This document discusses fluid balance in the human body. It describes the functions of water, sources of water intake, fluid requirements, and factors that affect hydration. The document explains how fluid balance is maintained through fluid compartments, electrolyte balance, and hormone regulation. Conditions like dehydration and excessive fluid intake are covered as well as their causes, symptoms, and treatment.

2. Objectives
- Describe the functions of water in the body.
- Explain fluid balance and its maintenance.
- Name the causes and consequences of
water depletion.
- Give some causes and consequences of
positive fluid balance.
- Describe the acid-base balance in the
human body.

3. Functions of water
1- Major component of blood plasma
2- Solvent for nutrients and waste products
3- Necessary for hydrolysis of nutrients

4. 4- Essential for metabolism
5- Lubricant in joints and digestion
6- Cools the body through perspiration
7- Provides some mineral elements

5. Sources of water
- Drinking water is the best source.
- Other beverages are second-best source.
- Other sources include fruits, vegetables,
soups, milk, and gelatin desserts.

6. - Energy metabolism produces water.
When carbohydrates, fats and proteins are
metabolized, their end products include
carbon dioxide and water

7. Estimated Daily Fluid Intake for an
Adult
- Ingested liquids: 1,500 mL
- Water in foods: 700 mL
- Water from oxidation: 200 mL
- Total: 2,400 mL

8. Body Fluid
Body fluid or body water are divided in to
two:
1- Intracellular fluid (ICF):
Means within the cells and it equivalent
65% of total body fluid

9. 2- Extracellular fluid (ECF): means
outside the cells and it equivalent
35% of total body fluid
Found in intravascular fluid (in blood
stream) interstitial fluid (between
cells) and glandular secretions.

11. Fluid and Electrolyte Balance:
- Sensible water loss is water lost through
urine.
- Insensible water loss is water lost in
feces, perspiration, and respiration.
- Waste products of metabolism excreted in
the form of urine (500 mL of water each
day).

12. - Solute: is substance dissolved in a
solution
- Osmosis: water flows from the side with
the lesser amount of solute to the side with
the greater solute concentration.

13. - Potassium is the principal electrolyte in
intracellular fluid.
- Sodium is the principal electrolyte in
extracellular fluid.
- Sodium, chloride, and potassium maintain
the balance between intracellular and
extracellular fluids.

14. Hypothalamus regulation
- When electrolytes in ECF are increased,
ICF moves to the ECF to equalize the
concentration of electrolytes on both sides.
- This reduces the amount of water in the
cells which causes the cells of the
hypothalamus mouth and tongue become
dehydrated and cause thirst.

15. - When cells in the hypothalamus become
dehydrated, the hypothalamus stimulates
the pituitary gland to excrete ADH
(antidiuretic hormone).
- ADH causes kidneys to reabsorb water.
- And thirst causes a healthy person to
drink fluids.

16. Adrenal Glands regulation
- When sodium in ECF is reduced, water flows
from ECF into ICF, causing cellular edema.
- Adrenal glands secrete aldosterone, which
triggers kidneys to increase the amount of
sodium reabsorbed.
- When sodium is replaced in the ECF, excess
water moves back to the ECF and edema is
relieved.

17. Water requirement:
- Amount of water use varies, depending on
age, size, activity, environmental
temperature, and physical condition.

18. Clinical Conditions Affecting Hydration
- Uncontrolled diabetes:
- Cystic fibrosis
- High fiber intake
- High protein intake
- Intense physical activity
- Impaired thirst in older adults
- Medications

19. Dehydration
- Occurs when amount of water in the body
is inadequate
- Caused by inadequate intake or loss, loss
can occur from severe diarrhea, vomiting,
hemorrhage, burns, diabetes mellitus,
excessive perspiration, excessive urination,
or the use of certain medications, such as
diuretics.

20. Symptoms of dehydration include:
- Low blood pressure
- Thirst
- Dry skin
- Fever
- Mental disorientation.

21. - Decrease in urine output
- Weight loss
- Eyes appear sunken
- Tongue has increased furrows and fissures
- Oral mucous membranes are dry
- Decreased skin turgor
- Changes in neurological status

22. Treatment:
The treatment involves replacement of
electrolytes and fluids.

23. Thank