Biogas is an environmentally-friendly, renewable energy source. It's produced when organic matter, such as food or animal waste, is broken down by microorganisms in the absence of oxygen, in a process called anaerobic digestion.
The heap technique for biological soil treatment is an ex situ technology, that is, the contaminated soil is excavated and separated from the uncontaminated material.
Bioremediation uses microorganisms to degrade contaminants in soil and water. It is more cost effective than other remediation methods like incineration. There are three main techniques - in situ treats contamination on site, ex situ treats excavated material on or off site, and ex situ slurry treats soil-water mixtures in bioreactors or ponds. Specific in situ methods include land farming, bioventing, biosparging, and bioaugmentation which introduce oxygen and nutrients to stimulate microbes. Ex situ methods are composting, biopiles, and bioreactors which accelerate degradation through aeration and temperature/nutrient control.
Bioremediation uses microorganisms to degrade contaminants in soil and water. It is more cost effective than other remediation methods like incineration. There are three main techniques - in situ treats contamination on site, ex situ treats excavated material on or off site, and ex situ slurry treats soil-water mixtures in bioreactors or ponds. Specific in situ methods include land farming, bioventing, biosparging, and bioaugmentation which introduce oxygen and nutrients to stimulate microbes. Ex situ methods are composting, biopiles, and bioreactors which accelerate degradation through aeration and temperature/nutrient control.
In-Situ Bioremediation for Contaminated SoilMonisha Alam
This document outlines in-situ bioremediation, which uses microorganisms to break down contaminants in place at contaminated sites. It describes the process of bioremediation and various methods like biostimulation, bioaugmentation, bioventing, and phytoremediation. The advantages are that it is low-cost and combines with other technologies, while disadvantages include long treatment times and potential increased contaminant mobility. Factors like soil and contaminant properties, nutrients, temperature, and oxygen levels must be suitable for bioremediation to be applicable. A case study highlights successful bioremediation of BTEX at a gas plant site in Alberta, Canada.
Dr. S. VIJAYA BHASKAR discusses biomethanation and biogas production. Biomethanation is the process where anaerobic bacteria break down organic materials like cow dung and agricultural/municipal waste to produce biogas, a mixture of methane and carbon dioxide. There are two main types of biogas plants - fixed dome plants with a non-movable gas holder, and floating drum plants with a movable gas holder. Biogas can be used for cooking, electricity production, and as a vehicle fuel after removing impurities like carbon dioxide and hydrogen sulfide. The document provides details on the multi-step anaerobic digestion process and substrates used to produce biogas.
Bioremediation of soil contaminated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbonRizwan Ullah
This document discusses bioremediation techniques for soil contaminated with polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). It describes PAHs and their natural and anthropogenic sources. The most commonly used bioremediation techniques for PAHs are described as land farming, bioreactors, phytoremediation, and rhizoremediation. Land farming and bioreactors place contaminated soil in prepared beds where conditions are optimized for microbial degradation of PAHs. Bioreactors allow for enhanced control of bioremediation conditions compared to land farming.
The document discusses using Effective Microorganism (EM) technology for solid waste management. EM is a mixture of beneficial microbes that can break down organic waste naturally. Applying EM to solid waste provides several benefits - it reduces odor and fly populations, produces high-quality compost, protects the environment and workers' health, and can be implemented at low cost. EM is a sustainable and eco-friendly approach to solid waste treatment and management.
Use of biotechnology in the treatment of municipal wastes and hazardousindust...Sijo A
Industrial waste water is a type of waste water produced by industrial activity, such as that of factories, mills and mines.
It is characterised by its large volume, high temperature, high concentration of biodegradable organic matter and suspended solids, high alkanity or acidity and by variations of flow.
The treatment of wastes by micro-organisms is called biological waste treatment.
The heap technique for biological soil treatment is an ex situ technology, that is, the contaminated soil is excavated and separated from the uncontaminated material.
Bioremediation uses microorganisms to degrade contaminants in soil and water. It is more cost effective than other remediation methods like incineration. There are three main techniques - in situ treats contamination on site, ex situ treats excavated material on or off site, and ex situ slurry treats soil-water mixtures in bioreactors or ponds. Specific in situ methods include land farming, bioventing, biosparging, and bioaugmentation which introduce oxygen and nutrients to stimulate microbes. Ex situ methods are composting, biopiles, and bioreactors which accelerate degradation through aeration and temperature/nutrient control.
Bioremediation uses microorganisms to degrade contaminants in soil and water. It is more cost effective than other remediation methods like incineration. There are three main techniques - in situ treats contamination on site, ex situ treats excavated material on or off site, and ex situ slurry treats soil-water mixtures in bioreactors or ponds. Specific in situ methods include land farming, bioventing, biosparging, and bioaugmentation which introduce oxygen and nutrients to stimulate microbes. Ex situ methods are composting, biopiles, and bioreactors which accelerate degradation through aeration and temperature/nutrient control.
In-Situ Bioremediation for Contaminated SoilMonisha Alam
This document outlines in-situ bioremediation, which uses microorganisms to break down contaminants in place at contaminated sites. It describes the process of bioremediation and various methods like biostimulation, bioaugmentation, bioventing, and phytoremediation. The advantages are that it is low-cost and combines with other technologies, while disadvantages include long treatment times and potential increased contaminant mobility. Factors like soil and contaminant properties, nutrients, temperature, and oxygen levels must be suitable for bioremediation to be applicable. A case study highlights successful bioremediation of BTEX at a gas plant site in Alberta, Canada.
Dr. S. VIJAYA BHASKAR discusses biomethanation and biogas production. Biomethanation is the process where anaerobic bacteria break down organic materials like cow dung and agricultural/municipal waste to produce biogas, a mixture of methane and carbon dioxide. There are two main types of biogas plants - fixed dome plants with a non-movable gas holder, and floating drum plants with a movable gas holder. Biogas can be used for cooking, electricity production, and as a vehicle fuel after removing impurities like carbon dioxide and hydrogen sulfide. The document provides details on the multi-step anaerobic digestion process and substrates used to produce biogas.
