Site selection is the most critical step for establishing a sustainable aquaculture facility. Both technical and non-technical factors must be considered, including water supply, soil characteristics, labor availability, and environmental impact. Proper site selection focused on an environmentally sound location with reliable water supply is important for long-term success, while poor site selection can lead to project failure. Water quality issues should be addressed throughout the aquaculture production cycle from water source to discharge.
The document discusses key water quality parameters for recirculating aquaculture systems including dissolved oxygen, temperature, pH, ammonia, nitrite, nitrate, carbon dioxide, alkalinity, and solids. It outlines their interactions and importance, as well as methods for measurement and analysis. Critical parameters include dissolved oxygen, temperature, ammonia, and pH due to their direct impact on fish health, while other parameters like nitrate and alkalinity are also important to monitor.
Water quality is essential for fish health and growth. Key water quality parameters include dissolved oxygen, nitrogen compounds, pH, alkalinity, hardness, salinity, and toxins. Maintaining optimal water quality prevents disease, stress, and losses. Proper aeration, waste removal, biofiltration, stocking density, and water changes are important management practices for controlling water quality.
This document discusses various aspects of environmental health, with a focus on water sources and supply. It defines the environment as consisting of physical, biological, and social factors that surround humans. It emphasizes that sanitation must come from within communities as an obligation. Regarding water, it describes different sources like rain, surface water, and ground water. It provides details on rivers, tanks, dug wells, tube wells, artesian wells, and springs as sources. It discusses water quality criteria and requirements for drinking water.
Water has its own taste, color, smell and constituents. Not all water can be used for all purposes. Eg. Sea water can not be used by us for drinking. The suitability of water for different purposes is determined by its quality parameters. The Quality of water is equally important than quantity. Even if present in huge amounts, we can not use salt water in many life support activities. Water has its own Physical properties, Chemical composition and Biological Properties. This module highlights the water quality parameters that are essential.
This document discusses methods for disposing of treated sewage effluents. It describes natural methods like dilution disposal into water bodies, and disposal on land. It also describes artificial treatment methods before disposal. Key points covered include standards for dilution disposal, factors favoring dilution disposal, types of receiving waters, and the processes involved in the self-purification of natural streams.
This document discusses water quality control and treatment. It begins by defining water and its chemical and physical properties. It then discusses concepts related to sustainable development and water resources. Various units used to measure concentration in solutions are explained, including percent composition by mass, volume percent, mole fraction, molarity, normality, and mass per unit volume. The document outlines objectives in water quality control work and provides a general classification of pollutants. Finally, it identifies and describes common sources of water pollution from industrial, municipal, agricultural, natural, stormwater, and other activities.
This document discusses water purification methods for both large and small scale. For large scale, it describes treating raw water sources through storage, filtration, and disinfection using chlorination, ozonation, or UV irradiation. Slow sand filtration and chlorination are effective at removing bacteria, viruses, and parasites. For small scale, it recommends boiling, chemical disinfection, or ceramic filtration. Wells can be disinfected during outbreaks by bleaching. Bottled water may be purified through multiple barriers like UV, distillation, or ozonation.
This document discusses water purification. It defines potable water and lists domestic, public, industrial, and agricultural water uses. Sources of water include rain, surface water, and ground water. Guidelines for drinking water quality cover acceptability, microbiological, chemical, and radiological aspects. Purification methods for large scale include storage, filtration using slow sand filters or rapid sand filters, and chlorination. Small scale purification involves boiling, chemical disinfection, and filtration. Proper well disinfection is also discussed.
The document discusses key water quality parameters for recirculating aquaculture systems including dissolved oxygen, temperature, pH, ammonia, nitrite, nitrate, carbon dioxide, alkalinity, and solids. It outlines their interactions and importance, as well as methods for measurement and analysis. Critical parameters include dissolved oxygen, temperature, ammonia, and pH due to their direct impact on fish health, while other parameters like nitrate and alkalinity are also important to monitor.
Water quality is essential for fish health and growth. Key water quality parameters include dissolved oxygen, nitrogen compounds, pH, alkalinity, hardness, salinity, and toxins. Maintaining optimal water quality prevents disease, stress, and losses. Proper aeration, waste removal, biofiltration, stocking density, and water changes are important management practices for controlling water quality.
This document discusses various aspects of environmental health, with a focus on water sources and supply. It defines the environment as consisting of physical, biological, and social factors that surround humans. It emphasizes that sanitation must come from within communities as an obligation. Regarding water, it describes different sources like rain, surface water, and ground water. It provides details on rivers, tanks, dug wells, tube wells, artesian wells, and springs as sources. It discusses water quality criteria and requirements for drinking water.
