This document analyzes the technical and economic feasibility of using off-grid solar photovoltaic technology to generate electricity in Peshawar, Pakistan. It finds that while solar PV electricity is currently more expensive than grid electricity, subsidies from the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa government could help promote solar adoption. The document estimates solar energy production potential in Peshawar and calculates the electricity costs and payback periods for a 10kW residential solar system under different capital cost scenarios. It also analyzes the system's net present value, internal rate of return, investment payback period, and energy payback time. The document concludes that while upfront costs are high, solar PV could ensure cleaner energy and reduce greenhouse
ita a scheme statrted in 2009 by congress. earlier it waas known as jawahar lal nehru national solar mission bt recently its name change into national solar mission
ita a scheme statrted in 2009 by congress. earlier it waas known as jawahar lal nehru national solar mission bt recently its name change into national solar mission
This report on “Solar PV Sector in India: Challenges & Way ahead”, prepared by Tata Strategic Management Group, has a holistic view on the current state of solar sector in India. The key focus of the report is on identifying key challenges faced by different stakeholders in the Indian market and how a collaborative effort in the right direction could ensure the growth of the sector to realize its true potential
Study about Germany’s efforts to implement the energy transition is summarized in the book “Energy Transition in Nutshell: 8 Q & A on the German Energy Transition and Its Relevance for Indonesia”
The New Role of Renewable Energy Systems In Developing GCC Electricity MarketCSCJournals
Due to the present high oil prices, prices fluctuations and their future upward trend, some investments can be now directed to the utilization of solar and other renewable energy systems, such as hydrogen cells and cyclic hydro systems. It is believed that the infrastructure of these systems is particularly feasible through the already large constructions and investments in real estate industry throughout GCC countries. It is also feasible in rural areas such as farms and small villages due to the relatively low power demand and load characteristics. This can also lead to the disintegration, liberalization and privatization of energy systems. The electric energy and power disintegration of such small corporations would save resources, reduce interactions and increase reliability. This paper focuses on suggested new regulations needed to control the utilization of renewable energy systems in rural areas in order to make benefit of high oil prices. It also focuses on the category and types of renewable energy systems that can be implemented in this project.
Solar Power 2020: India On A National Solar MissionHIMADRI BANERJI
India can now make 700 megawatts of photovoltaic modules each year, according to the plan. The aim would be to make 20,000 megawatts of solar cells annually by 2017 and to establish expertise in solar thermal technologies.
Total costs would be 85,000 and 105,000 crores ($18.5 billion to $22.8 billion) over a 30-year period. To help finance the project, the plan foresees a significant tax on gasoline and diesel — fuels the government currently subsidizes.
Japan has been involved in solar power development since the early 1990s when the country installed its first solar power plant. It has already become one of the top countries for total solar Photo Voltaic (PV) panels installed and its companies are leading manufacturers of PV solar panels. Comparing to the installed generation capacity of Solar PV panels all over the world, Japan stands at the third position after Italy and Germany. Until now, Europe has had a stronghold on the world solar market but Japan, China, USA and Australia are the major economies that are following Europe in the solar footsteps.
This report on “Solar PV Sector in India: Challenges & Way ahead”, prepared by Tata Strategic Management Group, has a holistic view on the current state of solar sector in India. The key focus of the report is on identifying key challenges faced by different stakeholders in the Indian market and how a collaborative effort in the right direction could ensure the growth of the sector to realize its true potential
Study about Germany’s efforts to implement the energy transition is summarized in the book “Energy Transition in Nutshell: 8 Q & A on the German Energy Transition and Its Relevance for Indonesia”
The New Role of Renewable Energy Systems In Developing GCC Electricity MarketCSCJournals
Due to the present high oil prices, prices fluctuations and their future upward trend, some investments can be now directed to the utilization of solar and other renewable energy systems, such as hydrogen cells and cyclic hydro systems. It is believed that the infrastructure of these systems is particularly feasible through the already large constructions and investments in real estate industry throughout GCC countries. It is also feasible in rural areas such as farms and small villages due to the relatively low power demand and load characteristics. This can also lead to the disintegration, liberalization and privatization of energy systems. The electric energy and power disintegration of such small corporations would save resources, reduce interactions and increase reliability. This paper focuses on suggested new regulations needed to control the utilization of renewable energy systems in rural areas in order to make benefit of high oil prices. It also focuses on the category and types of renewable energy systems that can be implemented in this project.
Solar Power 2020: India On A National Solar MissionHIMADRI BANERJI
India can now make 700 megawatts of photovoltaic modules each year, according to the plan. The aim would be to make 20,000 megawatts of solar cells annually by 2017 and to establish expertise in solar thermal technologies.
Total costs would be 85,000 and 105,000 crores ($18.5 billion to $22.8 billion) over a 30-year period. To help finance the project, the plan foresees a significant tax on gasoline and diesel — fuels the government currently subsidizes.