Bioremediation of soil contaminated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbonRizwan Ullah
This document discusses bioremediation techniques for soil contaminated with polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). It describes PAHs and their natural and anthropogenic sources. The most commonly used bioremediation techniques for PAHs are described as land farming, bioreactors, phytoremediation, and rhizoremediation. Land farming and bioreactors place contaminated soil in prepared beds where conditions are optimized for microbial degradation of PAHs. Bioreactors allow for enhanced control of bioremediation conditions compared to land farming.
The document discusses using Effective Microorganism (EM) technology for solid waste management. EM is a mixture of beneficial microbes that can break down organic waste naturally. Applying EM to solid waste provides several benefits - it reduces odor and fly populations, produces high-quality compost, protects the environment and workers' health, and can be implemented at low cost. EM is a sustainable and eco-friendly approach to solid waste treatment and management.
Use of biotechnology in the treatment of municipal wastes and hazardousindust...Sijo A
Industrial waste water is a type of waste water produced by industrial activity, such as that of factories, mills and mines.
It is characterised by its large volume, high temperature, high concentration of biodegradable organic matter and suspended solids, high alkanity or acidity and by variations of flow.
The treatment of wastes by micro-organisms is called biological waste treatment.
microbial degradation in waste managementpgayatrinaidu
What is Waste? Types of Waste
What is untreated waste?
Why do we need to treat waste?
Effects of untreated waste on environment
Methods of waste treatment
What is Microbial Degradation?
Types of microbial degradation
Role of microbial degradation in waste management
Bioremediation uses living organisms such as bacteria and fungi to degrade environmental contaminants into less toxic forms. There are two main types - in situ bioremediation, which treats contaminants where they are found, and ex situ, which treats extracted soil and water. Common in situ techniques include bioventing, biosparging and monitored natural attenuation. Ex situ approaches involve land farming, composting and biopiles. The effectiveness depends on the microbes present, environmental conditions and contaminant properties.
This document is a seminar paper on composting presented by Sourabh M. Kulkarni. It includes an introduction to composting, a brief history of composting, and an index of topics to be covered. The paper will discuss the microbiology and chemical and physical processes involved in composting, including the roles of bacteria, temperature, moisture, nutrients and aeration. It will also address pathogen destruction during composting and methods and steps in the composting process.
•Introduction of bioremediation: Bioremediation refers to the process of using microorganisms to remove the environmental pollutants i.e. toxic wastes found in soil, water, air etc.
•In situ bioremediation:
It involves a direct approach for the microbial
degradation of xenobiotics at the sites of pollution
(soil, ground water).
•Types of in situ bioremediation:
Natural attenuation.
Engineered in situ bioremediation.
- Bioventing, biosparging, bioslurping,
phytoremediation.
•Ex situ bioremediation:
Waste or toxic pollutants can be collected from the polluted sites and bioremediation can be carried out at a designated place or site.
• Types of ex situ bioremediation
Land farming, windrow, biopiles, bioreactors.
•Microorganisms use in bioremediation:
A number of naturally occurring marine microbes
such as Pseudomonas sp. is capable of degrading oil and other hydrocarbons.
•Factors affecting bioremediation:
Nutrient availability, moisture content, pH, temperature, contaminant availability.
•References:
Satyanarayana U. Biotechnology. BOOKS AND ALLIED (P) Ltd.
Sharma P.D. Environmental Microbiology. RASTOGI PUBLICATIONS.
Gupta P.K. Biotechnology and Genomics. RASTOGI PUBLICATIONS.
Dubey R.C. A Textbook of Biotechnology. S Chand And Company Ltd.
Dubey R.C. A Textbook of Microbiology. S Chand And Company Ltd.
Willey/Sherwood/Woolverton. Prescott’s Microbiology. McGRAW-HILL INTERNATIONAL EDITION.
www.sciencedirect.com/bioremediation.
Bioremediation uses microorganisms to break down hazardous substances into less toxic forms. There are two main techniques: in-situ treats contaminated soil and groundwater in place without excavation, while ex-situ excavates soil prior to treatment using methods like biopiles, bioreactors, land farming, and windrows that optimize conditions for microorganisms. The document discusses various enhanced bioremediation methods for both in-situ and ex-situ treatment.
Bioleaching, or microbial ore leaching, is a process used to extract metals from their ores using bacterial micro-organisms.
The bacteria feed on nutrients in the minerals, causing the metal to separate from its ore.
The document discusses home composting as a way to reduce organic waste sent to landfills. It describes the optimal conditions for composting, including maintaining temperatures between 43-65°C, a carbon to nitrogen ratio of 30:1, moisture content between 40-65%, and adequate aeration. Bin composting systems are recommended for homes as they provide temperature control and reduce odors.
This document discusses remediation of oil contaminated sites. It begins by outlining various sources of land and water contamination including oil spills, industrial activities, and agriculture. The effects of oil contamination include environmental damage, health impacts, and agricultural effects. The document then examines several remediation techniques including physicochemical methods like soil washing, soil vapor extraction and solidification/stabilization. Thermal methods such as thermal desorption and incineration and biological techniques including bioremediation, land farming and phytoremediation are also discussed. Key factors to consider when selecting a remediation method include site characteristics, soil properties, and contaminant type and concentration. In conclusion, the document emphasizes the importance of preventing sp
This document discusses in situ soil vapor extraction (SVE) for remediating volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in the vadose zone. SVE works by placing extraction wells around contaminated soil to induce airflow and evaporate VOCs from the soil into the wells. Key factors that influence SVE's effectiveness include soil properties like permeability, porosity, and moisture content. The document also introduces in situ air sparging, which injects air below the water table to strip and transport contaminants upward for collection by SVE. Both techniques are cost-effective for treating VOCs but require consideration of soil characteristics and monitoring to prevent contaminant migration.
The document summarizes a pilot-scale study on ex-situ bioremediation of chlorobenzenes in contaminated soil. Three 6 m3 soil cells were treated with varying amounts (0-35%) of organic amendments and nutrients to stimulate native microorganisms. Over 2-3 weeks, approximately 90% of dichlorobenzene was removed from soils, with residual levels below detection limits. Laboratory tests confirmed the presence of microorganisms capable of mineralizing chlorobenzenes in the treated soils. The study demonstrates that vented ex-situ biotreatment can effectively remove chlorobenzenes through biodegradation without excessive losses from volatilization.