Water has its own taste, color, smell and constituents. Not all water can be used for all purposes. Eg. Sea water can not be used by us for drinking. The suitability of water for different purposes is determined by its quality parameters. The Quality of water is equally important than quantity. Even if present in huge amounts, we can not use salt water in many life support activities. Water has its own Physical properties, Chemical composition and Biological Properties. This module highlights the water quality parameters that are essential.
This document discusses methods for disposing of treated sewage effluents. It describes natural methods like dilution disposal into water bodies, and disposal on land. It also describes artificial treatment methods before disposal. Key points covered include standards for dilution disposal, factors favoring dilution disposal, types of receiving waters, and the processes involved in the self-purification of natural streams.
This document discusses water quality control and treatment. It begins by defining water and its chemical and physical properties. It then discusses concepts related to sustainable development and water resources. Various units used to measure concentration in solutions are explained, including percent composition by mass, volume percent, mole fraction, molarity, normality, and mass per unit volume. The document outlines objectives in water quality control work and provides a general classification of pollutants. Finally, it identifies and describes common sources of water pollution from industrial, municipal, agricultural, natural, stormwater, and other activities.
This document discusses water purification methods for both large and small scale. For large scale, it describes treating raw water sources through storage, filtration, and disinfection using chlorination, ozonation, or UV irradiation. Slow sand filtration and chlorination are effective at removing bacteria, viruses, and parasites. For small scale, it recommends boiling, chemical disinfection, or ceramic filtration. Wells can be disinfected during outbreaks by bleaching. Bottled water may be purified through multiple barriers like UV, distillation, or ozonation.
This document discusses water purification. It defines potable water and lists domestic, public, industrial, and agricultural water uses. Sources of water include rain, surface water, and ground water. Guidelines for drinking water quality cover acceptability, microbiological, chemical, and radiological aspects. Purification methods for large scale include storage, filtration using slow sand filters or rapid sand filters, and chlorination. Small scale purification involves boiling, chemical disinfection, and filtration. Proper well disinfection is also discussed.
The document discusses the application of recirculating aquaculture systems (RAS) in fish farming. RAS filter and recycle water from fish tanks through a treatment process before returning it to the tanks. This allows for high fish stocking densities while using little water. Key components of RAS include fish tanks, mechanical and biological filtration to remove waste, and oxygenation. RAS provide environmental and production benefits over other systems but also have higher capital and operating costs due to the water treatment infrastructure required.
Water quality requirements & its management in aquaculture by asraful alamMD. Asraful Alam (Arif)
This document discusses water quality requirements and management in aquaculture. It covers several key water quality parameters including temperature, turbidity, salinity, dissolved oxygen, and water color. For each parameter, it describes the effects on aquatic organisms, optimal levels for growth and survival, and management techniques to maintain suitable conditions. Maintaining appropriate levels of these physical, chemical, and biological factors is important for the health and productivity of farmed fish and shrimp.
This document provides information on water quality, testing, and treatment for private wells. It discusses common contaminants like bacteria, nitrates, salts, and metals that can affect drinking water quality and health. It outlines regulations for public water systems and guidelines for testing private wells. Primary concerns discussed include bacteria (including E. coli), nitrates, total dissolved solids, and sodium. The document provides guidance on shock chlorination and other treatment methods for addressing bacteria in wells. It also provides resources for finding licensed water treatment specialists.
The document discusses aerobic and anaerobic digestion processes used in wastewater treatment. Aerobic processes use oxygen and include activated sludge systems, lagoons, trickling filters, and aeration. Anaerobic digestion breaks down organic matter without oxygen to produce methane and carbon dioxide. It includes anaerobic sludge digestion and Imhoff tanks. Both processes use microorganisms and require proper operation and maintenance to effectively treat wastewater.
S3 SEWAGE STORAGE, TREATMENT AND DISPOSAL Assignmentno suhaila
This document discusses sewage storage, treatment, and disposal. It provides information on the roles of anaerobic and aerobic bacteria in breaking down sewage, and describes the construction of septic tanks and biological filters. It also compares various septic tank designs and shapes, noting that while designs may differ, all septic tanks work in the same basic way to separate solids from liquids using bacterial digestion.
The document provides an overview of water purification processes and methods. It discusses key steps in large-scale municipal water treatment plants including coagulation/flocculation, sedimentation, filtration (slow sand and rapid sand), and disinfection (chlorination). It also covers small-scale household water treatment options like boiling, chemical disinfection, water softeners, reverse osmosis, and ultraviolet light. The history of water treatment is reviewed dating back to ancient civilizations with important developments like the discovery of waterborne disease transmission and regulations to protect public health.
