The document discusses various biological and chemical methods for recovering nutrients like nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium from liquid and solid wastes. It describes processes like prokaryotic accumulation using microbes, chemical accumulation through precipitation, adsorption/ion-exchange, algae accumulation, liquid-liquid extraction, and plant accumulation. Each method utilizes different mechanisms to separate and concentrate nutrients that can then be recovered from waste streams and potentially reused as fertilizers.
Biological and chemical methods for recovery of nutrients from liquid ...Avijit Pramanik
This document discusses various technologies for nutrient recovery from waste streams. It describes three main steps in the nutrient recovery process: nutrient accumulation, nutrient release, and nutrient extraction. For accumulation, it outlines biological, chemical, and physical approaches like bacterial accumulation, chemical precipitation, adsorption, and algal and plant uptake. For release, it discusses biological digestion, thermochemical, and chemical/bioleaching methods. Finally, it examines extraction techniques such as precipitation, gas membranes, stripping and electrodialysis that produce fertilizer products from accumulated and released nutrients. The goal of these recovery technologies is to sustainably reuse nutrients from wastes.
This document discusses using algae for wastewater treatment. It begins by noting that most of India's cities lack proper sewage treatment, polluting water sources. Algae-based treatment offers advantages over conventional methods like lower costs, energy requirements, and sludge production. It can also produce useful algal biomass. The objective is to evaluate two algae species, Chlorella and Scenedesmus, for removing nutrients from municipal wastewater. If effective, algae cultivation could replace or enhance conventional treatment while providing biomass for products like biodiesel.
Role of Microorganisms in Sewage Treatment by Usama YounasUSAMAYOUNAS11
This presentation will help to understand the various microbes involved in the sewage treatment, also included the data regarding some sewage treatment plants present in Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan
Use of Microalgae for Phycoremdiation & biodiseal productioniqraakbar8
This study examined using two microalgae species (Chlorella minutissima and Chlorella sorokiniana) to remediate nutrients from municipal wastewater and produce biodiesel. Chlorella sorokiniana showed higher growth rates and lipid content when grown in wastewater compared to standard growth media. Analysis of the biodiesel produced found fatty acid methyl ester compositions suitable for vehicle fuel and physical properties within standards. Therefore, Chlorella sorokiniana has potential for combined wastewater treatment and sustainable biodiesel production.
Biogas is an environmentally-friendly, renewable energy source. It's produced when organic matter, such as food or animal waste, is broken down by microorganisms in the absence of oxygen, in a process called anaerobic digestion.
Wastewater treatment for a sustainable future: overview of phosphorus recoveryStefanus Muryanto
This document summarizes three methods for phosphorus removal and recovery from wastewater: chemical precipitation, biological uptake, and struvite crystallization. Chemical precipitation is commonly used but requires large amounts of chemicals. Biological uptake requires fewer chemicals but the process is complex and variable. Struvite crystallization converts phosphorus into struvite crystals that can be used as fertilizer, reducing fertilizer production and emissions. It also prevents scaling in wastewater treatment facilities. Fluidized bed reactors are an effective method for struvite crystallization and several industrial-scale projects now use this approach.
Bioremediation uses microorganisms to degrade contaminants in soil and water. It is more cost effective than other remediation methods like incineration. There are three main techniques - in situ treats contamination on site, ex situ treats excavated material on or off site, and ex situ slurry treats soil-water mixtures in bioreactors or ponds. Specific in situ methods include land farming, bioventing, biosparging, and bioaugmentation which introduce oxygen and nutrients to stimulate microbes. Ex situ methods are composting, biopiles, and bioreactors which accelerate degradation through aeration and temperature/nutrient control.
AQUACULTURE PRESENTATION - BIOLOGICAL LINE FOR ENVIRONMENTAL REMEDIATION.ECOCLÃ BIOTECNOLOGIA
BIOAUGMENTATION IN AQUACULTURE is the supplementation of naturally occurring external microorganisms (bacteria, fungi and yeasts) in shrimp and fish nurseries, ponds and production tanks.
The action of bacteria is based on the process of degradation of compounds and the enzymatic action metabolized by these microorganisms to inorganic compounds such as CO2, NO3, SO4 and water.
The causes of absence of a diversity and quantity or microorganisms that have a high degradatiion activity can be several, including and inadequate adaption and low reprodution inside the nurseries, ponds and tanks.
However, this diversity is not always present (number of species and number of individuals within the same species), even when the minimum conditions necessary for the degrading action of bacteria on the substrate (pH, temperature, nutrients e oxygen).
Specifically for the farms (agroindustries) it is common exhalation of strong unpleasant odor and high presencae of non-degraded solids (mud of the bottom of the pond). Among others, the high concentration of ammonia is due to a low microbial activity, in which the microbiota presente in pond is not sufficient to facilitate the treatability of the same In general, the program can be adapted to each of the needs of the production chain, based on the objectives to be achieved and general conditions of each farm. The addition of “ECOMIX” has been shown to be one of the most efficient alternatives to improve productivity, reduce damage caused by diseases (mortality x FCR), and also to preserv the environment (reducing N and P discharges) Particularly, the eutrophication of aquatic systems is caused by release of nitrates, phosphates and nutrients that support the flowering of a huge cell mass of algae in role system (discharged water).
Biological and chemical methods for recovery of nutrients from liquid ...Avijit Pramanik
This document discusses various technologies for nutrient recovery from waste streams. It describes three main steps in the nutrient recovery process: nutrient accumulation, nutrient release, and nutrient extraction. For accumulation, it outlines biological, chemical, and physical approaches like bacterial accumulation, chemical precipitation, adsorption, and algal and plant uptake. For release, it discusses biological digestion, thermochemical, and chemical/bioleaching methods. Finally, it examines extraction techniques such as precipitation, gas membranes, stripping and electrodialysis that produce fertilizer products from accumulated and released nutrients. The goal of these recovery technologies is to sustainably reuse nutrients from wastes.
This document discusses using algae for wastewater treatment. It begins by noting that most of India's cities lack proper sewage treatment, polluting water sources. Algae-based treatment offers advantages over conventional methods like lower costs, energy requirements, and sludge production. It can also produce useful algal biomass. The objective is to evaluate two algae species, Chlorella and Scenedesmus, for removing nutrients from municipal wastewater. If effective, algae cultivation could replace or enhance conventional treatment while providing biomass for products like biodiesel.
Role of Microorganisms in Sewage Treatment by Usama YounasUSAMAYOUNAS11
This presentation will help to understand the various microbes involved in the sewage treatment, also included the data regarding some sewage treatment plants present in Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan
Use of Microalgae for Phycoremdiation & biodiseal productioniqraakbar8
This study examined using two microalgae species (Chlorella minutissima and Chlorella sorokiniana) to remediate nutrients from municipal wastewater and produce biodiesel. Chlorella sorokiniana showed higher growth rates and lipid content when grown in wastewater compared to standard growth media. Analysis of the biodiesel produced found fatty acid methyl ester compositions suitable for vehicle fuel and physical properties within standards. Therefore, Chlorella sorokiniana has potential for combined wastewater treatment and sustainable biodiesel production.
Biogas is an environmentally-friendly, renewable energy source. It's produced when organic matter, such as food or animal waste, is broken down by microorganisms in the absence of oxygen, in a process called anaerobic digestion.
Wastewater treatment for a sustainable future: overview of phosphorus recoveryStefanus Muryanto
This document summarizes three methods for phosphorus removal and recovery from wastewater: chemical precipitation, biological uptake, and struvite crystallization. Chemical precipitation is commonly used but requires large amounts of chemicals. Biological uptake requires fewer chemicals but the process is complex and variable. Struvite crystallization converts phosphorus into struvite crystals that can be used as fertilizer, reducing fertilizer production and emissions. It also prevents scaling in wastewater treatment facilities. Fluidized bed reactors are an effective method for struvite crystallization and several industrial-scale projects now use this approach.
Bioremediation uses microorganisms to degrade contaminants in soil and water. It is more cost effective than other remediation methods like incineration. There are three main techniques - in situ treats contamination on site, ex situ treats excavated material on or off site, and ex situ slurry treats soil-water mixtures in bioreactors or ponds. Specific in situ methods include land farming, bioventing, biosparging, and bioaugmentation which introduce oxygen and nutrients to stimulate microbes. Ex situ methods are composting, biopiles, and bioreactors which accelerate degradation through aeration and temperature/nutrient control.