Japan has been involved in solar power development since the early 1990s when the country installed its first solar power plant. It has already become one of the top countries for total solar Photo Voltaic (PV) panels installed and its companies are leading manufacturers of PV solar panels. Comparing to the installed generation capacity of Solar PV panels all over the world, Japan stands at the third position after Italy and Germany. Until now, Europe has had a stronghold on the world solar market but Japan, China, USA and Australia are the major economies that are following Europe in the solar footsteps.
Analysis and Design of a Hybrid Renewable Energy System – Lebanon CaseIJERA Editor
The depletion of fossil fuels and their environmental consequences have prompted searching for other sources of energy aiming to global status amelioration. In the recent past, renewable energy sources have been considered as alternatives for the fossil fuel energy sources. The unexpected pattern of natural resources assesses integrated utilization of these sources to provide persistent and reliable power supply to the consumers. The technology’s advantages, requirements and related improvements are underlined and results are generalized. This paper covers the design of a solar and wind based hybrid renewable system presenting calculations and considerations in order to achieve an optimized design. Since hybrid systems performance relies mainly on geographical an d meteorological aspects, the study will consider the case of the Mediterranean area and in particular Lebanon.
Design a Highly Efficient Push-Pull converter for Photovoltaic ApplicationsEklavya Sharma
Design a schematic to extract maximum obtainable solar power from a PV module and use the energy for a DC application. This project investigates in detail the concept of Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT) which significantly increases the efficiency of the solar photovoltaic system.
Sustainability of the Installed Battery-less PV Panel Systems at Two Governme...IJAEMSJORNAL
One of the most prominent energy alternatives available today is the solar energy. Innovation has made this more affordable and reachable to the public both in the resident and commercial areas. Solar energy was harnessed in two buildings from two different organizations through the installation of photovoltaic (PV) solar panels in the two locales. However, these solar panel systems needed to be assessed empirically. Also, during the initial operation, several technical problems led the researcher to use the result of the assessment procedures as basis for a proposed operation, maintenance, and troubleshooting manual for the users. Engineering management intervened in the study through the tools which were helpful in organizing the activities done in the course of the research. The PV solar panels were assessed in a quantitative approach. The energy and cost generated after the installation of the systems were compared to the energy and cost prior to the installation through the analysis of percentage difference and t-test. The efficiency and return on investment (ROI) of the PV solar panels were also assessed. The contents of the manual was based on the survey checklist distributed among the four (4) respondents from the locales and the interview checklist conducted by the researcher on the installer of the panel systems. In summary, no significant difference was observed between the energy and cost generated before and after the installation of the PV solar panels using t-test. But the percentage difference assessment reflected a significant difference in the energy and cost generated before and after the installation. Specifically, there was a positive decrease in the energy cost of the electricity generation in the two locales. Furthermore, the return on investment of the PV systems were discovered to be less than the expected life span which means that the projected payback could be harvested within the utilization of the PV solar panels. Lastly, a manual was made at the end of the study addressing the common issues and problems encountered by the users and how to troubleshoot them and operate the system properly. This manual was made for the sole purposeof maximizing the utilization of the solar PV panels and promoting sustainability.
Sizing of Hybrid PV/Battery Power System in Sohag cityiosrjce
This paper gives the feasibility analysis of PV- Battery system for an off-grid power station in Sohag
city. Hybrid PV-battery system was used for supplying a combined pumping and residential load. A simple cost
effective method for sizing stand-alone PV hybrid systems was introduced. The aim of sizing hybrid system is to
determine the cost effective PV configuration and to meet the estimated load at minimum cost. This requires
assessing the climate conditions which determine the temporal variation of the insolation in Sohag city. Sizing
of the hybrid system components was investigated using RETscreen and HOMER programs. The sizing software
tools require a set of data on energy resource demand and system specifications. The energy cost values of the
hybrid system agrees reasonably with those published before.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
A Systematic Review of Renewable Energy Trend.pdfssuser793b4e
This paper systematically and successfully reviewed the renewable energy trend from 2010 to 2023. This review
detailed the difference renewable energy and conclusion was drawn that solar photovoltaic (PV) energy has the
leading trend in power generation growth and innovation. This research work explained in detail the most recent
solar photovoltaic optimization techniques and it was observed from the review that hybridization of intelligent and
non-intelligent maximum power point tracking technique has the best tracking power conversion efficiency. The
advantages and disadvantage of solar PV together with the solar optimization and innovational growth trends were
examined. This research showed that clean and renewable energy sources will continue to grow and the solar energy
industry is expected to experience significant growth and rapid innovation in the next 10 years. From the observed
rapid growth and innovation trend in solar energy, the world will have a very cheap, abundant and clean energy
before 2050.