This document discusses various aspects of water quality management, including pollutants, oxygen demand, nutrients, and eutrophication of lakes. It notes that the nature of pollutants and aquatic life depend on factors like the river type, climate, and land use. Measuring dissolved oxygen, biochemical oxygen demand, and nutrients can assess a river's ability to self-purify and the impact of waste discharge. Excessive nutrients like phosphorus and nitrogen can lead to excessive algal growth and eutrophication in lakes.
Water purification processes in natural systems lecture 2Munira Shahbuddin
1. Streams have the ability to purify themselves through natural processes like dilution, dispersion, sedimentation, oxidation, and reactions driven by temperature, sunlight, and microorganisms.
2. When wastewater is discharged into a stream, there are zones of degradation, active decomposition, and recovery before the stream reaches a clear water zone.
3. Dissolved oxygen levels in a stream typically follow a deoxygenation curve as organic matter is broken down, followed by a reoxygenation curve as oxygen is replenished, resulting in an overall DO sag curve.
Water treatment involves many processes to purify water for human use and consumption. Preliminary treatment includes screening to remove large debris, presedimentation to settle out sand and grit, and aeration to remove gases like carbon dioxide. The main processes are coagulation/flocculation to combine particles, sedimentation to settle the floc, filtration, and disinfection. Aeration is used to remove gases that cause odor, taste, or corrosion issues from the water supply.
This document discusses the important physical, chemical, and biological properties for successful fish pond culture. It covers factors like temperature, depth, turbidity, light, dissolved oxygen, pH, carbon dioxide, hardness, alkalinity, ammonia, phosphorus, and dissolved solids. Maintaining optimal ranges for these various properties can ensure high fish productivity, prevent disease outbreaks, and support healthy aquatic ecosystems in the pond. The document emphasizes how closely managing water quality, food production, and fish health are interlinked for sustainable aquaculture.
Lecture notes of Environmental Engineering-II as per Solapur university syllabus of TE CIVIL.
Prepared by
Prof S S Jahagirdar,
Associate Professor,
N K Orchid college of Engg and Technology,
Solapur
Public Health Engineering - Concepts Regarding WaterWaleed Liaqat
The document discusses various topics related to water quality parameters:
1. It outlines the authorities that regulate water quality for drinking, such as the EPA and FDA, and discusses various water quality parameters like temperature, dissolved oxygen, pH, and total dissolved solids.
2. It also explains the difference between abiotic and biotic factors in an ecosystem and how various solids can dissolve in water due to hydrogen bonding.
3. Sampling methods are described including types of samples, analytical protocols, and factors that influence how contaminants are distributed in water.
This presentation discusses methods of sewage disposal, including dilution and land disposal. It begins by outlining the objectives of familiarizing attendees with different sewage disposal methods, dilution processes, and land disposal. The presentation then covers various sewage disposal methods like primary treatment, secondary treatment, dilution in water bodies, and land treatment through irrigation, rapid infiltration, and overland flow. Key factors in the self-purification of rivers like dilution, current, temperature are also summarized. Streeter-Phelps equation for modeling oxygen sag curves and numerical examples are briefly outlined. The presentation concludes with discussing land treatment methods, sewage sickness prevention, and references.
This presentation deals with the recent advancement in the field of ground water sampling and analysis technique and water born survey as well as Indian scenario to interpret.
The document discusses various types of drinking water and their characteristics, as well as WHO and Pakistan water quality standards. It provides details on parameters for bottled water quality limits and methods for water quality analysis. Several studies on water sources and quality in Gilgit-Baltistan are summarized. Spring water is described as naturally filtered and free from contamination, while bottled water may be affected by plastic toxicity, UV radiation during processing, and chemicals added through reverse osmosis.
Water treatment plants use a multi-step process to treat water and make it safe for human consumption. The steps include screening, coagulation, flocculation, sedimentation, filtration, disinfection, and distribution. Each water source presents different challenges. Surface water contains particles and pathogens and requires extensive treatment. Groundwater has higher levels of dissolved solids and minerals. Modern treatment technologies can remove particles, pathogens, and chemical contaminants to produce drinking water that is both palatable and potable.