AQUACULTURE PRESENTATION - BIOLOGICAL LINE FOR ENVIRONMENTAL REMEDIATION.ECOCLÃ BIOTECNOLOGIA
BIOAUGMENTATION IN AQUACULTURE is the supplementation of naturally occurring external microorganisms (bacteria, fungi and yeasts) in shrimp and fish nurseries, ponds and production tanks.
The action of bacteria is based on the process of degradation of compounds and the enzymatic action metabolized by these microorganisms to inorganic compounds such as CO2, NO3, SO4 and water.
The causes of absence of a diversity and quantity or microorganisms that have a high degradatiion activity can be several, including and inadequate adaption and low reprodution inside the nurseries, ponds and tanks.
However, this diversity is not always present (number of species and number of individuals within the same species), even when the minimum conditions necessary for the degrading action of bacteria on the substrate (pH, temperature, nutrients e oxygen).
Specifically for the farms (agroindustries) it is common exhalation of strong unpleasant odor and high presencae of non-degraded solids (mud of the bottom of the pond). Among others, the high concentration of ammonia is due to a low microbial activity, in which the microbiota presente in pond is not sufficient to facilitate the treatability of the same In general, the program can be adapted to each of the needs of the production chain, based on the objectives to be achieved and general conditions of each farm. The addition of “ECOMIX” has been shown to be one of the most efficient alternatives to improve productivity, reduce damage caused by diseases (mortality x FCR), and also to preserv the environment (reducing N and P discharges) Particularly, the eutrophication of aquatic systems is caused by release of nitrates, phosphates and nutrients that support the flowering of a huge cell mass of algae in role system (discharged water).
The document summarizes several biochemical routes for producing renewable fuels and chemicals, including anaerobic digestion, transesterification, and photofermentation. It discusses the key steps and microorganisms involved in anaerobic digestion, including hydrolysis, acidogenesis, acetogenesis, and methanogenesis. It also explains the transesterification reaction used to convert triglycerides to biodiesel and glycerin, and some of the process considerations for biodiesel production. Photofermentation is mentioned but not described.
Bioremediation uses microorganisms to degrade contaminants in soil and water. It is more cost effective than other remediation methods like incineration. There are three main techniques - in situ treats contamination on site, ex situ treats excavated material on or off site, and ex situ slurry treats soil-water mixtures in bioreactors or ponds. Specific in situ methods include land farming, bioventing, biosparging, and bioaugmentation which introduce oxygen and nutrients to stimulate microbes. Ex situ methods are composting, biopiles, and bioreactors which accelerate degradation through aeration and temperature/nutrient control.
This document discusses in situ soil vapor extraction (SVE) for remediating volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in the vadose zone. SVE works by placing extraction wells around contaminated soil to induce airflow and evaporate VOCs from the soil into the wells. Key factors that influence SVE's effectiveness include soil properties like permeability, porosity, and moisture content. The document also introduces in situ air sparging, which injects air below the water table to strip and transport contaminants upward for collection by SVE. Both techniques are cost-effective for treating VOCs but require consideration of soil characteristics and monitoring to prevent contaminant migration.
Bioremediation uses microorganisms to break down hazardous substances into less toxic forms. There are two main techniques: in-situ treats contaminated soil and groundwater in place without excavation, while ex-situ excavates soil prior to treatment using methods like biopiles, bioreactors, land farming, and windrows that optimize conditions for microorganisms. The document discusses various enhanced bioremediation methods for both in-situ and ex-situ treatment.
Bioleaching, or microbial ore leaching, is a process used to extract metals from their ores using bacterial micro-organisms.
The bacteria feed on nutrients in the minerals, causing the metal to separate from its ore.
This document discusses bioremediation techniques for cleaning up contamination from hydrocarbons like crude oil. It explains that most hydrocarbons can be degraded by microorganisms under both aerobic and anaerobic conditions. Lighter and simpler hydrocarbons are more readily biodegraded, while heavier compounds like those found in crude oil can persist in the environment. The document outlines some of the physical, chemical, and biological processes that affect the behavior and degradation of hydrocarbon contamination in soil and groundwater.
This document discusses the roles of microbes in bioremediation. It defines bioremediation as using microorganisms such as bacteria and fungi to degrade contaminants in soils, groundwater, and sediments. The key factors that affect microbial bioremediation are discussed, including the microbial population, oxygen, water, nutrients, temperature, and pH. Different types of bioremediation techniques are described, as well as examples of bioremediation applications in soils, groundwater, marine oil spills, and air pollution control.
In-Situ Bioremediation for Contaminated SoilMonisha Alam
This document outlines in-situ bioremediation, which uses microorganisms to break down contaminants in place at contaminated sites. It describes the process of bioremediation and various methods like biostimulation, bioaugmentation, bioventing, and phytoremediation. The advantages are that it is low-cost and combines with other technologies, while disadvantages include long treatment times and potential increased contaminant mobility. Factors like soil and contaminant properties, nutrients, temperature, and oxygen levels must be suitable for bioremediation to be applicable. A case study highlights successful bioremediation of BTEX at a gas plant site in Alberta, Canada.
The document discusses the major contaminants found in wastewater and their appropriate treatment methods. The contaminants include suspended solids, biodegradable organics, pathogens, nutrients, refractory organics, heavy metals, and dissolved inorganic solids. Treatment methods are classified as physical, chemical, or biological unit operations/processes. Physical processes involve forces like screening and sedimentation. Chemical processes use additions of chemicals through precipitation or disinfection. Biological treatments use microorganisms to break down organics in processes like activated sludge or trickling filters. Each contaminant has one or more treatment methods recommended based on their removal via physical, chemical, or biological means.
This document discusses bioremediation, which uses microorganisms like bacteria and fungi to degrade environmental pollutants. It defines bioremediation and describes how it works by stimulating existing microbes or adding specialized microbes. The key factors for effective bioremediation like nutrients, water, oxygen and temperature are outlined. In-situ and ex-situ bioremediation methods are compared, and applications to treat soil, groundwater, marine spills and air are reviewed. Advantages like low cost are balanced with longer timescales. Related technologies like phytoremediation and bioventing are also mentioned.
This document discusses water quality management for fish farming. It outlines that water quality can affect fish health and farming success, and is divided into physical, biological, and chemical parameters. Key water quality factors discussed include dissolved oxygen, pH, salinity, phosphorus, and nitrogen levels. The document emphasizes monitoring these parameters and describes their ideal ranges for fish, as well as how they impact biological and nutrient cycles in aquaculture ponds. Maintaining optimal water quality is important for fish health and production.
bio remediation ppt with audio sol220 h1803KaminiKumari13
The document discusses bioremediation techniques for treating contaminated soil and groundwater. It defines bioremediation as using microorganisms to break down pollutants by altering environmental conditions. Both aerobic and anaerobic bioremediation processes are described in detail. Aerobic uses oxygen as the electron acceptor while anaerobic adds an electron donor to stimulate reduction of oxidized pollutants. Limitations include incomplete degradation of some pollutants and the need for optimal environmental conditions for microbial activity.
The document summarizes a pilot-scale study on ex-situ bioremediation of chlorobenzenes in contaminated soil. Three 6 m3 soil cells were treated with varying amounts (0-35%) of organic amendments and nutrients to stimulate native microorganisms. Over 2-3 weeks, approximately 90% of dichlorobenzene was removed from soils, with residual levels below detection limits. Laboratory tests confirmed the presence of microorganisms capable of mineralizing chlorobenzenes in the treated soils. The study demonstrates that vented ex-situ biotreatment can effectively remove chlorobenzenes through biodegradation without excessive losses from volatilization.
Bioremediation uses living organisms like bacteria and fungi to break down pollutants. There are two types - in situ remediation which treats pollutants on site, and ex situ which treats them off site. Phytoextraction uses plants to absorb contaminants from soil or water. Essential factors for effective microbial bioremediation include microbial populations, oxygen, water, nutrients, temperature, and pH. A case study describes using oil-eating bacteria to clean an oil spill in Mumbai. Bioremediation was also used to clean Railadevi Lake in Thane, India. Limitations include the long time needed and potential food chain contamination.