Maximizing Output Power of a Solar Panel via Combination of Sun Tracking and ...ijtsrd
Energy is the basic needs for human comforts and day to day activities. Energy is the key factor for social and economic developments in today scenario. Now a day’s global warming is the main problem of developing counties, due to the nonstop combustion of fossil fuels all over the world, creating environmental hazards and reducing conventional energy sources. This scenario is contributing to the need to search for an new renewable source of energy, which is clean and available in excess. Due to the huge impetus in the government policies on the development of solar energy, it is acting as a main alternative renewable energy source. The solar energy is popular due to easy maintenance, cleanliness, sustainability, and zero noise characteristics. Therefore, Photo Voltaic module supplying loads with and without Maximum Power Point Technique MPPT is applied in the current studies to find the best results. Since the Photovoltaic array output is known to be affected by radiation of sun and temperature, which makes is compulsory to find out an effective method to draw out maximum power from Photo Voltaic cell modules. In my work, Perturb and Observe PandO algorithm is selected because of its easy implementation Solar energy is the clean and eternal source of energy till the end of the world. In this paper main focus is how to improve the efficiency of solar based power generation .Solar energy is variable depends upon the time and the atmospheric condition and hence output of the solar cell is directly proportional to the insulation level and inversely proportional to cell temperature and also the cell never operates at maximum power. Bhoopendra Kumar Rajput | Ameen Uddin Ahmad "Maximizing Output Power of a Solar Panel via Combination of Sun Tracking and Maximum Power Point Tracking" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-6 , October 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd33406.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electrical-engineering/33406/maximizing-output-power-of-a-solar-panel-via-combination-of-sun-tracking-and-maximum-power-point-tracking/bhoopendra-kumar-rajput
Modeling and Simulation for a 3.5 Kw Grid Connected Photo Voltaic Power Systemijtsrd
This paper presents the design of small scale three phase grid connected system for rural location. The proposed hybrid system includes a 3.5 kW PV panel with a DC DC boost converter with controller for Maximum Power Point Tracking MPPT, DC AC inverter with decoupled power controller supplying the load and connected to the grid. The MPPT controller is used to harvest maximum power from the solar panel and decoupled power controller is used for tracking the real and reactive powers and also improves the system stability. MATLAB simulation of the proposed model is carried out to show the effectiveness of grid connected photovoltaic systems. Sheikh Shaheen | Mohd Ilyas "Modeling and Simulation for a 3.5 Kw Grid-Connected Photo-Voltaic Power System" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-5 , August 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd33049.pdf Paper Url :https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electrical-engineering/33049/modeling-and-simulation-for-a-35-kw-gridconnected-photovoltaic-power-system/sheikh-shaheen
Building Energy Efficiency Into Energy EquationIJERDJOURNAL
ABSTRACT: The increasing demand of energy in the world has causes the pollution and devastation of environment and also depletion of the resources. It imminent that cannot be avoided, however, There is agitation and confrontation from country to country which later realised that only energy efficiency practices is the means of minimizing the impact to the environment, but developing countries like Nigeria centered only on end users.These studies see how energy efficiency will be built into energy generation processes and the benefit to the environment, economic growth and development of a country.
The concept of injecting photovoltaic power into the utility grid has earned widespread acceptance in these days of renewable energy generation & distribution. Grid-connected inverters have evolved significantly with high diversity. Efficiency, size, weight, reliability etc. have all improved significantly with the development of modern and innovative inverter configurations and these factors have influenced the cost of producing inverters. This paper presents a literature review of the recent technological developments and trends in the Grid-Connected Photovoltaic Systems (GCPVS). In countries with high penetration of Distributed Generation (DG) resources, GCPVS have been shown to cause unwanted stress on the electrical grid. A review of the existing and future standards that addresses the technical challenges associated with the growing number of GCPVS is presented. Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT), Solar Tracking (ST) and the use of transform-less inverters can all lead to high efficiency gains of Photovoltaic (PV) systems while ensuring minimal interference with the grid. Inverters that support ancillary services like reactive power control, frequency regulation and energy storage are critical for mitigating the challenges caused by the growing adoption of GCPVS. Anjali | Gourav Sharma"A Review on Grid-Connected PV System" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-1 | Issue-4 , June 2017, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd2195.pdf http://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electrical-engineering/2195/a-review-on-grid-connected-pv-system/anjali
The Opportunity of Using Wind to Generate Power as a Renewable Energy:"Case o...IJERA Editor
The demand ofsustainable energy is increased daily by expanding our cities and creating new cities and suburbswith huge towers besides increasing in population,moreover the environment and human life is threatening by the pollutions resulted from energy generation. For this reason the researchersattracted todevelop renewable energy and explore its large benefits and unit capacity. Wind power is one of the clean renewable energy resources.Therefore the importance of implementing this resource in Kuwait draws our attention to make this research to emphasis on the technical and economic aspects due to acceptable environmental conditions. Whereas, in some areas of the world, such as in Japan, has some geographical and electrical restrictions such as power fluctuating for land wind generation. And the introductionof large amount of wind power generation tends to be extremely difficult and even impossible in some location. This research is aimed to concentrate on the visibility of utilizing the wind energy as complementary source for the existing steam and gas turbine power stations in Kuwait, furthermore point out the economical perspectives that will guide us to take the right decision. The location of wind farms is very important in this aspect where we cannot build such projects inside the cities between buildings besides meeting the minimum requirements for economic generation. The study prove to us that even at a location which is almost close to the inhabitants buildings ( Kuwait airport ) can get accepted results the historical data was collected from the weather station at internet. The implementation of wind turbine farms is foreseen to be economic in generation for long run and encouragestepping up toward putting the infrastructure design. Furthermoreit is an opportunity for creating new job vacancies.