The document discusses water quality parameters for assessing groundwater and surface water sources. It provides information on various physical, chemical, and biological parameters including pH, hardness, TDS, chloride, fluoride, nitrate, and fecal coliforms. It explains acceptable limits for these parameters according to BIS standards and potential health effects of contamination. The document also discusses how factors like geology, land use, and anthropogenic activities influence water quality in different areas.
The document discusses water pollution and freshwater treatment. It covers the hydrologic cycle and sources of fresh water. Various types of water pollution are described, including biodegradable organic substances, nutrients, pathogens, salinity, heavy metals, and thermal pollution. The document also discusses parameters for characterizing water quality, such as pH, alkalinity, hardness, and methods for measuring biochemical oxygen demand and chemical oxygen demand. Wastewater treatment methods including preliminary, primary, secondary and tertiary treatments are also outlined.
Selection in aquaculture aims to identify individuals whose offspring will have the highest genetic merit for desired traits. Artificial selection is used to change populations in a wanted direction. Common selection methods include individual selection based on phenotype, family selection ranking whole families, and within-family selection based on deviations from family means. Multiple trait selection can utilize tandem, independent culling, or index selection. Indirect selection uses correlated traits as proxies. Potential risks include inbreeding if population sizes are too small. Progeny testing provides the most accurate assessment of breeding values but lengthens generation intervals. Combined selection optimally uses all available information sources.
Allen Brandt, UW Stevens Point GIS Center & College of Natural Resources
Aquaculture is one of the fastest growing food production systems in the world.The aquaculture industry in Wisconsin,
comprised of approximately 2,000 registered fish farms, contributes over $7 million to the state’s economy annually.
There are many species of game, food, and bait fish cultivated throughout the state in a variety of production systems. In
recent years, the growth of the aquaculture industry in Wisconsin has slowed and the number of registered fish farms is
beginning to decrease.The reason for the decrease in fish farms is not known, but it could be from the tough economic
times, high costs of production, limited markets, environmental restrictions, or the site location of the fish farms.The
objective of the study is to determine if the site location characteristics play a part in the success of the fish farm
operation.The utilization of Geographic Information Systems (GIS) to create an evaluative model examining the
environmental and socio-economic characteristics of current registered fish farms and those that have closed.The
characteristics considered are land cover, soil types, elevation, water quality and source, and proximity to infrastructure
and potential markets.The evaluative model will then be used to create a predictive model using a multi-criteria
evaluation procedure using a GIS.The predictive model will be able to determine suitable locations for sustainable
system-specific and species-specific aquaculture facilities.
The document discusses the application of recirculating aquaculture systems (RAS) in fish farming. RAS filter and recycle water from fish tanks through a treatment process before returning it to the tanks. This allows for high fish stocking densities while using little water. Key components of RAS include fish tanks, mechanical and biological filtration to remove waste, and oxygenation. RAS provide environmental and production benefits over other systems but also have higher capital and operating costs due to the water treatment infrastructure required.
Water quality requirements & its management in aquaculture by asraful alamMD. Asraful Alam (Arif)
This document discusses water quality requirements and management in aquaculture. It covers several key water quality parameters including temperature, turbidity, salinity, dissolved oxygen, and water color. For each parameter, it describes the effects on aquatic organisms, optimal levels for growth and survival, and management techniques to maintain suitable conditions. Maintaining appropriate levels of these physical, chemical, and biological factors is important for the health and productivity of farmed fish and shrimp.
This document provides information on water quality, testing, and treatment for private wells. It discusses common contaminants like bacteria, nitrates, salts, and metals that can affect drinking water quality and health. It outlines regulations for public water systems and guidelines for testing private wells. Primary concerns discussed include bacteria (including E. coli), nitrates, total dissolved solids, and sodium. The document provides guidance on shock chlorination and other treatment methods for addressing bacteria in wells. It also provides resources for finding licensed water treatment specialists.
The document discusses aerobic and anaerobic digestion processes used in wastewater treatment. Aerobic processes use oxygen and include activated sludge systems, lagoons, trickling filters, and aeration. Anaerobic digestion breaks down organic matter without oxygen to produce methane and carbon dioxide. It includes anaerobic sludge digestion and Imhoff tanks. Both processes use microorganisms and require proper operation and maintenance to effectively treat wastewater.
S3 SEWAGE STORAGE, TREATMENT AND DISPOSAL Assignmentno suhaila
This document discusses sewage storage, treatment, and disposal. It provides information on the roles of anaerobic and aerobic bacteria in breaking down sewage, and describes the construction of septic tanks and biological filters. It also compares various septic tank designs and shapes, noting that while designs may differ, all septic tanks work in the same basic way to separate solids from liquids using bacterial digestion.