This document discusses remediation of oil contaminated sites. It begins by outlining various sources of land and water contamination including oil spills, industrial activities, and agriculture. The effects of oil contamination include environmental damage, health impacts, and agricultural effects. The document then examines several remediation techniques including physicochemical methods like soil washing, soil vapor extraction and solidification/stabilization. Thermal methods such as thermal desorption and incineration and biological techniques including bioremediation, land farming and phytoremediation are also discussed. Key factors to consider when selecting a remediation method include site characteristics, soil properties, and contaminant type and concentration. In conclusion, the document emphasizes the importance of preventing sp
Biorefinery as a possibility to recover aromatic compounds with biological p...Valentin Popa
The biomass can be processed by biorefining with the possibility to separate all chemical compounds among them being polyphenols which can be used as antioxidants
This document discusses the production of algae using photobioreactors. It reviews different types of photobioreactors including open systems like raceway ponds and closed systems. Closed photobioreactors have advantages over open systems like better environmental control and prevention of contamination. The document describes various closed photobioreactor designs - vertical tubular, flat panel, horizontal tubular, bubble column, airlift, helical, and stirred tank. It notes that hybrid designs that combine features may be most suitable for mass algae cultivation.
Dr. S. VIJAYA BHASKAR discusses biomethanation and biogas production. Biomethanation is the process where anaerobic bacteria break down organic materials like cow dung and agricultural/municipal waste to produce biogas, a mixture of methane and carbon dioxide. There are two main types of biogas plants - fixed dome plants with a non-movable gas holder, and floating drum plants with a movable gas holder. Biogas can be used for cooking, electricity production, and as a vehicle fuel after removing impurities like carbon dioxide and hydrogen sulfide. The document provides details on the multi-step anaerobic digestion process and substrates used to produce biogas.
•Introduction of bioremediation: Bioremediation refers to the process of using microorganisms to remove the environmental pollutants i.e. toxic wastes found in soil, water, air etc.
•In situ bioremediation:
It involves a direct approach for the microbial
degradation of xenobiotics at the sites of pollution
(soil, ground water).
•Types of in situ bioremediation:
Natural attenuation.
Engineered in situ bioremediation.
- Bioventing, biosparging, bioslurping,
phytoremediation.
•Ex situ bioremediation:
Waste or toxic pollutants can be collected from the polluted sites and bioremediation can be carried out at a designated place or site.
• Types of ex situ bioremediation
Land farming, windrow, biopiles, bioreactors.
•Microorganisms use in bioremediation:
A number of naturally occurring marine microbes
such as Pseudomonas sp. is capable of degrading oil and other hydrocarbons.
•Factors affecting bioremediation:
Nutrient availability, moisture content, pH, temperature, contaminant availability.
•References:
Satyanarayana U. Biotechnology. BOOKS AND ALLIED (P) Ltd.
Sharma P.D. Environmental Microbiology. RASTOGI PUBLICATIONS.
Gupta P.K. Biotechnology and Genomics. RASTOGI PUBLICATIONS.
Dubey R.C. A Textbook of Biotechnology. S Chand And Company Ltd.
Dubey R.C. A Textbook of Microbiology. S Chand And Company Ltd.
Willey/Sherwood/Woolverton. Prescott’s Microbiology. McGRAW-HILL INTERNATIONAL EDITION.
www.sciencedirect.com/bioremediation.
The document discusses various aspects of water treatment processes. It describes the typical steps in conventional surface water treatment, which include screening, coagulation, flocculation, sedimentation, filtration, and disinfection. It also discusses other treatment methods like softening, activated carbon treatment for removing synthetic organic chemicals, and onsite treatment systems. The key steps in water treatment are aimed at removing suspended particles, pathogens, and other contaminants to make water safe for drinking and other uses.
Waste water treatment is a process to convert waste water – which is water no longer needed or suitable for its most recent use into an effluent that can be either returned to the water cycle with minimal environmental issues or reused.
waste water treatment through Algae and Cyanobacteriaiqraakbar8
Use of algae in wastewater treatment. Recently, algae have become significant organisms for biological purification of wastewater since they are able to accumulate plant nutrients, heavy metals, pesticides, organic and inorganic toxic substances and radioactive matters in their cells/bodies.
The document summarizes several biochemical routes for producing renewable fuels and chemicals, including anaerobic digestion, transesterification, and photofermentation. It discusses the key steps and microorganisms involved in anaerobic digestion, including hydrolysis, acidogenesis, acetogenesis, and methanogenesis. It also explains the transesterification reaction used to convert triglycerides to biodiesel and glycerin, and some of the process considerations for biodiesel production. Photofermentation is mentioned but not described.
Bioremediation uses microorganisms to degrade contaminants in soil and water. It is more cost effective than other remediation methods like incineration. There are three main techniques - in situ treats contamination on site, ex situ treats excavated material on or off site, and ex situ slurry treats soil-water mixtures in bioreactors or ponds. Specific in situ methods include land farming, bioventing, biosparging, and bioaugmentation which introduce oxygen and nutrients to stimulate microbes. Ex situ methods are composting, biopiles, and bioreactors which accelerate degradation through aeration and temperature/nutrient control.
This document discusses in situ soil vapor extraction (SVE) for remediating volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in the vadose zone. SVE works by placing extraction wells around contaminated soil to induce airflow and evaporate VOCs from the soil into the wells. Key factors that influence SVE's effectiveness include soil properties like permeability, porosity, and moisture content. The document also introduces in situ air sparging, which injects air below the water table to strip and transport contaminants upward for collection by SVE. Both techniques are cost-effective for treating VOCs but require consideration of soil characteristics and monitoring to prevent contaminant migration.
Bioremediation uses microorganisms to break down hazardous substances into less toxic forms. There are two main techniques: in-situ treats contaminated soil and groundwater in place without excavation, while ex-situ excavates soil prior to treatment using methods like biopiles, bioreactors, land farming, and windrows that optimize conditions for microorganisms. The document discusses various enhanced bioremediation methods for both in-situ and ex-situ treatment.
Bioleaching, or microbial ore leaching, is a process used to extract metals from their ores using bacterial micro-organisms.
The bacteria feed on nutrients in the minerals, causing the metal to separate from its ore.
This document discusses bioremediation techniques for cleaning up contamination from hydrocarbons like crude oil. It explains that most hydrocarbons can be degraded by microorganisms under both aerobic and anaerobic conditions. Lighter and simpler hydrocarbons are more readily biodegraded, while heavier compounds like those found in crude oil can persist in the environment. The document outlines some of the physical, chemical, and biological processes that affect the behavior and degradation of hydrocarbon contamination in soil and groundwater.
This document discusses the roles of microbes in bioremediation. It defines bioremediation as using microorganisms such as bacteria and fungi to degrade contaminants in soils, groundwater, and sediments. The key factors that affect microbial bioremediation are discussed, including the microbial population, oxygen, water, nutrients, temperature, and pH. Different types of bioremediation techniques are described, as well as examples of bioremediation applications in soils, groundwater, marine oil spills, and air pollution control.
In-Situ Bioremediation for Contaminated SoilMonisha Alam
This document outlines in-situ bioremediation, which uses microorganisms to break down contaminants in place at contaminated sites. It describes the process of bioremediation and various methods like biostimulation, bioaugmentation, bioventing, and phytoremediation. The advantages are that it is low-cost and combines with other technologies, while disadvantages include long treatment times and potential increased contaminant mobility. Factors like soil and contaminant properties, nutrients, temperature, and oxygen levels must be suitable for bioremediation to be applicable. A case study highlights successful bioremediation of BTEX at a gas plant site in Alberta, Canada.
The document discusses the major contaminants found in wastewater and their appropriate treatment methods. The contaminants include suspended solids, biodegradable organics, pathogens, nutrients, refractory organics, heavy metals, and dissolved inorganic solids. Treatment methods are classified as physical, chemical, or biological unit operations/processes. Physical processes involve forces like screening and sedimentation. Chemical processes use additions of chemicals through precipitation or disinfection. Biological treatments use microorganisms to break down organics in processes like activated sludge or trickling filters. Each contaminant has one or more treatment methods recommended based on their removal via physical, chemical, or biological means.
This document discusses bioremediation, which uses microorganisms like bacteria and fungi to degrade environmental pollutants. It defines bioremediation and describes how it works by stimulating existing microbes or adding specialized microbes. The key factors for effective bioremediation like nutrients, water, oxygen and temperature are outlined. In-situ and ex-situ bioremediation methods are compared, and applications to treat soil, groundwater, marine spills and air are reviewed. Advantages like low cost are balanced with longer timescales. Related technologies like phytoremediation and bioventing are also mentioned.
