Why are attacks on smart factories rising?
Cyber risk predictions
Axis of attacks – Europe
Systemic attacks in the Middle East
Download the full report from here:
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Today, after several years of existence, an extremely active community and an ultra-dynamic ecosystem, Kubernetes has established itself as the de facto standard in container orchestration. Thanks to a wide range of managed services, it has never been so easy to set up a ready-to-use Kubernetes cluster.
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In this talk, I'll show you step-by-step how to secure your Kubernetes cluster for greater peace of mind and reliability.
Accelerate your Kubernetes clusters with Varnish CachingThijs Feryn
A presentation about the usage and availability of Varnish on Kubernetes. This talk explores the capabilities of Varnish caching and shows how to use the Varnish Helm chart to deploy it to Kubernetes.
This presentation was delivered at K8SUG Singapore. See https://feryn.eu/presentations/accelerate-your-kubernetes-clusters-with-varnish-caching-k8sug-singapore-28-2024 for more details.
Accelerate your Kubernetes clusters with Varnish Caching
O1303048890
1. IOSR Journal of Mechanical and Civil Engineering (IOSR-JMCE)
e-ISSN: 2278-1684,p-ISSN: 2320-334X, Volume 13, Issue 3 Ver. IV (May- Jun. 2016), PP 88-90
www.iosrjournals.org
DOI: 10.9790/1684-1303048890 www.iosrjournals.org 88 | Page
Effect of Zinc-Dialkyl-Dithiophosphate Additive on Viscosity and
Density of Pongamia Oil Bio-Lubricant.
Gurudatt.H.M1
, Dr.T.Nagaraju2
1
Department of Mechanical Engineering, P.E.S College of Engineering Mandya, India-571401
2
Professor and Head of the department, Department of Mechanical Engineering, P.E.S College of Engineering
Mandya, India-571401
Abstract: New bio lubricant was produced by introducing Zinc-Dialkyl-Dithiophosphate (ZDDP) into
commercialized Pongamia oil. ZDDP is added which lowers the kinematic viscosity and reduces the density.
The newly developed bio lubricant oil was tested with a Cannon fenske viscometer for viscosity test and with
hydrometer for density test while Pongamia oil with 2 wt% ZDDP showed least kinematic viscosity and
decreasing trend of both kinematic viscosity and density up-to 2wt% of ZDDP and both density and viscosity
increases with increase in ZDDP above 2wt% of ZDDP. Pongamia oil with 2 wt% ZDDP showed a desirable
kinematic viscosity value of 36.9 Cst. Hence addition of 2wt% ZDDP to pongamia oil is desirable.
Keywords: Pongamia, ZDDP, Bio-lubricant,
I. Introduction
Demand for environmentally friendly lubricants are increasing because of the high concern for
environmental protection. Vegetable oils are being explored as a source of environmentally acceptable lubricant
as they have exposed their anti-wear and fatigue resistance properties rather than mineral oils, as well as
improved deterioration load carrying capacity [1]. Plant oil lubricants also obtain most of the properties required
for lubricants such as high viscosity indices because of their high molecular weights, low volatility and good
lubricity because their ester bonds enable the oil molecules to stick to metal surfaces through physical bonding
and offer better boundary lubricity compared to non polar petroleum-based mineral oil [2]. However, oxidation
stability of vegetable oil is one of the problems in formulating bio-lubricants using vegetable oils [3]. The high
content of unsaturated fatty acids in vegetable oils produces the oil less cooperative in stabilizing the oxidation.
The modification of the vegetable oil or addition of antioxidant additives could help in stabilizing the oxidation
process [4]. The degradation of lubricant oil can be decreased by the addition of ZDDP into the base parent oil
as the effective anti wear and antioxidant additive [5]. Their long and polar fatty acid chains can provide high
strength lubricant films that interact strongly with metallic surfaces [8].
II. Methodology
In this study, 0wt%, 1wt%, 1.5wt%, 2wt%, 2.5wt% and 3wt% of ZDDP was added into
commercialized pongamia oil to study the lubricity effect of the oil. The blending process is done using
Magnetic Stirrers machine. The prepared samples were then heated to 70ºC for 20 minutes to ensure that ZDDP
is properly dissolved into the parent base oil. After sample preparation, the samples were then tested for
kinematic viscosity at 40ºC using a Canon fenske viscometer and density test is carried out using hydrometer.