The document discusses various methods for remediating contaminated land, including conventional methods and bioremediation. Conventional methods are very expensive, involve transporting hazardous materials, and do not destroy contaminants. Bioremediation uses natural biological processes and is a potentially better approach. It can destroy or immobilize contaminants on-site inexpensively using microorganisms and plants. The document outlines different types of bioremediation including in situ and ex situ techniques like bioaugmentation, phytoremediation, and rhizofiltration that use microbes and plants to remediate contamination.
Phytoremediation is the direct use of living green plants for in situ, or in place, removal, degradation, or containment of contaminants in soils, sludges, sediments, surface water and groundwater. Phytoremediation is: A low cost, solar energy driven cleanup technique.
Biotechnology in Industrial Waste water Treatmentshuaibumusa2012
This document discusses biotechnology in industrial wastewater treatment. It provides an overview of industrial wastewater characteristics and various treatment technologies including primary, secondary, and tertiary treatment. Secondary treatment includes anaerobic and aerobic processes like trickling filters, activated sludge, and oxidation ponds. Bioremediation uses microorganisms to degrade pollutants and can be done on-site (in situ) or by removing contaminated material (ex situ). Factors like microorganisms, temperature, pH, nutrients influence bioremediation effectiveness. The document concludes that bioremediation is an effective wastewater treatment approach when proper conditions are maintained.
This document discusses the roles of microbes in bioremediation. It defines bioremediation as using microorganisms such as bacteria and fungi to degrade contaminants in soils, groundwater, and sediments. The key factors that affect microbial bioremediation are discussed, including the microbial population, oxygen, water, nutrients, temperature, and pH. Different types of bioremediation techniques are described, as well as examples of bioremediation applications in soils, groundwater, marine oil spills, and air pollution control.
The document discusses the process of anaerobic sludge digestion, which involves microorganisms breaking down organic matter in sludge into biogas consisting of methane and carbon dioxide. It describes the two-stage anaerobic digestion process, where acid-forming bacteria first convert organic material into organic acids in stage one, and methane-forming bacteria then use the organic acids to produce methane and carbon dioxide in stage two. Key factors that must be controlled for effective anaerobic digestion include temperature, pH, volatile acids levels, bacteria quantities, loading amounts, and mixing to ensure contact between bacteria and food sources.
This document discusses bioremediation, which uses microorganisms like bacteria and fungi to degrade environmental pollutants. It defines bioremediation and describes how it works by stimulating existing microbes or adding specialized microbes. The key factors for effective bioremediation like nutrients, water, oxygen and temperature are outlined. In-situ and ex-situ bioremediation methods are compared, and applications to treat soil, groundwater, marine spills and air are reviewed. Advantages like low cost are balanced with longer timescales. Related technologies like phytoremediation and bioventing are also mentioned.
This document discusses compost production from urban waste. It defines compost as organic matter that has been biologically decomposed and stabilized through heat generation to benefit plant growth. Urban areas generate large amounts of waste daily, which contains organic material that can be used to produce compost. The process involves collecting, transporting, and segregating waste, then arranging it into windrows for microbial decomposition. Turning, nutrient addition, screening, and storage produce a final compost product. However, urban waste composting presents challenges like waste quantities, pathogen removal, and high costs.
This document provides an overview of biocomposting. It describes the three phases of composting (mesophilic, thermophilic, and curing), the key organisms involved (bacteria, actinomycetes, fungi, earthworms), materials used, and common composting methods like the Indore and Bangalore approaches. The benefits of composting are highlighted as improving soil quality by adding nutrients, improving soil structure, and enabling plant growth. In conclusion, composting is presented as an economically and environmentally sound waste management process.
Anaerobic digestion is a process where microorganisms break down biodegradable material in the absence of oxygen to produce biogas, a clean and efficient fuel composed primarily of methane. There are two main types of biogas plants - fixed dome and floating gas holder. Both use biomass and water inputs and anaerobic digestion to produce biogas, which can then be used for electricity, heat, transportation fuel or grid injection. Biogas is a renewable and carbon-neutral energy source that provides environmental benefits over fossil fuels while generating nutrient-rich fertilizer as a byproduct.
Clean, efficient source of renewable energy (1)
Made from organic waste
Produces methane
Anaerobic digestion (2)
Replaces non-renewable energy
Digested in an airtight container
microbial degradation in waste managementpgayatrinaidu
What is Waste? Types of Waste
What is untreated waste?
Why do we need to treat waste?
Effects of untreated waste on environment
Methods of waste treatment
What is Microbial Degradation?
Types of microbial degradation
Role of microbial degradation in waste management
Bioremediation uses living organisms such as bacteria and fungi to degrade environmental contaminants into less toxic forms. There are two main types - in situ bioremediation, which treats contaminants where they are found, and ex situ, which treats extracted soil and water. Common in situ techniques include bioventing, biosparging and monitored natural attenuation. Ex situ approaches involve land farming, composting and biopiles. The effectiveness depends on the microbes present, environmental conditions and contaminant properties.
This document is a seminar paper on composting presented by Sourabh M. Kulkarni. It includes an introduction to composting, a brief history of composting, and an index of topics to be covered. The paper will discuss the microbiology and chemical and physical processes involved in composting, including the roles of bacteria, temperature, moisture, nutrients and aeration. It will also address pathogen destruction during composting and methods and steps in the composting process.
•Introduction of bioremediation: Bioremediation refers to the process of using microorganisms to remove the environmental pollutants i.e. toxic wastes found in soil, water, air etc.
•In situ bioremediation:
It involves a direct approach for the microbial
degradation of xenobiotics at the sites of pollution
(soil, ground water).
•Types of in situ bioremediation:
Natural attenuation.
Engineered in situ bioremediation.
- Bioventing, biosparging, bioslurping,
phytoremediation.
•Ex situ bioremediation:
Waste or toxic pollutants can be collected from the polluted sites and bioremediation can be carried out at a designated place or site.
• Types of ex situ bioremediation
Land farming, windrow, biopiles, bioreactors.
•Microorganisms use in bioremediation:
A number of naturally occurring marine microbes
such as Pseudomonas sp. is capable of degrading oil and other hydrocarbons.
•Factors affecting bioremediation:
Nutrient availability, moisture content, pH, temperature, contaminant availability.