This document discusses water quality management for fish farming. It outlines that water quality can affect fish health and farming success, and is divided into physical, biological, and chemical parameters. Key water quality factors discussed include dissolved oxygen, pH, salinity, phosphorus, and nitrogen levels. The document emphasizes monitoring these parameters and describes their ideal ranges for fish, as well as how they impact biological and nutrient cycles in aquaculture ponds. Maintaining optimal water quality is important for fish health and production.
bio remediation ppt with audio sol220 h1803KaminiKumari13
The document discusses bioremediation techniques for treating contaminated soil and groundwater. It defines bioremediation as using microorganisms to break down pollutants by altering environmental conditions. Both aerobic and anaerobic bioremediation processes are described in detail. Aerobic uses oxygen as the electron acceptor while anaerobic adds an electron donor to stimulate reduction of oxidized pollutants. Limitations include incomplete degradation of some pollutants and the need for optimal environmental conditions for microbial activity.
The document summarizes a pilot-scale study on ex-situ bioremediation of chlorobenzenes in contaminated soil. Three 6 m3 soil cells were treated with varying amounts (0-35%) of organic amendments and nutrients to stimulate native microorganisms. Over 2-3 weeks, approximately 90% of dichlorobenzene was removed from soils, with residual levels below detection limits. Laboratory tests confirmed the presence of microorganisms capable of mineralizing chlorobenzenes in the treated soils. The study demonstrates that vented ex-situ biotreatment can effectively remove chlorobenzenes through biodegradation without excessive losses from volatilization.
Bioremediation uses living organisms like bacteria and fungi to break down pollutants. There are two types - in situ remediation which treats pollutants on site, and ex situ which treats them off site. Phytoextraction uses plants to absorb contaminants from soil or water. Essential factors for effective microbial bioremediation include microbial populations, oxygen, water, nutrients, temperature, and pH. A case study describes using oil-eating bacteria to clean an oil spill in Mumbai. Bioremediation was also used to clean Railadevi Lake in Thane, India. Limitations include the long time needed and potential food chain contamination.
This document discusses remediation of oil contaminated sites. It begins by outlining various sources of land and water contamination including oil spills, industrial activities, and agriculture. The effects of oil contamination include environmental damage, health impacts, and agricultural effects. The document then examines several remediation techniques including physicochemical methods like soil washing, soil vapor extraction and solidification/stabilization. Thermal methods such as thermal desorption and incineration and biological techniques including bioremediation, land farming and phytoremediation are also discussed. Key factors to consider when selecting a remediation method include site characteristics, soil properties, and contaminant type and concentration. In conclusion, the document emphasizes the importance of preventing sp
Biorefinery as a possibility to recover aromatic compounds with biological p...Valentin Popa
The biomass can be processed by biorefining with the possibility to separate all chemical compounds among them being polyphenols which can be used as antioxidants
This document discusses the production of algae using photobioreactors. It reviews different types of photobioreactors including open systems like raceway ponds and closed systems. Closed photobioreactors have advantages over open systems like better environmental control and prevention of contamination. The document describes various closed photobioreactor designs - vertical tubular, flat panel, horizontal tubular, bubble column, airlift, helical, and stirred tank. It notes that hybrid designs that combine features may be most suitable for mass algae cultivation.
Dr. S. VIJAYA BHASKAR discusses biomethanation and biogas production. Biomethanation is the process where anaerobic bacteria break down organic materials like cow dung and agricultural/municipal waste to produce biogas, a mixture of methane and carbon dioxide. There are two main types of biogas plants - fixed dome plants with a non-movable gas holder, and floating drum plants with a movable gas holder. Biogas can be used for cooking, electricity production, and as a vehicle fuel after removing impurities like carbon dioxide and hydrogen sulfide. The document provides details on the multi-step anaerobic digestion process and substrates used to produce biogas.
•Introduction of bioremediation: Bioremediation refers to the process of using microorganisms to remove the environmental pollutants i.e. toxic wastes found in soil, water, air etc.
•In situ bioremediation:
It involves a direct approach for the microbial
degradation of xenobiotics at the sites of pollution
(soil, ground water).
•Types of in situ bioremediation:
Natural attenuation.
Engineered in situ bioremediation.
- Bioventing, biosparging, bioslurping,
phytoremediation.
•Ex situ bioremediation:
Waste or toxic pollutants can be collected from the polluted sites and bioremediation can be carried out at a designated place or site.
• Types of ex situ bioremediation
Land farming, windrow, biopiles, bioreactors.
•Microorganisms use in bioremediation:
A number of naturally occurring marine microbes
such as Pseudomonas sp. is capable of degrading oil and other hydrocarbons.
•Factors affecting bioremediation:
Nutrient availability, moisture content, pH, temperature, contaminant availability.
•References:
Satyanarayana U. Biotechnology. BOOKS AND ALLIED (P) Ltd.
Sharma P.D. Environmental Microbiology. RASTOGI PUBLICATIONS.
Gupta P.K. Biotechnology and Genomics. RASTOGI PUBLICATIONS.
Dubey R.C. A Textbook of Biotechnology. S Chand And Company Ltd.
Dubey R.C. A Textbook of Microbiology. S Chand And Company Ltd.
Willey/Sherwood/Woolverton. Prescott’s Microbiology. McGRAW-HILL INTERNATIONAL EDITION.
www.sciencedirect.com/bioremediation.
The document discusses various aspects of water treatment processes. It describes the typical steps in conventional surface water treatment, which include screening, coagulation, flocculation, sedimentation, filtration, and disinfection. It also discusses other treatment methods like softening, activated carbon treatment for removing synthetic organic chemicals, and onsite treatment systems. The key steps in water treatment are aimed at removing suspended particles, pathogens, and other contaminants to make water safe for drinking and other uses.
Waste water treatment is a process to convert waste water – which is water no longer needed or suitable for its most recent use into an effluent that can be either returned to the water cycle with minimal environmental issues or reused.
waste water treatment through Algae and Cyanobacteriaiqraakbar8
Use of algae in wastewater treatment. Recently, algae have become significant organisms for biological purification of wastewater since they are able to accumulate plant nutrients, heavy metals, pesticides, organic and inorganic toxic substances and radioactive matters in their cells/bodies.
CH-2 Activated sludge treatment for wastewaterTadviDevarshi
Physico-chemical and biological treatment strategies and their evaluation, Theory of activated sludge process (ASP), extended aeration systems, trickling filters (TF), aerated lagoons, stabilization ponds, oxidation
ditches, sequential batch reactor, rotating biological contactor, etc., Mass balancing in ASP and TF and their design.
Oxidation ponds, also known as stabilization ponds, are shallow man-made bodies of water that use natural biological processes to treat wastewater. There are four main types of oxidation ponds: facultative ponds, maturation ponds, river purification lakes, and high-rate aerobic stabilization ponds. Facultative ponds use algae and bacteria to remove organic matter from wastewater through aerobic and anaerobic zones, achieving 50% BOD removal on average. Maturation ponds are often used after facultative ponds to further polish the effluent and remove pathogens over 10-15 days. High-rate ponds are very shallow and mixed to promote algal growth for biom
1) The document discusses the environmental impacts of food waste, estimating that 1/3 of all food produced for human consumption is lost or wasted each year. The carbon footprint of food waste is estimated to be 3.3 Gt CO2 eq, more than twice the emissions of US road transportation.
2) Recycling systems for food waste including converting it to biogas and using the leftover slurry as organic fertilizer are presented. Biogas is a mixture of gases produced from anaerobic digestion and can include methane, carbon dioxide, hydrogen and other trace gases.
3) The slurry leftover from biogas production makes an excellent organic fertilizer as it retains nutrients from the food waste and has
The document provides an introduction to aquaponics systems. It describes key elements like how nutrient-rich effluent from fish tanks is used to fertigate hydroponic beds, with the plants removing nutrients to benefit the fish. Several example aquaponics systems are summarized, including the early system developed at North Carolina State University in the 1980s linking tilapia tanks and sand-cultured vegetable beds. Research there found aquaponics can conserve water and nutrients while producing fish and organic vegetables using only fish feed as input. Considerations for successful aquaponics include matching the ratio of fish tanks to growing beds and maintaining good water quality.
A Minimal Water Exchange Aquaculture System, also known as a Recirculating Aquaculture System (RAS), is a modern and sustainable approach to fish farming that minimizes water usage by continuously recycling and treating the water within a closed system. In this system, water is reused and treated to maintain optimal water quality for fish while reducing the environmental impact associated with traditional aquaculture methods.
The key components of a minimal water exchange aquaculture system include:
1. Fish Tanks: These are the primary units where fish are raised. The tanks are designed to provide suitable conditions for fish growth, such as appropriate water depth, temperature, and oxygen levels.
2. Filtration System: RAS incorporates various filtration components to remove solid waste, excess nutrients, and harmful substances from the water. Mechanical filters remove large particles, while biological filters foster beneficial bacteria that convert toxic ammonia into less harmful substances.
