Diet and cardiovascular disease

2. Objectives
- Identify factors that contribute to heart
disease.
- Explain why cholesterol and saturated fats
are limited in some cardiovascular
conditions.
- Identify foods to avoid or limit in a
cholesterol-controlled diet.

3. - Explain why sodium is limited in some
cardiovascular conditions.
- Identify foods that are limited or
prohibited in sodium-controlled diets.
- Identify alternatives to sodium in diets for
patients with heart disease

4. Cardiovascular Disease
- Affects heart and blood vessels
- Leading cause of death and permanent
disability in the United States
- More deaths are caused by heart disease
than by cancer, accidents and AIDS
combined

5. Risk Factors of heart disease:
Eg:
- Smoking - Hypertension
- Diabetes - Insulin resistance
- Infection - Periodontal disease
- Obesity - age
- Male sex - Sedentary lifestyle
- ect….

6. Cardiovascular Disease
Cardiovascular disease can be acute or
chronic.
Acute: means sudden such as myocardial
infarction (MI) also known as heart attack
Chronic: develops over time such as
congested heart failure (CHF),
Arteriosclerosis and Atherosclerosis

7. Myocardial Infarction
- Caused by blockage of a coronary artery
supplying blood to the heart
- Heart tissue beyond the blockage dies.

8. Causes
- Atherosclerosis
- Hypertension
- Abnormal blood clotting
- Infection such as that caused by rheumatic
fever (damages heart valves)

9. Arteriosclerosis: arteries harden, making
the passage of blood difficult and
sometimes impossible
Atherosclerosis: thickening and weakening
of artery walls by cholesterol and fatty
deposits called plaque

10. Myocardial Infarction

11. Dietary managements MI
- After the heart attack, the client is in
shock.
- Client should be NPO (nothing by
mouth).
- IV fluids may be given.

12. - After several hours, client may begin to
eat.
- Liquid diet usually recommended for the
first 24 hours.
- Then, a low-cholesterol, low-sodium diet
- Foods should not be extremely hot or
cold.

13. - Food that is easy to chew and digest is
prescribed.
- Sodium limited to prevent fluid overload.
- Restriction on caffeine the first few days
after an MI

14. Congestive Heart Failure
- Due to decompensation or severe injury to
the heart muscle
- Decreased circulation causes decreased
oxygenation of the body.
- Shortness of breath, chest pain on
exertion, and edema are common.

15. - Decreased nutrients to body tissues
- Edema may mask the problems of
malnutrition and underweight.
- The heart beats faster and enlarges.

16. Diet for Congestive Heart Failure
- Fluid restriction may be ordered.
- Soft Foods
- Small, frequent meals
- Diuretics and a sodium-restricted diet are
typically prescribed.

17. - Diuretics can cause excessive loss of
potassium and blood levels should be
monitored.
- Hypokalemia can upset the heartbeat.
- Fruits, especially oranges, bananas, and
prunes, are excellent sources of
potassium, but supplements may be given.

18. High Potassium Foods
- Fruits
Apricots, oranges, bananas, avocados,
cantaloupe, dates, figs, raisins, grapefruit,
kiwifruit, peaches, pineapple, prunes,
strawberries
( ‫والجريب‬ ‫والزبيب‬ ‫والتين‬ ‫والتمر‬ ‫والشمام‬ ‫واألفوكادو‬ ‫والموز‬ ‫والبرتقال‬ ‫المشمش‬
‫والفراولة‬ ،‫والخوخ‬ ،‫واألناناس‬ ‫والخوخ‬ ‫الكيوي‬ ‫وفاكهة‬ ‫)فروت‬

19. - Vegetables
Broccoli, cabbage, green beans, pumpkin,
squash, tomatoes, spinach, potatoes,
sweet potatoes
( ‫البط‬ ،‫البطاطا‬ ،‫والسبانخ‬ ،‫والطماطم‬ ‫والقرع‬ ‫واليقطين‬ ‫الخضراء‬ ‫والفاصوليا‬ ،‫والملفوف‬ ،‫القرنبيط‬‫اطا‬
‫)الحلوة‬

20. Diet for Heart Disease
Foods to include:
- Oils (canola, olive, peanu ‫الفول‬ ،‫الزيتون‬ ‫وزيت‬ ‫الكانوال‬‫السوداني‬ )
- Fish
- Lean beef, lamb, veal
- Egg whites
- Whole grain breads and cereals

21. Foods to Avoid:
- Coconut oil, palm oil (‫النخيل‬ ‫زيت‬ ،‫الهند‬ ‫جوز‬ ‫)زيت‬
- Fatty meats, sausage and duck
- Butter
- Fried foods (‫المقلية‬ ‫)األطعمة‬
- Cream sauces (‫الصلصات‬ ‫كريم‬ )

22. Therapeutic Lifestyle Changes
- Initiated by the National Cholesterol
Education Program
- Reduced intake of saturated fats and
cholesterol
- Therapeutic dietary options for increased
fiber
- Weight reduction increased physical
activity

23. Hypertension
- Measured in millimeters of mercury (mm
Hg)
- Normal: < 120/80
- Prehypertension: 120–139/80–88
- Stage 1: 140–159/90–99
- Stage 2: 160/100

24. - Contributes to heart attack, stroke, heart
failure, and kidney failure
- “Silent disease” because sufferers can be
asymptomatic
- Heredity, age, obesity and African-
American race are predisposing factors.
- Smoking and stress also contribute to
hypertension.

25. Dietary Treatment
- Weight-reduction diets.
- Sodium-restricted diet and/or diuretics
can be prescribed to alleviate edema.
- Increasing fruits and vegetables helps to
lower blood pressure.

26. Foods Permitted for hypertensive
- Fresh fruits and vegetables
- Pasta, rice
- Fresh meats and fish
- Oil, vinegar (‫)خل‬
- Unsalted margarine
- Popcorn - Spices - Coffee, tea

27. Foods to Avoid
- Tomato or vegetable juice
- Canned vegetables
- Dried, smoked or canned fish or meats
- Potato chips, salted nuts, pretzels
- Fast foods

28. Dietary Approaches to Stop
Hypertension
- High potassium foods
- Low fat dairy products
- Use low cholesterol and low saturated fat
products
- Use fresh, frozen, or no-salt-added
products
- Increase dietary fiber

29. Considerations for the Health Care
Professional
- Most cardiac clients will be told to reduce
fat, sodium, and sometimes, the amount
of calories in their diets.
- Help the cardiac client want to learn how
to help himself or herself via nutrition.

30. Conclusion
- Cardiovascular disease is the leading
cause of death in the United States.
- May be acute, as in myocardial infarction,
or chronic, as in hypertension and
atherosclerosis.
- Hypertension may be a symptom of
another disease.

31. - Cholesterol is associated with
atherosclerosis and a low-cholesterol diet
or a fat-restricted diet might be
prescribed.
- The health care professional can
encourage the client to maintain a healthy
weight, exercise, limit salt and fat intake,
and avoid smoking to reduce the risk of
heart disease.

32. Thank