•References:
Satyanarayana U. Biotechnology. BOOKS AND ALLIED (P) Ltd.
Sharma P.D. Environmental Microbiology. RASTOGI PUBLICATIONS.
Gupta P.K. Biotechnology and Genomics. RASTOGI PUBLICATIONS.
Dubey R.C. A Textbook of Biotechnology. S Chand And Company Ltd.
Dubey R.C. A Textbook of Microbiology. S Chand And Company Ltd.
Willey/Sherwood/Woolverton. Prescott’s Microbiology. McGRAW-HILL INTERNATIONAL EDITION.
www.sciencedirect.com/bioremediation.
Bioremediation uses microorganisms to break down hazardous substances into less toxic forms. There are two main techniques: in-situ treats contaminated soil and groundwater in place without excavation, while ex-situ excavates soil prior to treatment using methods like biopiles, bioreactors, land farming, and windrows that optimize conditions for microorganisms. The document discusses various enhanced bioremediation methods for both in-situ and ex-situ treatment.
Bioleaching, or microbial ore leaching, is a process used to extract metals from their ores using bacterial micro-organisms.
The bacteria feed on nutrients in the minerals, causing the metal to separate from its ore.
The document discusses home composting as a way to reduce organic waste sent to landfills. It describes the optimal conditions for composting, including maintaining temperatures between 43-65°C, a carbon to nitrogen ratio of 30:1, moisture content between 40-65%, and adequate aeration. Bin composting systems are recommended for homes as they provide temperature control and reduce odors.
This document discusses remediation of oil contaminated sites. It begins by outlining various sources of land and water contamination including oil spills, industrial activities, and agriculture. The effects of oil contamination include environmental damage, health impacts, and agricultural effects. The document then examines several remediation techniques including physicochemical methods like soil washing, soil vapor extraction and solidification/stabilization. Thermal methods such as thermal desorption and incineration and biological techniques including bioremediation, land farming and phytoremediation are also discussed. Key factors to consider when selecting a remediation method include site characteristics, soil properties, and contaminant type and concentration. In conclusion, the document emphasizes the importance of preventing sp
This document discusses in situ soil vapor extraction (SVE) for remediating volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in the vadose zone. SVE works by placing extraction wells around contaminated soil to induce airflow and evaporate VOCs from the soil into the wells. Key factors that influence SVE's effectiveness include soil properties like permeability, porosity, and moisture content. The document also introduces in situ air sparging, which injects air below the water table to strip and transport contaminants upward for collection by SVE. Both techniques are cost-effective for treating VOCs but require consideration of soil characteristics and monitoring to prevent contaminant migration.
The document summarizes a pilot-scale study on ex-situ bioremediation of chlorobenzenes in contaminated soil. Three 6 m3 soil cells were treated with varying amounts (0-35%) of organic amendments and nutrients to stimulate native microorganisms. Over 2-3 weeks, approximately 90% of dichlorobenzene was removed from soils, with residual levels below detection limits. Laboratory tests confirmed the presence of microorganisms capable of mineralizing chlorobenzenes in the treated soils. The study demonstrates that vented ex-situ biotreatment can effectively remove chlorobenzenes through biodegradation without excessive losses from volatilization.
The document discusses various methods for remediating contaminated land, including conventional methods and bioremediation. Conventional methods are very expensive, involve transporting hazardous materials, and do not destroy contaminants. Bioremediation uses natural biological processes and is a potentially better approach. It can destroy or immobilize contaminants on-site inexpensively using microorganisms and plants. The document outlines different types of bioremediation including in situ and ex situ techniques like bioaugmentation, phytoremediation, and rhizofiltration that use microbes and plants to remediate contamination.
Phytoremediation is the direct use of living green plants for in situ, or in place, removal, degradation, or containment of contaminants in soils, sludges, sediments, surface water and groundwater. Phytoremediation is: A low cost, solar energy driven cleanup technique.
Biotechnology in Industrial Waste water Treatmentshuaibumusa2012
This document discusses biotechnology in industrial wastewater treatment. It provides an overview of industrial wastewater characteristics and various treatment technologies including primary, secondary, and tertiary treatment. Secondary treatment includes anaerobic and aerobic processes like trickling filters, activated sludge, and oxidation ponds. Bioremediation uses microorganisms to degrade pollutants and can be done on-site (in situ) or by removing contaminated material (ex situ). Factors like microorganisms, temperature, pH, nutrients influence bioremediation effectiveness. The document concludes that bioremediation is an effective wastewater treatment approach when proper conditions are maintained.
This document discusses the roles of microbes in bioremediation. It defines bioremediation as using microorganisms such as bacteria and fungi to degrade contaminants in soils, groundwater, and sediments. The key factors that affect microbial bioremediation are discussed, including the microbial population, oxygen, water, nutrients, temperature, and pH. Different types of bioremediation techniques are described, as well as examples of bioremediation applications in soils, groundwater, marine oil spills, and air pollution control.
The document discusses the process of anaerobic sludge digestion, which involves microorganisms breaking down organic matter in sludge into biogas consisting of methane and carbon dioxide. It describes the two-stage anaerobic digestion process, where acid-forming bacteria first convert organic material into organic acids in stage one, and methane-forming bacteria then use the organic acids to produce methane and carbon dioxide in stage two. Key factors that must be controlled for effective anaerobic digestion include temperature, pH, volatile acids levels, bacteria quantities, loading amounts, and mixing to ensure contact between bacteria and food sources.
This document discusses bioremediation, which uses microorganisms like bacteria and fungi to degrade environmental pollutants. It defines bioremediation and describes how it works by stimulating existing microbes or adding specialized microbes. The key factors for effective bioremediation like nutrients, water, oxygen and temperature are outlined. In-situ and ex-situ bioremediation methods are compared, and applications to treat soil, groundwater, marine spills and air are reviewed. Advantages like low cost are balanced with longer timescales. Related technologies like phytoremediation and bioventing are also mentioned.
This document discusses compost production from urban waste. It defines compost as organic matter that has been biologically decomposed and stabilized through heat generation to benefit plant growth. Urban areas generate large amounts of waste daily, which contains organic material that can be used to produce compost. The process involves collecting, transporting, and segregating waste, then arranging it into windrows for microbial decomposition. Turning, nutrient addition, screening, and storage produce a final compost product. However, urban waste composting presents challenges like waste quantities, pathogen removal, and high costs.