The document provides an overview of water purification processes and methods. It discusses key steps in large-scale municipal water treatment plants including coagulation/flocculation, sedimentation, filtration (slow sand and rapid sand), and disinfection (chlorination). It also covers small-scale household water treatment options like boiling, chemical disinfection, water softeners, reverse osmosis, and ultraviolet light. The history of water treatment is reviewed dating back to ancient civilizations with important developments like the discovery of waterborne disease transmission and regulations to protect public health.
This document discusses various aspects of water quality management, including pollutants, oxygen demand, nutrients, and eutrophication of lakes. It notes that the nature of pollutants and aquatic life depend on factors like the river type, climate, and land use. Measuring dissolved oxygen, biochemical oxygen demand, and nutrients can assess a river's ability to self-purify and the impact of waste discharge. Excessive nutrients like phosphorus and nitrogen can lead to excessive algal growth and eutrophication in lakes.
Water purification processes in natural systems lecture 2Munira Shahbuddin
1. Streams have the ability to purify themselves through natural processes like dilution, dispersion, sedimentation, oxidation, and reactions driven by temperature, sunlight, and microorganisms.
2. When wastewater is discharged into a stream, there are zones of degradation, active decomposition, and recovery before the stream reaches a clear water zone.
3. Dissolved oxygen levels in a stream typically follow a deoxygenation curve as organic matter is broken down, followed by a reoxygenation curve as oxygen is replenished, resulting in an overall DO sag curve.
Water treatment involves many processes to purify water for human use and consumption. Preliminary treatment includes screening to remove large debris, presedimentation to settle out sand and grit, and aeration to remove gases like carbon dioxide. The main processes are coagulation/flocculation to combine particles, sedimentation to settle the floc, filtration, and disinfection. Aeration is used to remove gases that cause odor, taste, or corrosion issues from the water supply.
This document discusses the important physical, chemical, and biological properties for successful fish pond culture. It covers factors like temperature, depth, turbidity, light, dissolved oxygen, pH, carbon dioxide, hardness, alkalinity, ammonia, phosphorus, and dissolved solids. Maintaining optimal ranges for these various properties can ensure high fish productivity, prevent disease outbreaks, and support healthy aquatic ecosystems in the pond. The document emphasizes how closely managing water quality, food production, and fish health are interlinked for sustainable aquaculture.
Lecture notes of Environmental Engineering-II as per Solapur university syllabus of TE CIVIL.
Prepared by
Prof S S Jahagirdar,
Associate Professor,
N K Orchid college of Engg and Technology,
Solapur
Public Health Engineering - Concepts Regarding WaterWaleed Liaqat
The document discusses various topics related to water quality parameters:
1. It outlines the authorities that regulate water quality for drinking, such as the EPA and FDA, and discusses various water quality parameters like temperature, dissolved oxygen, pH, and total dissolved solids.
2. It also explains the difference between abiotic and biotic factors in an ecosystem and how various solids can dissolve in water due to hydrogen bonding.
3. Sampling methods are described including types of samples, analytical protocols, and factors that influence how contaminants are distributed in water.
This presentation discusses methods of sewage disposal, including dilution and land disposal. It begins by outlining the objectives of familiarizing attendees with different sewage disposal methods, dilution processes, and land disposal. The presentation then covers various sewage disposal methods like primary treatment, secondary treatment, dilution in water bodies, and land treatment through irrigation, rapid infiltration, and overland flow. Key factors in the self-purification of rivers like dilution, current, temperature are also summarized. Streeter-Phelps equation for modeling oxygen sag curves and numerical examples are briefly outlined. The presentation concludes with discussing land treatment methods, sewage sickness prevention, and references.
This presentation deals with the recent advancement in the field of ground water sampling and analysis technique and water born survey as well as Indian scenario to interpret.
The document discusses various types of drinking water and their characteristics, as well as WHO and Pakistan water quality standards. It provides details on parameters for bottled water quality limits and methods for water quality analysis. Several studies on water sources and quality in Gilgit-Baltistan are summarized. Spring water is described as naturally filtered and free from contamination, while bottled water may be affected by plastic toxicity, UV radiation during processing, and chemicals added through reverse osmosis.
Water treatment plants use a multi-step process to treat water and make it safe for human consumption. The steps include screening, coagulation, flocculation, sedimentation, filtration, disinfection, and distribution. Each water source presents different challenges. Surface water contains particles and pathogens and requires extensive treatment. Groundwater has higher levels of dissolved solids and minerals. Modern treatment technologies can remove particles, pathogens, and chemical contaminants to produce drinking water that is both palatable and potable.