3. Water Treatment: Water treatment technologies, such as UV sterilization or ozonation, are used to control pathogens and maintain water quality within acceptable parameters. These methods help to ensure a healthy environment for the fish.
4. Oxygenation: Adequate oxygen levels are critical for fish health. RAS employs techniques such as aerators, oxygen injectors, or oxygen cones to maintain dissolved oxygen levels throughout the system.
5. Monitoring and Control: RAS relies on advanced monitoring and control systems to continuously measure and regulate parameters such as temperature, pH, oxygen levels, and water flow. This ensures optimal conditions for fish growth and allows for timely adjustments if any deviations occur.
The benefits of a Minimal Water Exchange Aquaculture System (RAS) include:
1. Water Conservation: RAS significantly reduces water consumption by recycling and reusing water within the system. It helps conserve this valuable resource and minimizes the environmental impact associated with traditional aquaculture, which often requires large amounts of freshwater usage.
2. Improved Water Quality: The water in a RAS undergoes thorough filtration and treatment, resulting in high-quality water conditions for the fish. By removing waste and controlling water parameters, RAS helps minimize the risk of disease outbreaks and promotes optimal fish health.
3. Reduced Environmental Impact: The closed-loop nature of RAS prevents the release of excess nutrients and waste into the surrounding environment, minimizing the impact on natural ecosystems and reducing the risk of pollution.
4. Increased Production Density: RAS allows for higher stocking densities compared to traditional aquaculture systems. The controlled environment and efficient waste management of RAS enable farmers to maximize production within a smaller footprint.
5. Disease Control: The controlled and isolated environment of RAS helps minimize the risk of disease transmission
Nitrogen and Phosphorus Pollution in Limnological SystemsStacey Findlater
Point source pollution originates from identifiable, localized sources like sewage treatment plants, industrial facilities, and fish farms. It is easier to regulate than non-point source pollution. Major sources release excess nutrients like nitrogen and phosphorus that can cause algal blooms, fish kills, and dead zones in affected water bodies. New technologies aim to further reduce nutrient levels in treated wastewater effluent. Excess nutrients from both point and non-point sources can lead to eutrophication if not properly managed. Wetlands and riparian buffer strips help mitigate non-point source pollution and enhance restoration efforts.
ADVANCED METHOD FOR WASTE WATER TREATMENT.pptxSakshi Patil
This document discusses advanced wastewater treatment (AWT) methods. AWT is used after conventional treatment to further reduce pollutants. It removes soluble and suspended pollutants not removed by primary and secondary treatment. Methods discussed include microscreening, ultrafiltration, chemical coagulation, activated carbon, biological oxidation, precipitation, air stripping, nitrification, denitrification, chlorination, ozonation and UV radiation. These advanced processes are used to remove nutrients, solids, dissolved solids and toxins from wastewater, producing an effluent that can be safely returned to the environment. However, AWT is more expensive than conventional secondary treatment.
The document discusses biological phosphorus removal from wastewater. It describes how phosphorus enters wastewater from human and industrial sources. Phosphorus needs to be removed to prevent eutrophication in natural water bodies. The process relies on microorganisms called phosphate accumulating organisms (PAOs) that uptake phosphorus under aerobic conditions. PAOs store phosphorus inside their cells under aerobic conditions. They release phosphorus from their cells and take up organic carbon sources under anaerobic conditions. Alternating anaerobic and aerobic zones in wastewater treatment systems selects for growth of PAOs, resulting in removal of phosphorus from wastewater.
Application of Biomolecules i- extracted from n Aquatic ecosystem (aquatic a...B. BHASKAR
This document discusses the application of biomolecules in aquatic environments. It begins by defining biomolecules as chemicals composed mainly of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur and phosphorus that are found in living organisms. It then discusses various types of biomolecules like micro and macromolecules, carbohydrates, lipids, proteins and nucleic acids. The document also discusses the roles and functions of lipids, proteins and enzymes. It explores the trophic transfer of essential biomolecules like fatty acids, vitamins and amino acids in aquatic food webs. Finally, it discusses forces influencing the environmental distribution of biomolecules and calls for further research on their role in food web dynamics.
Biofloc fish farming is an economical aquaculture system that utilizes heterotrophic bacteria to control water quality. The bacteria feed on organic waste from fish excrement and break it down. This allows for high stocking densities with zero water exchange. India has significant potential for fisheries due to its long coastline and inland waters. Biofloc is beneficial as it reduces space, culture time, and production costs constraints compared to traditional aquaculture. It works by maintaining a high carbon to nitrogen ratio to promote bacterial growth, which the fish then consume. Aeration is needed to oxygenate the water and keep the biofloc suspended. Tilapia and shrimp are suitable species as they can digest and filter microbial
This document summarizes a presentation on food chains and food webs. It begins by defining key terms like producers, consumers, herbivores, carnivores, omnivores, and decomposers. It then provides examples of different types of consumers and decomposers. The presentation explains how energy passes from producers to consumers in a food chain and shows a basic terrestrial food chain. It also introduces the concept of a food web as a more complex and realistic representation linking multiple food chains. The document concludes by discussing nutrient cycles in ecosystems and how nutrients move between biotic and abiotic compartments.
Recycling of water water into drinking waterAshutosh Singh
How to convert waste water into drinking water. There are some technology are given and the time line of projects.
If any one wants it's synopsis report contact me on 9628656548 whatsapp
1) India has the world's largest livestock population and ranks highly in terms of cattle, buffalo, and goat populations according to the UN Food and Agriculture Organization. Over 2 million cattle and buffalo and 50 million sheep and goat are slaughtered annually in India.
2) Slaughterhouse wastewater contains high levels of biochemical oxygen demand, chemical oxygen demand, total organic carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus, and suspended solids due to the organic materials from animal processing. Regulations in India require treatment to reduce these parameters to certain levels before discharge.
3) Various treatment technologies are used depending on the scale of the slaughterhouse, including settling tanks, anaerobic digesters, upflow anaerobic sl
The document discusses FLOCponics, an alternative to aquaponics that integrates biofloc technology (BFT) with hydroponics. It provides background on the development of BFT and defines FLOCponics as integrating BFT-based aquaculture with hydroponics. Studies show that decoupled FLOCponics systems allow reducing protein levels in fish feed while maintaining yields. Economic analyses indicate that FLOCponics and aquaponics can both be profitable depending on marketable plant yields. The document also outlines optimal water quality parameters for aquaculture and reviews innovative studies on treating aquaculture effluents.
1. Eutrophication is the process by which a body of water acquires a high concentration of nutrients, especially phosphates and nitrates, which promotes excessive growth of algae.
2. When algae dies and decomposes, high levels of organic matter are released and decomposing organisms deplete oxygen levels, causing death of other organisms like fish.
3. Sources of eutrophication include fertilizer runoff, sewage, and industrial waste, which are difficult to regulate. Eutrophication can damage ecosystems, harm human and environmental health, and negatively impact recreation and tourism.
The document summarizes various waste water treatment processes. It discusses primary treatment which involves removing large solids through screens and sedimentation. Secondary treatment uses biological processes like trickling filters, activated sludge tanks, and lagoons to break down organic matter. Anaerobic digesters are also used. Finally, disinfection through chlorination, UV, or ozonation is discussed to remove pathogens before effluent is discharged or reused.
Site selection is the most critical step for establishing a sustainable aquaculture facility. Both technical and non-technical factors must be considered, including water supply, soil characteristics, labor availability, and environmental impact. Proper site selection focused on an environmentally sound location with reliable water supply is important for long-term success, while poor site selection can lead to project failure. Water quality issues should be addressed throughout the aquaculture production cycle from water source to discharge.
Recycling and Disposal on SWM Raymond Einyu pptxRayLetai1
Increasing urbanization, rural–urban migration, rising standards of living, and rapid development associated with population growth have resulted in increased solid waste generation by industrial, domestic and other activities in Nairobi City. It has been noted in other contexts too that increasing population, changing consumption patterns, economic development, changing income, urbanization and industrialization all contribute to the increased generation of waste.
With the increasing urban population in Kenya, which is estimated to be growing at a rate higher than that of the country’s general population, waste generation and management is already a major challenge. The industrialization and urbanization process in the country, dominated by one major city – Nairobi, which has around four times the population of the next largest urban centre (Mombasa) – has witnessed an exponential increase in the generation of solid waste. It is projected that by 2030, about 50 per cent of the Kenyan population will be urban.
Aim:
A healthy, safe, secure and sustainable solid waste management system fit for a world – class city.