This document provides an overview of biocomposting. It describes the three phases of composting (mesophilic, thermophilic, and curing), the key organisms involved (bacteria, actinomycetes, fungi, earthworms), materials used, and common composting methods like the Indore and Bangalore approaches. The benefits of composting are highlighted as improving soil quality by adding nutrients, improving soil structure, and enabling plant growth. In conclusion, composting is presented as an economically and environmentally sound waste management process.
Anaerobic digestion is a process where microorganisms break down biodegradable material in the absence of oxygen to produce biogas, a clean and efficient fuel composed primarily of methane. There are two main types of biogas plants - fixed dome and floating gas holder. Both use biomass and water inputs and anaerobic digestion to produce biogas, which can then be used for electricity, heat, transportation fuel or grid injection. Biogas is a renewable and carbon-neutral energy source that provides environmental benefits over fossil fuels while generating nutrient-rich fertilizer as a byproduct.
Clean, efficient source of renewable energy (1)
Made from organic waste
Produces methane
Anaerobic digestion (2)
Replaces non-renewable energy
Digested in an airtight container
Biogas is produced through the anaerobic digestion of biomass in biogas plants. There are two main types of biogas plants - fixed dome and floating gas holder. The fixed dome plant has a brick structure with five sections where biomass slurry decomposes underground, producing biogas. The floating gas holder plant uses an inverted steel drum above an underground digester to collect biogas as it is produced. Biogas is a renewable and clean energy source that can be used for cooking, electricity, vehicles and more. Widespread use of biogas could help reduce pollution and provide fertilizer.
Biogas is produced through the anaerobic digestion of biomass in biogas plants. There are two main types of biogas plants - fixed dome and floating gas holder. The fixed dome plant has a brick structure with five sections where biomass slurry decomposes underground, producing biogas. The floating gas holder plant uses an inverted steel drum above an underground digester to collect biogas as it is produced. Biogas is a renewable and clean energy source that can be used for cooking, electricity, vehicles and more. While biogas plants provide benefits, their initial costs are high and farmer households may not have enough biomass.
The document discusses biogas production through anaerobic digestion of biodegradable materials. It describes the process of biogas formation through hydrolysis, acid formation, and methane formation stages. The typical components of biogas are methane (50-70%), carbon dioxide (30-40%), and small amounts of other gases. Two common types of biogas plants are described - the floating drum type and fixed dome type. The floating drum type uses a movable steel gas holder, while the fixed dome type is made of brick and cement without moving parts. Biogas can be used as a renewable energy source for cooking, lighting, electricity generation, and more.
This document provides information about biogas, including its composition, production through fixed dome and floating gas holder biogas plants, advantages as a fuel, uses, and recent developments. Biogas is produced through anaerobic digestion of biomass like animal waste, plant waste, and food waste. It is composed primarily of methane and can be used as a clean fuel for cooking, lighting, electricity generation, and transportation. Fixed dome plants are simpler to construct but more expensive floating gas holder plants require less maintenance. Biogas is a renewable source of energy that can help reduce pollution and provide fertilizer.
Biogass ppt of renewable energy and green technologyMallikarjunBS2
The document discusses biogas production principles, types of biogas plants, and advantages. It begins by defining biogas as a mixture of gases produced during anaerobic digestion of organic matter. There are three main stages of biogas production: hydrolysis, acid formation, and methane formation by bacteria. Two main types of biogas plants are described - floating dome (KVIC) and fixed dome (Janata). The Janata type is cheaper to build and maintain than the KVIC type as it requires no steel components. The Deenbandhu model was subsequently developed to further reduce costs.
Biogas is produced through the anaerobic digestion of biomass such as animal waste, food waste, and human waste. There are two main types of biogas plants - the fixed dome type and the floating gas holder type. The fixed dome type is more inexpensive and easier to construct, while the floating gas holder type is more expensive but requires less maintenance. Biogas is a renewable and clean energy source that can be used as fuel for cooking, lighting, electricity generation, and transportation. Its production helps reduce pollution and provides nutrient-rich fertilizer.
This document provides information on two types of biogas plants - fixed dome and floating gas holder. It explains that biogas is produced through the anaerobic digestion of biomass in an airtight container. The fixed dome plant has a dome-shaped digester underground while the floating gas holder type uses an inverted steel drum above the digester that moves up as gas collects. Both allow for the production of biogas as a renewable fuel from organic waste.
This document provides information about biogas, including its production through anaerobic digestion, history of biogas use, types of biogas plants, their construction and working principles. It discusses the fixed dome and floating gas holder types of biogas plants. Advantages of biogas include being a renewable source of energy with high calorific value. Biogas plants help reduce environmental pollution while providing nutrient-rich manure. However, their initial installation cost is high and average farmers may not own enough cattle to adequately feed a biogas plant.
This document discusses biogas production from sewage through anaerobic digestion. It begins by defining biogas and its composition, primarily methane and carbon dioxide. It then outlines the advantages and disadvantages of biogas production. The document explains the biochemical reaction stages of anaerobic digestion: liquefaction, acid formation, and methane formation. It also discusses different modes of operation for digesters and types of digesters, including fixed dome, floating gas holder, plug flow, and attached growth digesters. Experimental results are presented on biogas production from municipal solid waste and sewage. The maximum biogas production occurred at an organic feeding rate of 2.9 kg of volatile solids per day.
Planning & Operating Electricty Network with Renewable Generation-4Power System Operation
This document provides information on biogas production using small-scale biodigesters. It discusses what biodigesters are, how they work, their basic designs, and applications. Biodigesters promote the decomposition of organic matter through anaerobic digestion to produce biogas, consisting mainly of methane and carbon dioxide. This biogas can be used for cooking, heating, electricity generation, and running vehicles. The document outlines the continuous-fed and batch-fed designs of biodigesters and explains their operation. It also describes bag and fixed dome biodigester systems and how biogas is applied in developing and developed countries.