III. Results And Discussion
3.1 Effect on Kinematic Viscosity: The prepared samples were tested using Canon fenske viscometer at 40ºC.
Table 1 shows the kinematic viscosity of six different concentrations of oil tested using Canon fenske
viscometer. From Figure 1, it is evident that the value of kinematic viscosity at 40ºC reduces to 36.3cSt when
the oil was added with 2 wt% ZDDP while increases with increase in wt% ZDDP. With the addition of 2wt%
ZDDP the newly developed oil has been found to create a boundary film which forms on the metal surfaces
contacting. The film formed by ZDDP acts as a friction reducer showing that ZDDP additive in the right amount
is beneficial [6]. At higher concentration the excess ZDDP adversely effect on the boundary film formation.
Zinc forms a film on the metal surface. With the increase of weight percentage of the oil, more film is formed on
metal. This condition may be contributed to the increase of the viscosity due to the excess of the metal present in
the oil[7]. This resulted in significant increment of kinematic viscosity of oil with addition of 2.5wt% and 3wt%
ZDDP.
2. Effect of Zinc-Dialkyl-Dithiophosphate Additive on Viscosity and Density of Pongamia Oil Bio…
DOI: 10.9790/1684-1303048890 www.iosrjournals.org 89 | Page
Table 1:- Kinematic Viscosity Results.
Sl No. Weight Percentage of ZDDP Time taken in Min Kinematic Viscosity in (Cst)
Trial Average
1 2
1 0 44.26 44.42 44.34 39.906
2 1 42.44 42.58 42.51 38.259
3 1.5 41.54 41.58 41.56 37.404
4 2 41.01 41.09 41.05 36.945
5 2.5 41.44 41.59 42.04 37.836
6 3 42.55 42.58 42.52 38.268
Fig 1:- Variation of Kinematic viscosity v/s wt% of ZDDP
3.2 Effect on density: The density test for pongamia base oil added with different percentage of ZDDP additive
is carried out using hydrometer. Table 2 Shows the density test results of pongamia oil blended with different
percentage of ZDDP additive carried out at 40ºC temperature. From fig 2 It is clear that the density of pongamia
oil decreases with addition of ZDDP additive up to 2%, Further increase on ZDDP additive results in increase in
density of pongamia oil this is because at higher concentration the excess ZDDP adversely affect the boundary
film formation [7].
Table 2:- Density Test Results
Sl No. wt% of ZDDP Density (g/cm3
)
1 0 0.924
2 1 0.917
3 1.5 0.913
4 2 0.91
5 2.5 0.915
6 3 0.92
Fig 2:- Variation of Density V/S Wt% Of Zddp
3. Effect of Zinc-Dialkyl-Dithiophosphate Additive on Viscosity and Density of Pongamia Oil Bio…
DOI: 10.9790/1684-1303048890 www.iosrjournals.org 90 | Page
IV. Conclusion
From the results pongamia oil with 2 wt% ZDDP showed least kinematic viscosity and decreasing
trend of both kinematic viscosity and density up-to 2wt% of ZDDP and both density and viscosity increases
with increase in ZDDP above 2wt% of ZDDP. Pongamia oil with 2 wt% ZDDP showed a desirable kinematic
viscosity value of 36.9 Cst. Hence addition of 2wt% ZDDP to pongamia oil is desirable.
Acknowledgements
I wish to express my deep sense of gratitude to my guide DR.T.NAGARAJU, Professor and Head of
the Department, Department of Mechanical Engineering for his guidance, supervision, precious help and
providing all facilities required for the completion of my project work.
I extend my sincere thanks to Dr.V.SRIDHARA, Principal, P.E.S College of Engineering, Mandya for
permitting me to carry out this project work.
I am sincerely thankful to Dr.PRASANNA KUMAR, Project co-coordinator BIDC and Professor,
Department of Geology, P.E.S College of Engineering, Mandya for his immense help in conducting
experiments.
Finally, I would like to thank my family and all friends for their valuable suggestions and help for
successful completion of my project.
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