Improve and protect the public health of Nairobi residents and visitors.
Ecological health, diversity and productivity and maximize resource recovery through the participatory approach.
Goals:
Build awareness and capacity for source separation as essential components of sustainable waste management.
Build new environmentally sound infrastructure and systems for safe disposal of residual waste and replacing current dumpsites which should be commissioned.
Current solid waste management situation:
The status.
Solid waste generation rate is at 2240 tones / day
collection efficiently is at about 50%.
Actors i.e. city authorities, CBO’s , private firms and self-disposal
Current SWM Situation in Nairobi City:
Solid waste generation – collection – dumping
Good Practices:
• Separation – recycling – marketing.
• Open dumpsite dandora dump site through public education on source separation of waste, of which the situation can be reversed.
• Nairobi is one of the C40 cities in this respect , various actors in the solid waste management space have adopted a variety of technologies to reduce short lived climate pollutants including source separation , recycling , marketing of the recycled products.
• Through the network, it should expect to benefit from expertise of the different actors in the network in terms of applicable technologies and practices in reducing the short-lived climate pollutants.
Good practices:
Despite the dismal collection of solid waste in Nairobi city, there are practices and activities of informal actors (CBOs, CBO-SACCOs and yard shop operators) and other formal industrial actors on solid waste collection, recycling and waste reduction.
Practices and activities of these actor groups are viewed as innovations with the potential to change the way solid waste is handled.
CHALLENGES:
• Resource Allocation.
Optimizing Post Remediation Groundwater Performance with Enhanced Microbiolog...Joshua Orris
Results of geophysics and pneumatic injection pilot tests during 2003 – 2007 yielded significant positive results for injection delivery design and contaminant mass treatment, resulting in permanent shut-down of an existing groundwater Pump & Treat system.
Accessible source areas were subsequently removed (2011) by soil excavation and treated with the placement of Emulsified Vegetable Oil EVO and zero-valent iron ZVI to accelerate treatment of impacted groundwater in overburden and weathered fractured bedrock. Post pilot test and post remediation groundwater monitoring has included analyses of CVOCs, organic fatty acids, dissolved gases and QuantArray® -Chlor to quantify key microorganisms (e.g., Dehalococcoides, Dehalobacter, etc.) and functional genes (e.g., vinyl chloride reductase, methane monooxygenase, etc.) to assess potential for reductive dechlorination and aerobic cometabolism of CVOCs.
In 2022, the first commercial application of MetaArray™ was performed at the site. MetaArray™ utilizes statistical analysis, such as principal component analysis and multivariate analysis to provide evidence that reductive dechlorination is active or even that it is slowing. This creates actionable data allowing users to save money by making important site management decisions earlier.
The results of the MetaArray™ analysis’ support vector machine (SVM) identified groundwater monitoring wells with a 80% confidence that were characterized as either Limited for Reductive Decholorination or had a High Reductive Reduction Dechlorination potential. The results of MetaArray™ will be used to further optimize the site’s post remediation monitoring program for monitored natural attenuation.
Evolving Lifecycles with High Resolution Site Characterization (HRSC) and 3-D...Joshua Orris
The incorporation of a 3DCSM and completion of HRSC provided a tool for enhanced, data-driven, decisions to support a change in remediation closure strategies. Currently, an approved pilot study has been obtained to shut-down the remediation systems (ISCO, P&T) and conduct a hydraulic study under non-pumping conditions. A separate micro-biological bench scale treatability study was competed that yielded positive results for an emerging innovative technology. As a result, a field pilot study has commenced with results expected in nine-twelve months. With the results of the hydraulic study, field pilot studies and an updated risk assessment leading site monitoring optimization cost lifecycle savings upwards of $15MM towards an alternatively evolved best available technology remediation closure strategy.
Kinetic studies on malachite green dye adsorption from aqueous solutions by A...Open Access Research Paper
Water polluted by dyestuffs compounds is a global threat to health and the environment; accordingly, we prepared a green novel sorbent chemical and Physical system from an algae, chitosan and chitosan nanoparticle and impregnated with algae with chitosan nanocomposite for the sorption of Malachite green dye from water. The algae with chitosan nanocomposite by a simple method and used as a recyclable and effective adsorbent for the removal of malachite green dye from aqueous solutions. Algae, chitosan, chitosan nanoparticle and algae with chitosan nanocomposite were characterized using different physicochemical methods. The functional groups and chemical compounds found in algae, chitosan, chitosan algae, chitosan nanoparticle, and chitosan nanoparticle with algae were identified using FTIR, SEM, and TGADTA/DTG techniques. The optimal adsorption conditions, different dosages, pH and Temperature the amount of algae with chitosan nanocomposite were determined. At optimized conditions and the batch equilibrium studies more than 99% of the dye was removed. The adsorption process data matched well kinetics showed that the reaction order for dye varied with pseudo-first order and pseudo-second order. Furthermore, the maximum adsorption capacity of the algae with chitosan nanocomposite toward malachite green dye reached as high as 15.5mg/g, respectively. Finally, multiple times reusing of algae with chitosan nanocomposite and removing dye from a real wastewater has made it a promising and attractive option for further practical applications.
ENVIRONMENT~ Renewable Energy Sources and their future prospects.tiwarimanvi3129
This presentation is for us to know that how our Environment need Attention for protection of our natural resources which are depleted day by day that's why we need to take time and shift our attention to renewable energy sources instead of non-renewable sources which are better and Eco-friendly for our environment. these renewable energy sources are so helpful for our planet and for every living organism which depends on environment.
Improving the viability of probiotics by encapsulation methods for developmen...Open Access Research Paper
The popularity of functional foods among scientists and common people has been increasing day by day. Awareness and modernization make the consumer think better regarding food and nutrition. Now a day’s individual knows very well about the relation between food consumption and disease prevalence. Humans have a diversity of microbes in the gut that together form the gut microflora. Probiotics are the health-promoting live microbial cells improve host health through gut and brain connection and fighting against harmful bacteria. Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus are the two bacterial genera which are considered to be probiotic. These good bacteria are facing challenges of viability. There are so many factors such as sensitivity to heat, pH, acidity, osmotic effect, mechanical shear, chemical components, freezing and storage time as well which affects the viability of probiotics in the dairy food matrix as well as in the gut. Multiple efforts have been done in the past and ongoing in present for these beneficial microbial population stability until their destination in the gut. One of a useful technique known as microencapsulation makes the probiotic effective in the diversified conditions and maintain these microbe’s community to the optimum level for achieving targeted benefits. Dairy products are found to be an ideal vehicle for probiotic incorporation. It has been seen that the encapsulated microbial cells show higher viability than the free cells in different processing and storage conditions as well as against bile salts in the gut. They make the food functional when incorporated, without affecting the product sensory characteristics.
Climate Change All over the World .pptxsairaanwer024
Climate change refers to significant and lasting changes in the average weather patterns over periods ranging from decades to millions of years. It encompasses both global warming driven by human emissions of greenhouse gases and the resulting large-scale shifts in weather patterns. While climate change is a natural phenomenon, human activities, particularly since the Industrial Revolution, have accelerated its pace and intensity
Presented by The Global Peatlands Assessment: Mapping, Policy, and Action at GLF Peatlands 2024 - The Global Peatlands Assessment: Mapping, Policy, and Action
Epcon is One of the World's leading Manufacturing Companies.EpconLP
Epcon is One of the World's leading Manufacturing Companies. With over 4000 installations worldwide, EPCON has been pioneering new techniques since 1977 that have become industry standards now. Founded in 1977, Epcon has grown from a one-man operation to a global leader in developing and manufacturing innovative air pollution control technology and industrial heating equipment.
2. Introduction
• Nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and potassium (K) are
critical to intensive agriculture and there are concerns over long-term
availability and cost of extraction of these nutrients
• P and K are predominantly sourced from mineral deposits, and are
nonrenewable and is becoming progressively limited with supply
• N is a renewable resource, the process by which N (as ammonia) is industrially
synthesized (Haber–Bosch process) is energetically intensive.
• Currently there is very little scope for many developing countries to be self-
sufficient with respect to supply of N, P & K by conventional fertilizers
• Demand for food for increasing global population and to create energy from
biomass will drive demand for nutrients from alternative sources upwards into
the future.