This document provides information on biogas production using small-scale biodigesters. It discusses what biodigesters are, how they work, their basic designs, and applications. Biodigesters promote the decomposition of organic matter through anaerobic digestion to produce biogas, consisting mainly of methane and carbon dioxide. This biogas can be used for cooking, heating, electricity generation, and running vehicles. The document outlines the continuous-fed and batch-fed designs of biodigesters and explains their operation. It also describes bag and fixed dome biodigester systems.
This document discusses biogas production through anaerobic digestion. It notes that biogas is composed primarily of methane, carbon dioxide, and hydrogen sulfide and is produced from the breakdown of organic matter by microorganisms in the absence of oxygen. The document outlines the key steps in anaerobic digestion - hydrolysis, acidogenesis, acetogenesis, and methanogenesis - and the types of bacteria involved at each stage, culminating in the production of methane. It also discusses factors that influence methane production such as temperature, pH, nitrogen concentration, and carbon-to-nitrogen ratio.
This document discusses biogas technology and mechanisms. It describes how biogas is produced through the anaerobic digestion of biomass by microorganisms. This process occurs in three stages - hydrolysis, acid formation, and methane formation. It also outlines the components of biogas plants, including mixing tanks, digesters, and gas holders. Common types of biogas plants are described, along with factors that affect biogas production and applications of biogas.
The document discusses various topics related to biomass energy including:
- Types of biomass gasification such as pyrolysis, hydrolysis, hydrogenation, and gasification. Pyrolysis involves thermal decomposition of biomass in an inert atmosphere. Hydrolysis uses water to break chemical bonds. Hydrogenation treats substances with hydrogen gas.
- Gasification is a process that converts biomass into syngas (carbon monoxide and hydrogen) using heat in the absence of oxygen.
- Biodiesel production involves transesterification of vegetable oils or animal fats with methanol in the presence of a catalyst to produce biodiesel and glycerin.
- Biomass can be used to generate
This document provides an overview of biogas and biomass. It defines biogas as a mixture of gases produced from organic matter without oxygen, consisting primarily of methane and carbon dioxide. Biomass is plant or animal material used as fuel. There are two main types of biogas plants - the fixed dome type and floating gas holder type. The fixed dome type is more inexpensive and easy to construct, while the floating gas holder type is more expensive but requires less maintenance. The document discusses the construction, working, advantages and disadvantages of each type of biogas plant.
This document discusses biogas technology and biogas plants. It describes the KVIC and Deenabandhu model biogas plants, which are types of fixed dome digesters. The KVIC plant consists of a digester pit and separate gas holder. Factors that affect biogas plants and the types of biogas plants (continuous vs. batch), and components of biogas plants are also summarized.
Biodiesel is a renewable, biodegradable fuel manufactured domestically from vegetable oils, animal fats, or recycled restaurant grease. ... Biodiesel is a liquid fuel often referred to as B100 or neat biodiesel in its pure, unblended form. Like petroleum diesel, biodiesel is used to fuel compression-ignition engines.
Rhabdoviridae is a family of negative-strand RNA viruses in the order Mononegavirales. Vertebrates, invertebrates, and plants serve as natural hosts. Diseases associated with member viruses include rabies encephalitis caused by the rabies virus, and flu-like symptoms in humans caused by vesiculoviruses.
Methanogenesis or biomethanation is the formation of methane by microbes known as methanogens. Organisms capable of producing methane have been identified only from the domain Archaea, a group phylogenetically distinct from both eukaryotes and bacteria, although many live in close association with anaerobic bacteria.
Biomedical waste or hospital waste is any kind of waste containing infectious (or potentially infectious) materials. ... Waste sharps include potentially contaminated used (and unused discarded) needles, scalpels, lancets and other devices capable of penetrating skin.
Phytoremediation is defined as the use of higher plants for the cost-effective, environmentally friendly rehabilitation of soil and groundwater contaminated by toxic metals and organic compounds.
It is the process of synthesis of protein by encoding information on mRNA.
Protein synthesis requires mRNA, tRNA, aminoacids, ribosome and enzyme aminoacyl tRNA synthase
A trademark is a sign capable of distinguishing the goods or services of one enterprise from those of other enterprises. Trademarks are protected by intellectual property rights.
A trademark is a sign capable of distinguishing the goods or services of one enterprise from those of other enterprises. Trademarks are protected by intellectual property rights.
A trademark is a sign capable of distinguishing the goods or services of one enterprise from those of other enterprises. Trademarks are protected by intellectual property rights.
A trademark is a sign capable of distinguishing the goods or services of one enterprise from those of other enterprises. Trademarks are protected by intellectual property rights
The word Algorithm means “a process or set of rules to be followed in calculations or other problem-solving operations”.
flowchart is a type of diagram that represents an algorithm, workflow or process.
Ouchterlony double immunodiffusion (also known as passive double immunodiffusion) is an immunological technique used in the detection, identification and quantification of antibodies and antigens, such as immunoglobulins and extractable nuclear antigens.
A RIA is a very sensitive in vitro assay technique used to measure concentrations of substances, usually measuring antigen concentrations (for example, hormone levels in blood) by use of antibodies.
Eukaryotic transcription is the elaborate process that eukaryotic cells use to copy genetic information stored in DNA into units of transportable complementary RNA replica.
Frederick Griffith conducted experiments in 1928 using two strains of Streptococcus pneumoniae bacteria - R strain and S strain. The R strain was non-virulent while the S strain was virulent. Griffith found that when he injected a mixture of heat-killed S bacteria and live R bacteria into mice, the mice became sick, showing that something from the S bacteria had transformed the R bacteria. Later experiments by Avery, McCarty, and MacLeod in 1944 identified this transforming substance as DNA. Further experiments by Hershey and Chase in the 1950s using bacteriophage viruses provided more evidence that DNA, not protein, was the genetic material being transferred from viruses to bacteria to cause infection.
Post-transcriptional modifications are a set of processes that alter RNA transcripts following transcription to produce mature functional RNAs. These include adding a 5' cap, polyadenylating the 3' end with a poly-A tail, and splicing out introns. The cap protects the RNA from degradation and aids in nuclear export and translation. Polyadenylation and splicing make the RNA more stable and translatable. Splicing involves snRNPs that recognize splice sites and catalyze intron removal through transesterification reactions. Alternative splicing allows single genes to encode multiple proteins.