The document discusses water quality parameters for assessing groundwater and surface water sources. It provides information on various physical, chemical, and biological parameters including pH, hardness, TDS, chloride, fluoride, nitrate, and fecal coliforms. It explains acceptable limits for these parameters according to BIS standards and potential health effects of contamination. The document also discusses how factors like geology, land use, and anthropogenic activities influence water quality in different areas.
The document discusses water pollution and freshwater treatment. It covers the hydrologic cycle and sources of fresh water. Various types of water pollution are described, including biodegradable organic substances, nutrients, pathogens, salinity, heavy metals, and thermal pollution. The document also discusses parameters for characterizing water quality, such as pH, alkalinity, hardness, and methods for measuring biochemical oxygen demand and chemical oxygen demand. Wastewater treatment methods including preliminary, primary, secondary and tertiary treatments are also outlined.
Selection in aquaculture aims to identify individuals whose offspring will have the highest genetic merit for desired traits. Artificial selection is used to change populations in a wanted direction. Common selection methods include individual selection based on phenotype, family selection ranking whole families, and within-family selection based on deviations from family means. Multiple trait selection can utilize tandem, independent culling, or index selection. Indirect selection uses correlated traits as proxies. Potential risks include inbreeding if population sizes are too small. Progeny testing provides the most accurate assessment of breeding values but lengthens generation intervals. Combined selection optimally uses all available information sources.
Allen Brandt, UW Stevens Point GIS Center & College of Natural Resources
Aquaculture is one of the fastest growing food production systems in the world.The aquaculture industry in Wisconsin,
comprised of approximately 2,000 registered fish farms, contributes over $7 million to the state’s economy annually.
There are many species of game, food, and bait fish cultivated throughout the state in a variety of production systems. In
recent years, the growth of the aquaculture industry in Wisconsin has slowed and the number of registered fish farms is
beginning to decrease.The reason for the decrease in fish farms is not known, but it could be from the tough economic
times, high costs of production, limited markets, environmental restrictions, or the site location of the fish farms.The
objective of the study is to determine if the site location characteristics play a part in the success of the fish farm
operation.The utilization of Geographic Information Systems (GIS) to create an evaluative model examining the
environmental and socio-economic characteristics of current registered fish farms and those that have closed.The
characteristics considered are land cover, soil types, elevation, water quality and source, and proximity to infrastructure
and potential markets.The evaluative model will then be used to create a predictive model using a multi-criteria
evaluation procedure using a GIS.The predictive model will be able to determine suitable locations for sustainable
system-specific and species-specific aquaculture facilities.
USCG Commercial Fishing Vessel Safety Program 2016 Roger Bazeley USCG-AUX PARoger Bazeley, USA
USCG Auxiliary, as part of "Team Coast Guard" enhances Commercial Fishing Vessel Safety through the mandatory yearly inspection and safety examination of commercial fishing vessels. Commercial fishing is one of the most dangerous professions in the world where the USCG often are first responders to emergency injuries and disabled vessels where extensive search and rescue missions requiring USCG response with rapid response vessels and air station assets. Commercial Fishing Vessel exams are a key part of reducing fatalities and injuries through the USCG Prevention Programs.
Tendency Of Organic Aquaculture DevelopmentRidzaludin
The document discusses the development of organic aquaculture. It defines organic aquaculture as a production system that promotes biodiversity and biological cycles with minimal off-farm inputs. Common organic aquaculture species include salmon, carp, trout, shrimp, mussels and tilapia. Organic aquaculture has grown in Europe in recent decades and production is estimated to reach 500 million euros by 2011, though markets are still limited. Research focuses on alternative feeds and disease management to further the development of the industry.
Traditional aquaculture practices have been used in India for centuries, as documented in ancient texts. These include brackish water shrimp and fish farming using tidal flows. In western India, Bhery culture involves constructing ponds surrounded by earthen dykes, with sluice gates to control tidal water entry and drainage. Sea water and naturally occurring plankton and organic matter support fish growth. In southern India, Pokkali fields use similar tidal flooding of rice paddies for shrimp culture after the rice is harvested. These traditional low-input methods continue today in some areas, though productivity is low.
The document discusses key issues for sustainable development using renewable energy technologies in India. It identifies several challenges: 1) technology selection depends on technical and commercial factors; 2) renewable energy investments are much higher than coal but provide risk; 3) availability of some renewable sources like wind and solar are intermittent and depend on weather conditions. Addressing these issues requires grid integration standards, fuel requirements, environmental standards, regulatory policies to encourage private investment, and demand side management. Overcoming these challenges will allow renewable technologies to play an important role in India's sustainable development.
