diet and renal disease

2. Objectives
- Discuss common causes of renal disease.
- Explain why protein is restricted for renal
clients.
- Explain why sodium and water are
sometimes restricted for renal clients.
- Explain why potassium and phosphorus
are sometimes restricted for renal clients.

3. Kidney Functions
Excretory: Kidneys excrete wastes such as
urea (major end-product of protein
metabolism) in form of of urine
Regulatory: regulation of acid-base
balance, regulation of electrolytes,
control of water balance, control of
blood pressure

4. Secretory:
- Erythropoetin: regulation of red blood cell
production:
- Synthesis of Vit D to active form
- Secretion of prostaglandins
- Regulates calcium and phosphorus
balance
- Activates growth hormone

5. Example of renal disease
- Acute Renal Failure (ARF)
- Chronic Renal Failure (CRF)
- Nephritis
- Nephrosclerosis
- Renal Stones

6. Acute Failure
- Acute failure occurs suddenly and may
last a few days to a few weeks.
- Can be caused by:
- Serious burn
- Infectious diseases
- Toxic agents
- Immunologic drug reactions
- Cardiac arrest.

7. Chronic Kidney Disease
- Develops slowly
Causes:
- Diabetes, Hypertension,
Glomerulonephritis, Cystic kidney
disease
-Symptoms:
- Nausea, Edema, Hematuria, Anorexia,
Fatigue

8. Nephritis
- Inflammatory diseases of the kidneys
- Caused by infection, degenerative
processes, or vascular disease

9. Nephrosclerosis
- Hardening of renal arteries
- Caused by arteriosclerosis and
hypertension
- Usually occurs in older people;
sometimes develops in young clients with
diabetes.

10. Kidney Stones
- Stones classified according to their
composition.
- Associated with metabolic disturbances
and immobilization of the client.

11. Dietary Treatment of Renal Disease
- Extremely complicated
- Its aims to slow the buildup of waste in
the blood and to reduce work of the
kidney

12. - Sodium restriction
- Potassium may be restricted according to
lab test
- Energy requirements should be fulfilled
by carbohydrates and fat.
- Fluids are typically restricted for renal
clients.

13. - Supplemental calcium and vit D is given
- Vitamins B, C, and D supplements are
often given because the renal clients have
an increased need
- Iron is commonly prescribed to treat or
prevent anemia.

14. Diet during Dialysis
There are two type of dialysis:
Hemodialysis and Peritoneal Dialysis
- Clients on dialysis may need additional
protein.
- Potassium is usually restricted.

15. Diet after Kidney Transplant
- Need for extra protein or for the
restriction of protein.
- Sodium may be restricted.
- Additional calcium and phosphorus may
be necessary if there was substantial bone
loss before the transplant.

16. Dietary Treatment of Renal Stones
- Treatment varies based on type of stone.
- Clients should drink lots of fluid.
- Eat a well-balanced diet.
- Once stones have been analyzed, specific
diet modifications may be indicated.

17. If the stones made from calcium oxalate:
- A diet low in calcium can reduce the risk
of calcium oxalate renal stones.
- Reduce level of oxalate, which is found in
beets, wheat, chocolate, tea, strawberries,
and spinach.

18. If the stones made from uric acid:
uric acid stone
- Purine-rich foods are restricted.
- Found in meats, fish, poultry, organ meats
and sardines
- Usually associated with gout,
gastrointestinal diseases that cause
diarrhea, and malignant disease

19. Conclusion
- Kidneys eliminate body wastes, maintain
fluid, electrolyte, and acid-base balance,
and secrete hormones.
- The entire body is affected by kidney
disease.

20. - Diet therapy is extremely complex.
- Untreated, severe kidney disease can
result in death unless the client receives
dialysis or a kidney transplant.

21. A client with renal disease is on a
potassium restriction.
What recommendations would you give
the client?

22. - Regulate intake by making careful
choices.
- Milk is normally restricted to because it is
high in potassium.
- Suggest use of potassium content charts to
select low-potassium foods.

23. Thank