Transcription is the process by which the information in a strand of DNA is copied into a new molecule of messenger RNA (mRNA).Transcription is carried out by an enzyme called RNA polymerase and a number of accessory proteins called transcription factors.
Prokaryotes are organisms that consist of a single prokaryotic cell. Eukaryotic cells are found in plants, animals, fungi, and protists. They range from 10–100 μm in diameter, and their DNA is contained within a membrane-bound nucleus.Prokaryotes do not have membrane-enclosed nuclei. Therefore, the processes of transcription, translation, and mRNA degradation can all occur simultaneously.
Viruses are microscopic organisms that exist almost everywhere on earth. They can infect animals, plants, fungi, and even bacteria.Viruses vary in complexity. They consist of genetic material, RNA or DNA, surrounded by a coat of protein, lipid (fat), or glycoprotein. Viruses cannot replicate without a host, so they are classified as parasitic.They are considered the most abundant biological entity on the planet.
Here we discuss the general properties of viruses in detail.
There are three pathways of complement activation: the classical pathway, which is triggered directly by pathogen or indirectly by antibody binding to the pathogen surface; the MB-lectin pathway; and the alternative pathway, which also provides an amplification loop for the other two pathways
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LAND USE LAND COVER AND NDVI OF MIRZAPUR DISTRICT, UPRAHUL
This Dissertation explores the particular circumstances of Mirzapur, a region located in the
core of India. Mirzapur, with its varied terrains and abundant biodiversity, offers an optimal
environment for investigating the changes in vegetation cover dynamics. Our study utilizes
advanced technologies such as GIS (Geographic Information Systems) and Remote sensing to
analyze the transformations that have taken place over the course of a decade.
The complex relationship between human activities and the environment has been the focus
of extensive research and worry. As the global community grapples with swift urbanization,
population expansion, and economic progress, the effects on natural ecosystems are becoming
more evident. A crucial element of this impact is the alteration of vegetation cover, which plays a
significant role in maintaining the ecological equilibrium of our planet.Land serves as the foundation for all human activities and provides the necessary materials for
these activities. As the most crucial natural resource, its utilization by humans results in different
'Land uses,' which are determined by both human activities and the physical characteristics of the
land.
The utilization of land is impacted by human needs and environmental factors. In countries
like India, rapid population growth and the emphasis on extensive resource exploitation can lead
to significant land degradation, adversely affecting the region's land cover.
Therefore, human intervention has significantly influenced land use patterns over many
centuries, evolving its structure over time and space. In the present era, these changes have
accelerated due to factors such as agriculture and urbanization. Information regarding land use and
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providing crucial environmental data for scientific, resource management, policy purposes, and
diverse human activities.
Accurate understanding of land use and cover is imperative for the development planning
of any area. Consequently, a wide range of professionals, including earth system scientists, land
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changes, conversion trends, and other related patterns. The spatial dimensions of land use and
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Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems
9
Changes in vegetation cover refer to variations in the distribution, composition, and overall
structure of plant communities across different temporal and spatial scales. These changes can
occur natural.
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Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering.pptxDenish Jangid
Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering
Syllabus
Chapter-1
Introduction to objective, scope and outcome the subject
Chapter 2
Introduction: Scope and Specialization of Civil Engineering, Role of civil Engineer in Society, Impact of infrastructural development on economy of country.
Chapter 3
Surveying: Object Principles & Types of Surveying; Site Plans, Plans & Maps; Scales & Unit of different Measurements.
Linear Measurements: Instruments used. Linear Measurement by Tape, Ranging out Survey Lines and overcoming Obstructions; Measurements on sloping ground; Tape corrections, conventional symbols. Angular Measurements: Instruments used; Introduction to Compass Surveying, Bearings and Longitude & Latitude of a Line, Introduction to total station.
Levelling: Instrument used Object of levelling, Methods of levelling in brief, and Contour maps.
Chapter 4
Buildings: Selection of site for Buildings, Layout of Building Plan, Types of buildings, Plinth area, carpet area, floor space index, Introduction to building byelaws, concept of sun light & ventilation. Components of Buildings & their functions, Basic concept of R.C.C., Introduction to types of foundation
Chapter 5
Transportation: Introduction to Transportation Engineering; Traffic and Road Safety: Types and Characteristics of Various Modes of Transportation; Various Road Traffic Signs, Causes of Accidents and Road Safety Measures.
Chapter 6
Environmental Engineering: Environmental Pollution, Environmental Acts and Regulations, Functional Concepts of Ecology, Basics of Species, Biodiversity, Ecosystem, Hydrological Cycle; Chemical Cycles: Carbon, Nitrogen & Phosphorus; Energy Flow in Ecosystems.
Water Pollution: Water Quality standards, Introduction to Treatment & Disposal of Waste Water. Reuse and Saving of Water, Rain Water Harvesting. Solid Waste Management: Classification of Solid Waste, Collection, Transportation and Disposal of Solid. Recycling of Solid Waste: Energy Recovery, Sanitary Landfill, On-Site Sanitation. Air & Noise Pollution: Primary and Secondary air pollutants, Harmful effects of Air Pollution, Control of Air Pollution. . Noise Pollution Harmful Effects of noise pollution, control of noise pollution, Global warming & Climate Change, Ozone depletion, Greenhouse effect
Text Books:
1. Palancharmy, Basic Civil Engineering, McGraw Hill publishers.
2. Satheesh Gopi, Basic Civil Engineering, Pearson Publishers.
3. Ketki Rangwala Dalal, Essentials of Civil Engineering, Charotar Publishing House.
4. BCP, Surveying volume 1
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2. • Biogas is a type of biofuel that is naturally produced from the
decomposition of organic waste.
• When organic matter, such as food scraps and animal waste, break
down in an anaerobic environment (an environment absent of oxygen)
they release a blend of gases, primarily methane and carbon dioxide.
• Because this decomposition happens in an anaerobic environment, the
process of producing biogas is also known as anaerobic digestion.
3. • Biogas is known as an environmentally-friendly energy source because it
alleviates two major environmental problems simultaneously.
• The global waste epidemic that releases dangerous levels of methane gas
every day.
• The reliance on fossil fuel energy to meet global energy demand.
• Due to the high content of methane in biogas (typically 50-75%) biogas
is flammable, and therefore produces a deep blue flame, and can be used
as an energy source.