Search and Society: Reimagining Information Access for Radical FuturesBhaskar Mitra
The field of Information retrieval (IR) is currently undergoing a transformative shift, at least partly due to the emerging applications of generative AI to information access. In this talk, we will deliberate on the sociotechnical implications of generative AI for information access. We will argue that there is both a critical necessity and an exciting opportunity for the IR community to re-center our research agendas on societal needs while dismantling the artificial separation between the work on fairness, accountability, transparency, and ethics in IR and the rest of IR research. Instead of adopting a reactionary strategy of trying to mitigate potential social harms from emerging technologies, the community should aim to proactively set the research agenda for the kinds of systems we should build inspired by diverse explicitly stated sociotechnical imaginaries. The sociotechnical imaginaries that underpin the design and development of information access technologies needs to be explicitly articulated, and we need to develop theories of change in context of these diverse perspectives. Our guiding future imaginaries must be informed by other academic fields, such as democratic theory and critical theory, and should be co-developed with social science scholars, legal scholars, civil rights and social justice activists, and artists, among others.
Software Delivery At the Speed of AI: Inflectra Invests In AI-Powered QualityInflectra
In this insightful webinar, Inflectra explores how artificial intelligence (AI) is transforming software development and testing. Discover how AI-powered tools are revolutionizing every stage of the software development lifecycle (SDLC), from design and prototyping to testing, deployment, and monitoring.
Learn about:
• The Future of Testing: How AI is shifting testing towards verification, analysis, and higher-level skills, while reducing repetitive tasks.
• Test Automation: How AI-powered test case generation, optimization, and self-healing tests are making testing more efficient and effective.
• Visual Testing: Explore the emerging capabilities of AI in visual testing and how it's set to revolutionize UI verification.
• Inflectra's AI Solutions: See demonstrations of Inflectra's cutting-edge AI tools like the ChatGPT plugin and Azure Open AI platform, designed to streamline your testing process.
Whether you're a developer, tester, or QA professional, this webinar will give you valuable insights into how AI is shaping the future of software delivery.
Let's dive deeper into the world of ODC! Ricardo Alves (OutSystems) will join us to tell all about the new Data Fabric. After that, Sezen de Bruijn (OutSystems) will get into the details on how to best design a sturdy architecture within ODC.
Kubernetes & AI - Beauty and the Beast !?! @KCD Istanbul 2024Tobias Schneck
As AI technology is pushing into IT I was wondering myself, as an “infrastructure container kubernetes guy”, how get this fancy AI technology get managed from an infrastructure operational view? Is it possible to apply our lovely cloud native principals as well? What benefit’s both technologies could bring to each other?
Let me take this questions and provide you a short journey through existing deployment models and use cases for AI software. On practical examples, we discuss what cloud/on-premise strategy we may need for applying it to our own infrastructure to get it to work from an enterprise perspective. I want to give an overview about infrastructure requirements and technologies, what could be beneficial or limiting your AI use cases in an enterprise environment. An interactive Demo will give you some insides, what approaches I got already working for real.
"Impact of front-end architecture on development cost", Viktor TurskyiFwdays
I have heard many times that architecture is not important for the front-end. Also, many times I have seen how developers implement features on the front-end just following the standard rules for a framework and think that this is enough to successfully launch the project, and then the project fails. How to prevent this and what approach to choose? I have launched dozens of complex projects and during the talk we will analyze which approaches have worked for me and which have not.
Slack (or Teams) Automation for Bonterra Impact Management (fka Social Soluti...Jeffrey Haguewood
Sidekick Solutions uses Bonterra Impact Management (fka Social Solutions Apricot) and automation solutions to integrate data for business workflows.
We believe integration and automation are essential to user experience and the promise of efficient work through technology. Automation is the critical ingredient to realizing that full vision. We develop integration products and services for Bonterra Case Management software to support the deployment of automations for a variety of use cases.