3. • The use of inorganic or synthetic nutrient fertilizers is ubiquitous in modern
agriculture
• Humans and animals consume nutrients from crops and produce nutrient-rich
waste streams from processing food
• It is estimated globally that the total P content in excreted human waste (urine and
feces) can meet approximately 22% of the demand for P
• Limited recycling and inefficient nutrient management, made these nutrients a
major contributors to the environmental impact of domestic, agricultural, and
industrial waste streams
• Greenhouse gases, Methane and nitrous oxide, are generated in large amounts by
manure management and excess use of N-based fertilizers & there is strong
concern of excess nutrients in waterways causing eutrophication
• Along with environmental impact, eutrophication can have major economic
impacts by damaging valuable marine fisheries and impairing water bodies used
for potable water supply and recreation
5. NUTRIENT ACCUMULATION TECHNOLOGIES
Prokaryotic Accumulation
Chemical Accumulation via Precipitation
Adsorption/Ion-Exchange
Algae Accumulation
Liquid–Liquid Extraction
Plant Accumulation
Membrane Filtration
Magnetic Separation
6. Prokaryotic Accumulation
• Common nutrient accumulating microbes are
proteobacteria such as polyphosphate-accumulating
organisms (PAOs) and purple non-sulfur bacteria and BGA.
• 9 PAOs are currently extensively used for phosphorous removal and can
accumulate as polyphosphate up to 20–30% of P by weight.
• Bacterial-accumulation of P through enhanced biological phosphorus removal
(EBPR) is used in sewage treatment plants to remove 80–90% of soluble P from
the effluent.
• The optimum aerobic P uptake occurs at pH 7–8 and wastewater should contain
carbon to P ratios of 5 or higher to enhance accumulation of P.
• Pre-fermentation of wastewater to produce volatile fatty acids (VFAs) is often
beneficial and sometimes essential for EBPR.
7. • Phosphate-rich sludge with PAOs can be separated from the wastewater by
settling, and nutrients can then be released and recovered.
• Purple non-sulfur bacteria and cyanobacteria can grow with and without light,
and consume water, carbon dioxide or oxidized substrate, and nutrients to
produce organic matter and oxygen.
• Purple non-sulfur bacteria can be used to treat many kinds of wastewater to
produce highly nutrient-rich biomass when compared to activated sludge
processes.
• Blue–green algae are suitable for luxury uptake of N. The protein concentration
reported for cyanobacteria is up to 80% of the dry weight, and consists of 8–12%
N and 1% P.
• Purple non-sulfur bacteria have a high tolerance to heavy metal exposure, but
unfortunately accumulate heavy metals along with nutrients from the wastewater.
8. Chemical Accumulation via Precipitation
• Chemical accumulation of nutrients can be accomplished via coagulation and
flocculation
• Soluble nutrients and nutrients bound to colloids (0.01–1 µm) are precipitated as
solids and separated by settling in clarifiers.
• Aluminum- or iron-based coagulants are commonly used for accumulating of P
from dilute wastewater
• Calcium, natural, and synthetic organic polymers, and prehydrolyzed metal salts
such as polyaluminum chloride and polyiron chloride are also used
• Metal ions can also be delivered through sacrificial iron or aluminum anode
electrodes through electro-coagulation.
• The coagulants, when added to water, hydrolyze rapidly and form multicharged
polynuclear complexes with enhanced adsorption characteristics
• Once suspended particles have flocculated into larger particles (sludge) they can
usually be removed from the treated water by sedimentation
9. • Disadvantages associated with chemical accumulation by precipitation include
– high operating costs,
– increased salinity in the effluent (mainly as chloride or sulfate),
– increased sludge production (up to 35 vol%),
– the addition of heavy metals present in the raw coagulant, and
– inhibitory effects on the biological process such as anaerobic digestion
following the coagulation process.
• Advantages are ease of operation, flexibility to changing conditions, and low
capital cost to reduce effluent P concentration to less than 1 mg/L
10. Adsorption/Ion-Exchange
• During adsorption and ion-exchange, ions are transferred from the solvent to
charged surfaces of insoluble, rigid sorbents suspended in a vessel or packed in
a column
• The sorbents are made from porous materials containing interconnected cavities
with a high internal surface area
• Adsorption and ion-exchange can accumulate soluble N, P, or K from waste
• Spent sorbents are regenerated using low-cost, high concentration aqueous
solutions of cations or anions such as sodium, sulfate, or chloride
• Adsorption and ion-exchange technology is suitable for waste streams with a
range of nutrient concentrations (1–2000 mg/L), but relatively low solids
concentrations (<2000 mg/L)
• For low strength waste streams such as effluent from sewage treatment plants
and artificial lakes where nutrient concentrations are less than 5 mg/L, advanced
engineered polymeric sorbents are employed
11. • For concentrated waste streams (>2000 mg/L), typically, red mud, metal
oxide/hydroxide, and zirconium sorbents are used for P recovery and modified
zeolite and clinoptilolite for N and K recovery.
• The potential advantages of this technology are the ability to achieve high P
accumulation and low P concentrations in the treated effluent of < 0.1 PO4-P/L.
• Advantages - no additional sludge (other than spent media) is produced and the
pH of the waste streams remains unaffected.
• Challenges- chemicals required for the regeneration of the sorbents, biofouling,
large amounts of resin required for complete removal, limited resin life, and
competitive foreign ion adsorption
• Adsorption/ion-exchange can be categorized as a hybrid nutrient accumulation-
nutrient recovery technique because the nutrient-laden sorbent/exchange
media can potentially be directly applied as a nutrient product in agriculture.
12. Algae Accumulation
• Algae have received significant attention worldwide as a valuable source of
biomass for energy because of their high growth rates as compared to terrestrial
plants
• Reports have suggested that the nutrient content of algal dry biomass could reach
up to 2% N and 3.3% P.
• Algae-based systems can be- suspended or nonsuspended
• In nonsuspended systems, the algae are immobilized on a resin
• The surface immobilized algae reduce nutrient load in the waste streams via
adsorption and/or precipitation on the surface of the material as well as through
nutrient uptake by the biomass.
• Nonsuspended systems have been successfully tested in high-nutrient
agriculture streams such as dairy, poultry, and swine manure waste
13. • Suspended algae configurations are used in facultative and high rate algal ponds.
• A tubular photo-bioreactor with suspended algae was found to be the
most promising option for producing algal biomass in full-scale applications
• As carbon dioxide (CO2) is consumed by algae during photosynthesis, the pH of
the waste stream can increase which can encourage further minerals precipitation
and volatilization of N as ammonia
• Floating algal farming is an emerging nutrient removal/accumulation process from
waste streams.
• This approach may be most appropriate in coastal regions where nutrients are
discharged directly to ocean from agriculture activities
• The nutrient-rich algae can be processed with nutrient release techniques such as
anaerobic digestion or thermochemical methods, or may be used directly as an
animal feed or a fertilizer
15. Liquid–Liquid Extraction
• Liquid–liquid extraction is a method of separating compounds based on relative
solubility in two immiscible liquids, and can be used to recover soluble nutrients
• In this process, an extractant is dissolved in an organic phase. This organic phase
with extractant is brought into contact with the waste which causes a transfer of
nutrients into the organic phase until equilibrium is reached with the aqueous
(wastewater) phase
• The organic phase laden with nutrients is then brought into contact with another
secondary aqueous phase at conditions where the nutrients are highly soluble in
the secondary aqueous phase
• A mixture of kerosene (organic phase) and benzyldimethylamine (extractant) in a
2:1 ratio worked best for phosphate extraction, and that combined use with 6.0 M
sulfuric acid as the secondary aqueous phase provided a high P recovery of >93%
17. Plant Accumulation
• In this system, nutrients accumulate as plants grow on the water surface, creating
anaerobic conditions in the surrounding water
• The anaerobic conditions drive digestion reactions where organic matter is metabolized to
produce nutrients that can then be further accumulated by the plants
• These plants, however, must be routinely harvested to ensure that the accumulated
nutrients are not recycled.
• Free-floating plants have a higher capacity for nutrient accumulation as they grow on the
surface of the water and the roots are kept suspended in the water column to allow
accumulation of the nutrients
• Water hyacinths (Eichhornia crassipes), duckweeds (Lemna minor, Landoltia Punctata, and
Spirodela polyrrhiza) can tolerate high-nutrient loads and have a high-nutrient removal
capacity
18. Membrane Filtration
• Microfiltration (MF), ultrafiltration (UF), nanofiltration (NF), and reverse osmosis
(RO) are all membrane processes which selectively separate constituents from
waste.
• Nutrients in particulate form >0.1 µm in size (suitable for MF or UF) or in soluble
form (suitable for NF or RO) can be selectively removed
• The membrane module configurations can be hollow fiber, flat sheet, tubular, or
spiral wound.