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive functioning. Exercise causes chemical changes in the brain that may help protect against mental illness and improve symptoms.
PRODUCTION OF 60, 000 MTPA OF OLEOCHEMICAL METHYL ESTER FROM RBD PALM KERNEL ...SAJJAD KHUDHUR ABBAS
OBJECTIVES
To produce 60,000 MTPA of methyl esters from RBD palm kernel oil.
To achieve the production of methyl esters by using homogeneous base-catalyzed transesterification method with sodium methoxide (NaOCH3) as catalyst.
On World Environment Day (June 5, 2014), the World Resources Institute (WRI), WorldFish, the World Bank, INRA, and Kasetsart University released the newest installment of the 2013-14 World Resources Report: Creating a Sustainable Food Future, "Improving Productivity and Environmental Performance of Aquaculture."
This working paper examines the implications of doubling aquaculture production between now and 2050, and offers recommendations to ensure that aquaculture growth contributes to a sustainable food future.
Find out more at http://ow.ly/xHnJ2
This document provides information about aquaculture consulting services for freshwater, brackishwater, and marine farming. It discusses sustainable shrimp and finfish farming techniques like coastal shrimp culture, coastal land-based and cage finfish culture, and inland low salinity shrimp and finfish culture. Specific techniques covered include conventional marine shrimp culture, marine finfish cage culture, and biofloc technology. Several cultured and experimental species are listed. Benefits of biofloc culture systems are outlined. Information is also provided about inland low salinity groundwater aquaculture and the potential for L. vannamei shrimp culture in Baluchistan based on a comparison of water chemistry. Limitations to aquaculture in the region are discussed
Present status & future prospects in marine aquacultureKiritKene
This document provides an overview of the present status and future prospects of marine aquaculture in India. It discusses key topics like the major cultivable species, top aquaculture producer countries, present status of marine fisheries resources in India, financial facilities available, and future growth opportunities. The document contains tables and information on aspects like state-wise marine fish production, cultivable biological resources, site selection criteria, and the role of organizations like FAO in supporting the sector.
Episode 46 : PRODUCTION OF OLEOCHEMICAL METHYL ESTER FROM RBD PALM KERNEL OIL SAJJAD KHUDHUR ABBAS
Episode 46 : PRODUCTION OF OLEOCHEMICAL METHYL ESTER FROM
RBD PALM KERNEL OIL
Oleo chemicals
The term ― oleo chemicals refers to any chemical compounds derived from natural oils
almost 95% of natural oils and fats are used in food application
small percentage is applied in non-food purposes such as soap manufacturing
The advantages of using oleo chemicals over petrochemicals are:
Oleo chemicals are derived from renewable resources .
Oleo chemical production requires less energy and causes less pollution .
Oleo chemicals are fully non-toxic .
SAJJAD KHUDHUR ABBAS
Ceo , Founder & Head of SHacademy
Chemical Engineering , Al-Muthanna University, Iraq
Oil & Gas Safety and Health Professional – OSHACADEMY
Trainer of Trainers (TOT) - Canadian Center of Human
Development
This document provides criteria for selecting a proposed site for a McDonald's franchise, including locational factors, competitions, specific lot characteristics, traffic patterns, utilities, and cost considerations. It then examines a potential site in Roxas City, Capiz, Philippines based on these criteria. The proposed site is in a central trade area near schools, hospitals, churches, malls, and landmarks. Traffic counts and road patterns are analyzed. Utilities including electricity, water, and trash collection are considered. Visibility and costs are also evaluated to determine if the site meets the standards for a successful fast food location.
This document discusses aquaponics and renewable energy systems. It describes an aquaponics social enterprise that provides components and complete systems. Profits fund research and development. It then explains how aquaponics integrates aquaculture and hydroponics in a low-input, high-output system. A case study of a project called ABLE integrates aquaculture, hydroponics greenhouses, biomass heating, and other renewable energy options like heat pumps. The system is designed for education and as a scalable commercial model.
Site selection, site planning, site divelepmentSidharth Ravva
Site selection is crucial for earthquake-resistant design. At the macro level, sites should be evaluated based on their tectonic plate position and seismic zone. Potentially hazardous sites at the micro level include steep unstable slopes, landslide-prone areas, river banks, and faults. When planning sites, buildings should be set back from steep slopes and not located on filled soil without special foundations. Forests and individual trees can help mitigate landslides but buildings should not be too close to avoid falling risks. Overall, the safest sites avoid known hazards and have sufficient space between structures.