This video focuses on the notifications, alerts, and approval requests using Slack for Bonterra Impact Management. The solutions covered in this webinar can also be deployed for Microsoft Teams.
Interested in deploying notification automations for Bonterra Impact Management? Contact us at sales@sidekicksolutionsllc.com to discuss next steps.
Dev Dives: Train smarter, not harder – active learning and UiPath LLMs for do...UiPathCommunity
💥 Speed, accuracy, and scaling – discover the superpowers of GenAI in action with UiPath Document Understanding and Communications Mining™:
See how to accelerate model training and optimize model performance with active learning
Learn about the latest enhancements to out-of-the-box document processing – with little to no training required
Get an exclusive demo of the new family of UiPath LLMs – GenAI models specialized for processing different types of documents and messages
This is a hands-on session specifically designed for automation developers and AI enthusiasts seeking to enhance their knowledge in leveraging the latest intelligent document processing capabilities offered by UiPath.
Speakers:
👨🏫 Andras Palfi, Senior Product Manager, UiPath
👩🏫 Lenka Dulovicova, Product Program Manager, UiPath
Smart TV Buyer Insights Survey 2024 by 91mobiles.pdf91mobiles
91mobiles recently conducted a Smart TV Buyer Insights Survey in which we asked over 3,000 respondents about the TV they own, aspects they look at on a new TV, and their TV buying preferences.
PHP Frameworks: I want to break free (IPC Berlin 2024)Ralf Eggert
In this presentation, we examine the challenges and limitations of relying too heavily on PHP frameworks in web development. We discuss the history of PHP and its frameworks to understand how this dependence has evolved. The focus will be on providing concrete tips and strategies to reduce reliance on these frameworks, based on real-world examples and practical considerations. The goal is to equip developers with the skills and knowledge to create more flexible and future-proof web applications. We'll explore the importance of maintaining autonomy in a rapidly changing tech landscape and how to make informed decisions in PHP development.
This talk is aimed at encouraging a more independent approach to using PHP frameworks, moving towards a more flexible and future-proof approach to PHP development.
State of ICS and IoT Cyber Threat Landscape Report 2024 previewPrayukth K V
The IoT and OT threat landscape report has been prepared by the Threat Research Team at Sectrio using data from Sectrio, cyber threat intelligence farming facilities spread across over 85 cities around the world. In addition, Sectrio also runs AI-based advanced threat and payload engagement facilities that serve as sinks to attract and engage sophisticated threat actors, and newer malware including new variants and latent threats that are at an earlier stage of development.
The latest edition of the OT/ICS and IoT security Threat Landscape Report 2024 also covers:
State of global ICS asset and network exposure
Sectoral targets and attacks as well as the cost of ransom
Global APT activity, AI usage, actor and tactic profiles, and implications
Rise in volumes of AI-powered cyberattacks
Major cyber events in 2024
Malware and malicious payload trends
Cyberattack types and targets
Vulnerability exploit attempts on CVEs
Attacks on counties – USA
Expansion of bot farms – how, where, and why
In-depth analysis of the cyber threat landscape across North America, South America, Europe, APAC, and the Middle East
Why are attacks on smart factories rising?
Cyber risk predictions
Axis of attacks – Europe
Systemic attacks in the Middle East
Download the full report from here:
https://sectrio.com/resources/ot-threat-landscape-reports/sectrio-releases-ot-ics-and-iot-security-threat-landscape-report-2024/
LF Energy Webinar: Electrical Grid Modelling and Simulation Through PowSyBl -...DanBrown980551
Do you want to learn how to model and simulate an electrical network from scratch in under an hour?
Then welcome to this PowSyBl workshop, hosted by Rte, the French Transmission System Operator (TSO)!
During the webinar, you will discover the PowSyBl ecosystem as well as handle and study an electrical network through an interactive Python notebook.
PowSyBl is an open source project hosted by LF Energy, which offers a comprehensive set of features for electrical grid modelling and simulation. Among other advanced features, PowSyBl provides:
- A fully editable and extendable library for grid component modelling;
- Visualization tools to display your network;
- Grid simulation tools, such as power flows, security analyses (with or without remedial actions) and sensitivity analyses;
The framework is mostly written in Java, with a Python binding so that Python developers can access PowSyBl functionalities as well.
What you will learn during the webinar:
- For beginners: discover PowSyBl's functionalities through a quick general presentation and the notebook, without needing any expert coding skills;
- For advanced developers: master the skills to efficiently apply PowSyBl functionalities to your real-world scenarios.
JMeter webinar - integration with InfluxDB and GrafanaRTTS
Watch this recorded webinar about real-time monitoring of application performance. See how to integrate Apache JMeter, the open-source leader in performance testing, with InfluxDB, the open-source time-series database, and Grafana, the open-source analytics and visualization application.