• The waste stream volumes can be reduced by 4–6 times (concentrate with
nutrients is 25–16% of the original volume), while retaining all nutrients and may
be suitable for irrigation or subsequent recovery processes
• The retention of ammonium and nitrate by NF and RO membranes is >80% and it
improves with reduction in pH
• Disadvantages are mainly the high energy costs involved in membrane filtration
as well as accumulation of unwanted contaminants and salts, which generally
render concentrate unsuitable for direct reuse.
20. Magnetic Separation
In this approach, soluble nutrients are accumulated from the waste stream by
employing adsorption to a carrier material that has magnetic properties.
• The nutrients-laden carrier material can be recovered by capturing the magnetic
particles with a magnetic field in high gradient magnetic separators
(HGMS)
• The magnetic carrier can be regenerated via chemical release techniques & this
process can simultaneously recover soluble N, P, or K from waste streams using
specific adsorbents
The magnetic carriers commonly used are
magnetite, zirconium ferrate, carbonyl iron,
and iron oxide.
23. Biological Release
• Anaerobic digestion is the most commonly used process for stabilization of
wastes, organic solids destruction, pathogen destruction, and energy recovery
from wastes in the form of biomethane.
• The digestion process facilitates the release of nutrients from the biodegradable
fraction of the waste. Organic N is converted into ammonium and organic P is
hydrolyzed to soluble P.
• The optimum operating temperature for anaerobic digestion is 35–40°C for
mesophilic bacteria and 55–60°C for thermophilic bacteria. The optimum pH is in
the range of 6.5–7.5.
• Released nutrients are soluble and tend to form inorganic compounds or adsorb
onto solid surfaces in the digestate.
• The soluble P content in most municipally digested wastes range from 50 to 500
mg /L and N is often five times higher than soluble P.
24. Thermo-chemical Stabilization and Chemical
Release
• Thermochemical processes like thermal hydrolysis, wet oxidation, incineration,
gasification, and pyrolysis can greatly reduce the bulk volume of wastes by
destroying a large proportion of the carbon.
• The char/ash/oil that is produced from the thermochemical processes retains
most P and K, but N is lost in the gas stream.
• Wet oxidation is carried out at moderate temperatures (180–315°C), and at high
pressures of 2–15 MPa. Metals are oxidized to their highest valency and P to P2O5.
• Incineration and gasification occurs in the presence of excess oxygen above 800
°C, while pyrolysis operates under a limited supply of oxygen and at relatively low
temperatures .
• The solid by-products (ash/char) from thermochemical treatment can be further
processed thermally in the presence of chloride salts, which convert heavy metals
into heavy metal chlorides to be vaporized and removed from the char/ash.
25. • Chemical extraction involves the addition of acids or bases to char, digester
reject, solid waste, or waste streams, at moderate temperatures and/or
pressures to release nutrients into a leachate
• The chemical extractants typically used are inorganic acids (H2SO4, HCl,
HNO3), organic acids (citric and oxalic acids), inorganic chemicals (e.g., ferric
chloride solution), and chelating agents (e.g., EDTA)
• The Seaborne, Sesal-Phos, Biocon, Sephos, Pasch, Stuttgarter Verfahren,
and Loprox/Phoxnan processes dissolve nutrients and heavy metals using
acids at a pH below 3, while the Kreprco and Aquareci processes are
operated at high temperatures (>100 ◦C) and pressures (>5 bar) for nutrient
dissolution.
• The dissolved ions (nutrients and heavy metals) are subsequently separated
by crystallization (Seaborne, Stuttgarter Verfahren, Sephos, Sesal-Phos, and
Krepco), membranes (Loprox/Phoxnan), solvent extraction (Pasch), or ion-
exchange (Biocon)
26. Bioleaching/Extraction
• Bioleaching is a release technology that relies on the solubilization of nutrients
and heavy metals from solid substrates either directly by the metabolism of
leaching microorganisms or indirectly by the products of metabolism
• Microorganisms with potential for bioleaching activity include mesophiles such
as Acidithiobacillus thiooxidans and Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans; thermophiles
such as Sulfobacillus thermosulfidoxidans; and heterotrophic microbes such as
Acetobacter, Acidophilum, Fusarium, Penicillium, and Aspergillus
• These organisms survive acidic environments and carry out oxidation of
insoluble iron and sulfur compounds, causing the low pH and the
release/solubilizing of previously complexed nutrients and heavy metals.
• For bioleaching of nutrients from sewage sludge, phosphate rock, and ash,
different energy sources such as FeSO4, FeS2, and elemental sulfur have been
provided to a mesophilic mixture containing At. ferrooxidans and At. thiooxidans
strains
27. NUTRIENT EXTRACTION AND RECOVERY
TECHNOLOGIES
Chemical Precipitation/Crystallization
Gas-Permeable Membrane and Absorption
Liquid–Gas Stripping
Electrodialysis (ED)
28. Chemical Precipitation/Crystallization
• Chemical precipitation via crystallization is a phase change process that converts
previously dissolved components into a particulate, inorganic compound, for
separation from the liquid bulk.
• Supersaturated conditions are created in the waste streams through a change in
temperature, pH, and/or by the addition of metal ions.
• Struvite (MgNH4PO4·6H2O) crystallization is a well-known example of this
technique being applied to simultaneously recover N and P from nutrient-rich
water.
• Chemical precipitation can remove 80–90% of soluble phosphates and 20–30% of
soluble ammonia from the waste streams.
• Since struvite has a specific gravity of 1.7, the crystals can be readily separated
from the liquid bulk by gravity settling, by mechanical separation (filter press) or
by the use of an integrated crystallization and separation process.
• Alternative products like calcium phosphate, magnesium potassium phosphate,
or iron phosphate can be produced in a similar manner.
29.
30. Gas-Permeable Membrane and Absorption
• Gas-permeable membranes can be used to recover N as ammonia from the liquid
phase
• In this process, ammonia is transferred by convection and diffusion from the
liquid stream across a membrane. Ammonia volatilizes through a hydrophobic
membrane and is either condensed or absorbed into an acidic solution
• Following ammonia recovery via membrane concentration, acids such as sulfuric
acid are used to recover ammonium as ammonium sulfate
• The membranes in this process are typically hydrophobic and may be comprised
of silica, ceramic, polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF), polypropylene (PP),
polytetrafluorethylene (PTFE), or polymer composites
• Membranes can be constructed in different configurations including hollow fiber,
tubular flat sheet, and spiral wound cylinders and can be used in submerged or
external configurations.
32. Liquid–Gas Stripping
• Gas stripping is a physiochemical process that involves the mass transfer of
ammonia from the liquid phase to the gas phase.
• This transfer is accomplished by contacting the dissolved ammonia with an
extractant gas (usually air) and is mainly applicable to situations where the
effluent has a relatively high ammonia concentration.
• As with gas-permeable separation, air stripping usually requires an elevated
temperature (>80 ◦C) and pH (>9.5) to increase the proportion of free ammonia in
the treated waste streams and in this way decrease the amount of air required.
• Recovery of the stripped ammonia occurs via condensation, absorption, or
oxidation to produce a concentrated fertilizer product.
• The main challenges to implementing this technology are the relatively high
operating cost per unit volume.
33. Electrodialysis (ED)
• ED is an extraction technology which selectively separates anions and cations
across an ion-exchange membrane, driven by an applied electrical field between
electrodes.
• Cationic species (K+ and NH4 +) move toward the cathode passing through
cation-exchange membranes (CEM) which allow only positively charged species.
• Anions (e.g., PO4 3−) move toward the anode passing through anion exchange
membranes (AEM) which allow only negatively charged species.
• ED cells can contain up to several pairs of AEMs and CEMs arranged alternately
between the electrodes.
• ED has the potential to recover all nutrients but is most applicable for N and K, as
P can be effectively removed using other lower cost methods.
• ED is also considered to be appropriate for recovering ions from nutrient streams
at low nutrient concentrations (below 2000 mg L−1 ) and in fact low nutrient
concentrations are preferred due to a lower potential for membrane fouling or
scale formation.
34. CONCLUSION
There is a need to further develop technologies for nitrogen and
potassium recovery and to integrate accumulation–release–extraction technologies to
improve nutrient recovery efficiency.
There is a need to apply, demonstrate, and prove the more recent and innovative
technologies to move these beyond their current infancy.
There is a need to investigate and develop agriculture application of the recovered
nutrient products.
These advancements will reduce waterway and air pollution by redirecting nutrients from
waste into recovered nutrient products that provides a long-term sustainable supply of
nutrients and helps buffer nutrient price rises in the future.
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