4. • Biogas generation recovers waste materials that would otherwise pollute
landfills; prevents the use of toxic chemicals in sewage treatment plants,
and saves money, energy, and material by treating waste on-site.
• Biogas is one of the most widely used alternative sources for
the production of renewable energy.
• In India, it is also known as "Gobar Gas".
• It is the result of the decomposition in the absence of oxygen (a process
called anaerobic digestion) of various organic substances, by a large
amount of bacteria.
• Biogas has a high calorific value and can be converted into electricity
and heat. The fermentation remains is called digestate, which is a
completely odourless liquid material with high agronomic value, with
improved features compared to the starting material.
5. Typical composition of biogas
Compound Formula %
Methane
CH
4
50–75
Carbon dioxide
CO
2
25–50
Nitrogen
N
2
0–10
Hydrogen
H
2
0–1
Hydrogen sulfide
H
2S
0.1 –0.5
Oxygen
O
2
0–0.5
6. • To produce biogas, organic matter ferments with the help of bacterial
communities. Four stages of fermentation move the organic material from
their initial composition into their biogas state
• The first stage of the digestion process is the hydrolysis stage. In the
hydrolysis stage insoluble organic polymers (such as carbohydrates) are
broken down, making it accessible to the next stage of bacteria called
acidogenic bacteria.
• The acideogenic bacteria convert sugars and amino acids into carbon
dioxide, hydrogen, ammonia, and organic acids.
• At the third stage the acetogenic bacteria convert the organic acids into
acetic acid, hydrogen, ammonia, and carbon dioxide, allowing for the final
stage- the methanogens
• The methanogens convert these final components into methane and
carbon dioxide- which can then be used as a flammable, green energy
7.
8. RAW MATERIALS
• Industrial and food processing waste:these arise from sugar, potato,
vegetable and fruit processing, brewery and distillery wastes, and
whey from cheese production.
• Animal excreta and agricultural wastes:these are solid wastes rich
on cellulose and lignocelluloses.
• Agricultural biomass like straw, bagasse, etc. show poor digestibility
and often high C : N ratio.
• Domestic and municipal wastes:these are in the form of solid wastes
and sewage respectively
9. CONSTRUCTION
• The biogas plant is a brick and cement structure having the following
five sections:
• Mixing tank present above the ground level.
• Inlet tank: The mixing tank opens underground into a sloping inlet
chamber.
• Digester: The inlet chamber opens from below into the digester which
is a huge tank with a dome like ceiling. The ceiling of the digester has
an outlet with a valve for the supply of biogas.
• Outlet tank: The digester opens from below into an outlet chamber.
• Overflow tank: The outlet chamber opens from the top into a small
over flow tank.
10. FIXED DOME TYPE BIOGAS PLANT
• The various forms of biomass are mixed with an equal quantity of water
in the mixing tank. This forms the slurry.
• The slurry is fed into the digester through the inlet chamber.
• When the digester is partially filled with the slurry, the introduction of
slurry is stopped and the plant is left unused for about two months.During
these two months, anaerobic bacteria present in the slurry decomposes or
ferments the biomass in the presence of water.
• As a result of anaerobic fermentation, biogas is formed, which starts
collecting in the dome of the digester.
11. • As more and more biogas starts collecting, the pressure exerted by the
biogas forces the spent slurry into the outlet chamber.
• From the outlet chamber, the spent slurry overflows into the overflow
tank.
• The spent slurry is manually removed from the overflow tank and used as
manure for plants.
• The gas valve connected to a system of pipelines is opened when a
supply of biogas is required.
• To obtain a continuous supply of biogas, a functioning plant can be fed
continuously with the prepared slurry
12. ADVANTAGES OF FIXED DOME TYPE OF BIOGAS PLANT
• Requires only locally and easily available materials for construction.
• Inexpensive.
• Easy to construct.
14. WORKING
• Slurry (mixture of equal quantities of biomass and water) is prepared
in the mixing tank.
• The prepared slurry is fed into the inlet chamber of the digester
through the inlet pipe.
• The plant is left unused for about two months and introduction of more
slurry is stopped.
• During this period, anaerobic fermentation of biomass takes place in
the presence of water and produces biogas in the digester.
• Biogas being lighter rises up and starts collecting in the gas holder.
The gas holder now starts moving up.
15. • The gas holder cannot rise up beyond a certain level. As more and
more gas starts collecting, more pressure begins to be exerted on the
slurry.
• The spent slurry is now forced into the outlet chamber from the top of
the inlet chamber.
• When the outlet chamber gets filled with the spent slurry, the excess is
forced out through the outlet pipe into the overflow tank. This is later
used as manure for plants.
• The gas valve of the gas outlet is opened to get a supply of biogas.
• Once the production of biogas begins, a continuous supply of gas can
be ensured by regular removal of spent slurry and introduction of fresh
slurry.
16. • Disadvantages of floating gas holder type biogas plant
• Expensive
• Steel drum may rust
• Requires regular maintenance
• Batch type: Filled once,sealed, Emptied when raw materials stop
producing gas.
• Continuous type: Fed with a definite quantity of wastes at regular
intervals,Gas production continuous & regular
17. FACTORS AFFECTING METHANE FORMATION
• pH
• 6-8 Acidic medium lowers methane formation.
• Temperature
Fluctuation ↓ methane formation – inhibit growth of methanogens.• 30-40oC.
Nitrogen concentration
↑ N2 - ↓ growth of bacteria - ↓ CH4
C:N ratio
Micro organisms in a biogas plant needs both N nitrogen and C carbon.
• Research has shown that the methanogenic bacteria work best with a C/N ratio
30:1
Creation of anaerobic conditions
• CH4 production take place in strictly anaerobic condition.
• Digesters – airtight, burried under soil.
18. • Advantages
• Cheaper and simpler technology than other biofuels.
• Recovery of the product is spontaneous
• Aseptic conditions are not needed for operation.
• Any biodegradable matter can be used as substrate.
• Anaerobic digestion inactivates pathogens and parasites.
• Disadvantages
• The product value is rather low.
• The process is not very attractive economically on large industrial
scale.
• The biogas yields are lower due to the dilute nature of substrates used.
• Biogas contains some gases as impurities, which are corrosive to the
metal of engine.