In this webinar, we will review the benefits of leveraging InfluxDB and Grafana when executing load tests and demonstrate how these tools are used to visualize performance metrics.
Length: 30 minutes
Session Overview
-------------------------------------------
During this webinar, we will cover the following topics while demonstrating the integrations of JMeter, InfluxDB and Grafana:
- What out-of-the-box solutions are available for real-time monitoring JMeter tests?
- What are the benefits of integrating InfluxDB and Grafana into the load testing stack?
- Which features are provided by Grafana?
- Demonstration of InfluxDB and Grafana using a practice web application
To view the webinar recording, go to:
https://www.rttsweb.com/jmeter-integration-webinar
GraphRAG is All You need? LLM & Knowledge GraphGuy Korland
Guy Korland, CEO and Co-founder of FalkorDB, will review two articles on the integration of language models with knowledge graphs.
1. Unifying Large Language Models and Knowledge Graphs: A Roadmap.
https://arxiv.org/abs/2306.08302
2. Microsoft Research's GraphRAG paper and a review paper on various uses of knowledge graphs:
https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/research/blog/graphrag-unlocking-llm-discovery-on-narrative-private-data/
1. IOSR Journal of Electrical and Electronics Engineering (IOSR-JEEE)
e-ISSN: 2278-1676,p-ISSN: 2320-3331, Volume 10, Issue 3 Ver. II (May – Jun. 2015), PP 64-69
www.iosrjournals.org
DOI: 10.9790/1676-10326469 www.iosrjournals.org 64 | Page
Technical & Economic Assessment of Electricity using Off-Grid
Solar Photovoltaic Technology in Peshawar - KPK
Abid Sultan Khattak1,
Muhammad Naeem Arbab2,
AreebaMushtaq Ahmed3
1
(Electrical Department, University of Engineering and Technology-Peshawar, Pakistan)
2
(Electrical Department, University of Engineering and Technology-Peshawar, Pakistan)
3
(Electrical Department, NED Univ. of Engineering & Technology - Karachi, Pakistan)
Abstract: In comparison to electricity generated by national grid, Solar PV electricity remains a bit costlier. As
a result, common man does not consider this option as their first preference. So, in result to this, just like many
Developed World countries, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa government needs to subsidize electricity generated by PV, in
order to promote this option amongst common people a little more. And with the aim of understanding and
carrying out an evaluation and assessment of monetary traits of grid-connected rooftop photovoltaic energy
system for a common man in locality of Peshawar, this paper is presented, so that to analyze as how much will
it interest a common man and what strategy government can adopt in future for promoting Green Energy in
Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. And also this analysis can prove out helpful in formation of tariff formula for promotion
of solar photovoltaic energy for government of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa.
Keywords: Economic Aspect, Electricity, Solar photovoltaic, National grid, Grid-connected
I. Introduction
Worldwide, power sector contributes in production of 18,000 terawatt-hours of electrical energy ever
year; cumulating 40% of world’s total energy consumption [1]. The rate of global commercial energy
consumption is thousands of times smaller than the energy flows from the sun to the earth. Primary energy
consumption is reliant on fossil fuels (oil, natural gas, and coal), which represent nearly 80 percent of the total
fuel mix [2]. In doing so, approximately 10 Giga tonnes of carbon dioxide is produced that contributes to the
largest sector contribution of humanity’s fossil-fuel derived emissions
One way to cut down carbon emissions is to maximize the system’s efficiency but certainly there exists
a limit to up to which we can enhance system’s efficiency considering a familiar paradox that greater energy
efficiency means greater energy consumption. Thus, there is only one way via which we can de-carbonize our
environment by using carbon free resources. This requires evaluating measures that implicate the usage of
renewable energy resources to ensure a green and clean environment for all.
II. Solar Energy
Solar energy is not even vast but also highly untapped resource in a developing country like Pakistan.
The World Energy Council estimates the earth’s surface, on average, has the potential to capture around 5.4 GJ
(1.5 MWh) of solar energy annually. While solar energy contributed to 0.1% of total energy consumption
globally in 2007, it’s use has been increased significantly after that [3]
By end of 2013 the cumulative installed capacity of solar PV system exceeded 141000 MW in IEA
member countries alone [3]. At the end of 2000, this was approximately 1400MW. This has been clearly
depicted in Fig. 1. As per the figure, installation of overall solar PV system has been increasing at a rate of 25%
since 2000 globally.
The phenomenon of Solar PV technology is simple- converts sunlight directly into electricity using
photovoltaic cells. PV systems can be on grid, off grid or hybrid, depending upon choice, flexibility and budget.
Similarly, can be installed on rooftops, integrated into construction designs, or scaled up to megawatt scale
power plants. PV systems can also be used in conjunction with concentrating glasses or lenses for large scale
integrated power.
2. Technical & Economic Assessment of Electricity using Off-Grid Solar Photovoltaic Technology ….
DOI: 10.9790/1676-10326469 www.iosrjournals.org 65 | Page
Fig.1 CumulativePVCapacityMW
The world’s energy demand is quite huge as compared to the solar energy currently incident on Earth’s
Surface. Therefore, it is quite evident that solar energy has a huge potential when it comes to generating energy
via non-renewable energy resources. The only limitation to such energy production is its huge capital cost.
The issues related to high installation cost have always been a point of key concern for both
technologists and power generating industries. No doubt, the cost of Solar PV technology has remarkably
reduced after the increasing manufacturing capacity, but still the cost of electricity production via PV is far
exceeds the conventional methods of energy producing technologies.
The cost is relatively high in those countries where the price for conventional methods of electricity
production is very low. Also, it is expected that the main factors influencing the implementation of solar energy
would be government policies, the huge capital investment, the associated risks and future projected demand of
electricity by consumers.
Solar energy, although expensive but it has the potential to play a crucial role in the world’s energy
supply, now and in the future. The last five years has been a period when PV energy changed from being a
small-scale contributor to energy supply to being a more substantial one, and the next five years look like being
a period when the technology could have an even more substantial impact.
Cost calculations clearly revealed that even in the sunniest place, it is very difficult for PV to compete
against conventional methods without the intervention and application of government subsidies and low cost
tariffs.
Solar radiation is not a very consistent and reliable source because of daily and seasonal variations.
However, It does carry the ability to provide maximum efficiency during peak day time hours. Therefore,
Photovoltaic systems are assumed to work well under off-grid technology applications, and in those areas where
cost of electricity generation is higher [4]. Again, huge investment costs during installations and associated risks
remain the primary limitation to this exogenous source of electricity production. At the same time, both
Government regulation and policies and structured R&D will remain critical for the commercialization of Solar
Power Technology.
III. Solar Exposure in Peshawar
The factors necessary to take into account while considering any site for solar power is the amount of
solar radiation, the proximity to load centers, and the availability of suitable sites.
The amount of solar power available per unit area, also called irradiance or radiant flux density, varies
with latitude, longitude, elevation and season of the year in addition to time in a particular day.
Sun Radiation data for Latitude and Longitude are valid for Peshawar only. Latitude & Longitude for
Peshawar is 34.01o
N 71.58o
E respectively. This has been shown in Fig. 2.
Fig.2 Map of Peshawar
3. Technical & Economic Assessment of Electricity using Off-Grid Solar Photovoltaic Technology ….
DOI: 10.9790/1676-10326469 www.iosrjournals.org 66 | Page
The extent of sun radiation varies between 699.09 WJ/m2 in April to 401.91 WJ/m2 in November with
the annual average of 194567 WJ/m2. This has been shown in the Table 1.
Table 1 Tilted surface (kWh/m2
/month) of Peshawar
IV. Solar PV Production Estimation
The radiation data were noted practically and gave results almost uniformly. On the basis of
production estimation, following results were generated as in the graph below.
Fig. 3 Variations in Daily Solar Energy Availability
Table 2 Data used to estimate the electricity production cost of solar
Inflationrate 7.75%
Discountrate 9.5%
SizeinkW 10
Lifetime(Year) 20
Battery Voltage 12V
Solar Tracking Mode Fixed
Mortgage 8%
O&M($/kWh) 0.04
O&M($/System/year) 339.6
O&M forlifetime 6184
Performanceratio 0.85
Using data from Table II, cost calculation for 10kW grid connected solar PV Technology is then
undertaken assuming that capital cost is taken as a loan from bank with a Mortgage % of 8% at an average and
$cost of Power/kW is calculated by taking three different capital costs assuming inflation as well. Since per Watt
PV Panel Cost is $1.20 [5] which makes $12k as a capital cost for the designed solar panel, costs have been
calculated at $17k, $14k and $11k due to fluctuating inflation & Discount rates.
$/kWhr is calculated at the respective capital costs of $17k, $14k & $11k, further time Value of
Money has also been considered to calculate costs needed to payback within one year period of time.
Fig. 4 PVElectricitycost,$17K,mortgage:8% Fig. 5 PV Electricity cost, $14K, mortgage: 8%
Tilt:13
o Jan Feb Mar Apr May Nov
kWh/m
2 3.31 5.72 6.89 6.99 3.92 4.01
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Fig. 6 PVElectricitycost,$11K,mortgage:8%
Economic performance of any project is also very important to evaluate to figure out whether the
project is practically feasible and economically viable or not . For this very purpose, NPV (Net Present Value)
and IRR (Internal Rate of Return) are calculated using the following formulas:
Where i= 0, 1, 2…..t
NPV is a suitable criteria to calculate time value of coming cash flows at a particular discount rate
while IRR is a form of rate of return that makes NPV of the project to Zero.
Fig. 7 $payment/Month @ 17k loan Fig. 8 $payment/Month @ 14k loan
(1)
(2)
5. Technical & Economic Assessment of Electricity using Off-Grid Solar Photovoltaic Technology ….
DOI: 10.9790/1676-10326469 www.iosrjournals.org 68 | Page
Fig. 9 $payment/Month @ 11k loan
Last but not the least, payback period of any investment project is also very important consideration
while taking an investor’s perspective [6]. Two Paybacks are taken into consideration;
A. Investment Payback Period: It can be simply calculated using:
(3) Payback period= Cost of Project/Annual Cash Flows
B. Energy Payback Time (EPBT): the period required for a renewable energy system to generate the same
amount of energy (total primary energy equivalent) that was used to produce the system itself [7].
(4) EPBT = (Emat + Emanuf + Etrans + Einst + EEOL) / (Eagen/nG – Eaoper)
Where:
Emat = Primary energy demand to produce constituent materials for the PV system
Emanuf = Primary energy demand to manufacture PV system
Etrans = Primary energy demand to transport materials used during the life cycle
Einst = Primary energy demand to install the system
EEOL = Primary energy demand for end-of-life management
Eagen = Annual electricity generation
nG = Grid efficiency, the average primary energy-to-electricity conversion efficiency
at the demand side
Eaoper = Annual energy demand for operation and maintenance in primary energy terms.
V. Emission Analysis
GHG emissions being the main cause of global warming leads to the death of thousands of people
worldwide by causing serious health problems. The key reason to GHG emission is the incomplete combustion
of Caron Dioxide.
It is also estimated that installation of standalone PV off grid system in Peshawar will lead to the
reduction of 3.8tCO2[5]. Also, region with higher solar irradiance value would result in larger emissions
reduction value [5]
VI. Challenges & Limitations
To achieve sustainable development in a country like Pakistan which is in the phase of getting
developed, one needs to keep into account many factors. Both planning and implementation will be followed by
equal hurdles and challenges some of which are listed below [8]:
A. Public Awareness: This is the first and foremost challenge that will be faced while implementing any
sustainable change. Therefore, public and media should be taken into confidence while taking any such
initiative. Proper guidance and necessary awareness should be provided so that they take this change as a
positive one. For this purpose, specialized agencies and training organizations are of great help
B. Research & Development: Those countries that stand today successfully invest continually in research and
development for their progress. For that, we need skilled manpower, proper technological infrastructure and
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committed governmental regulations because the basic infrastructure that exists today is either not available
anymore or in a very poor condition.
C. Proper Monitoring & Evaluation: In order to successfully develop a program, it is of utmost importance
to continually monitor and evaluate the process for any modification or up gradation.
VII. Conclusion
A critical analysis over solar PV technology, after having analyzed the current energy situation of
Pakistan, the emergence of renewable energy resources all around the world, it is very likely to say that Pakistan
needs to undertake huge capital investment for not only its demanding future needs but also due to reduction of
non-renewable energy resources from the globe.
An intensive cost calculation, technical analysis and GHG emission analysis reveals that even though the
capital investment will be large but the future benefits of such installation would be unlimited and it would ensure
a cleaner and greener environment. At the very same time, public awareness, research and development and
proper monitoring and evaluation is deemed necessary to implement a large scale commercialized solar off grid
power plant.
References
Journal Papers:
[1]. D.M.Hope. (2000). Learning to lend from Off Grid Solar Power: Policy lessons from World bank loan to India, Indonesia and
Srilanka, Energy Policy Vol 28, Issue 22, 87-105.
Reports:
[2]. Goldemberg, J. M. (2000). UNDP- Energy and challenge of Sustainability. UNDP
[3]. Rave, K. (2011). GWEC Annual Report. Global Wind Energy Council.
[4]. Canada, G. o. (2010). Assessment of the Environmental Performance of Solar Photovoltaic Technologies. Public Works and
Government Services of Canada
Books:
[5]. Masters, G. (2013). Renewable and efficient electric power systems (New Jersey: John Wiley & Sons Inc.)
[6]. Myers, R. A. (2008). Principles of Corporate Finance 6th Edition (Irwin McGraw-Hill).
Proceedings Papers:
[7]. Aamir Mehmood, F. A. (2014). Modeling of the Solar Photovoltaic Systems to Fulfill the Energy Demand of the Domestic Sector
of Pakistan using RETSCREEN Software. International Conference and Utility Exhibition 2014 on Green Energy for Sustainable
Development (ICUE 2014) Jomtien , 19-21.
[8]. Abdul-Aziz, M. F. (2010). Prospects and Challenges of Renewable Energy in Pakistan . 2010 IEEE International Energy
Conference (pp. 161-165). IEEE.