The CZERO renewable energy solution uses anaerobic digestion to produce biogas from organic matter, which can then be converted into biomethane, electricity, heat, and fertilizer. It provides a sustainable energy supply that supports community development and meets renewable energy requirements. A 50,000 tonne CZERO facility would generate over 50,000 MWh of biomethane annually, enough to power 2,000 homes, while reducing carbon emissions and producing organic fertilizer.
This document provides an overview of various renewable energy sources including hydro, wind, solar, biomass, and geothermal energy. It describes how each source harnesses natural resources to generate energy. For each type, it discusses their history of use, how electricity is generated, and examples of applications. The document aims to educate about renewable energy sources and their importance as clean alternatives to fossil fuels.
The document provides an introduction to renewable energy sources for power generation. It discusses various renewable energy technologies including wind and solar energy. For wind energy, it describes the technology behind wind turbines and key components. It also discusses solar photovoltaic and concentrating solar thermal plant technologies. The document then provides current installed capacities and scenarios for wind and solar energy in India.
Topic: Water quality and Pond managementBoby Basnet
This document discusses water quality parameters important for aquaculture. It describes how water temperature affects pond stratification and fish growth, with optimal temperatures for warm and cold water fish. Turbidity is discussed as an important physical water quality parameter, with methods to measure it like the Secchi disk. High turbidity can reduce light penetration and cause respiratory issues in fish. Fertilizers are also described as a way to increase natural food production for fish by providing nutrients for plankton growth. Electrical conductivity is introduced as a measure of dissolved ions and overall water salinity.
Water quality and Pond Management.ppt..Boby Basnet
This document discusses water quality parameters important for aquaculture. It begins by explaining the importance of water temperature and how thermal stratification can occur in ponds, separating the epilimnion, metalimnion, and hypolimnion layers. It then discusses other physical parameters like turbidity, electrical conductivity, and water depth. Key chemical parameters covered include dissolved oxygen and pH. Factors affecting oxygen solubility are outlined as well as the sources and sinks of oxygen in ponds. Signs of low dissolved oxygen and methods for maintaining adequate oxygen levels are also summarized.
Water Quality Indicators and properties.pptxCeyhunAkarsu3
This document discusses various factors that are used to determine water quality, including physical factors like temperature, dissolved oxygen, pH, nitrates, phosphates, and turbidity, as well as biological indicators. Temperature affects aquatic organisms and can stress them if it changes too rapidly. Dissolved oxygen levels below 3 ppm can kill fish. pH measures acidity and most organisms survive between 5.5-9.5. High levels of nitrates and phosphates can cause algal blooms and reduce oxygen. Turbidity refers to water clarity - high turbidity decreases sunlight and oxygen and harms gills. Biological indicators like algae blooms and lichens reveal ecosystem health.
Soil and water quality mangement for sustainable aquaculture.pptxSukalpaMandal1
This document provides information on a seminar about soil and water quality management for sustainable aquaculture. It discusses topics like aquaculture vs sustainable aquaculture, selection of water sources, and important water quality parameters including temperature, turbidity, salinity, alkalinity, pH, hardness, dissolved oxygen, and their optimal levels and management for aquaculture. It also discusses soil quality management practices and parameters important for sustainable pond productivity.
This document discusses water quality management for fish farming. It outlines that water quality can affect fish health and farming success, and is divided into physical, biological, and chemical parameters. Key water quality factors discussed include dissolved oxygen, pH, salinity, phosphorus, and nitrogen levels. The document emphasizes monitoring these parameters and describes their ideal ranges for fish, as well as how they impact biological and nutrient cycles in aquaculture ponds. Maintaining optimal water quality is important for fish health and production.
1) The document discusses key water quality parameters that are important for aquaculture, including dissolved oxygen, temperature, pH, ammonia, nitrite, nitrate, carbon dioxide, alkalinity, and solids.
2) It describes how these parameters interact and influence aquatic life, and provides concentration guidelines for different water quality standards.
3) Measurement techniques for various parameters are outlined, including Winkler titration for dissolved oxygen and pH meters for measuring pH. Chemical analysis methods for alkalinity and dissolved oxygen are also summarized.
Implementing and learning from nutrition-sensitive fish agri-food systems, e....WorldFish
Worldfish: Nutrition Sensitive Fish Agri-Food Systems Workshop, presented by Absalom Sakala, Principal Environment Management Officer, Ministry of Water Development, Sanitation and Environmental Protection
This document discusses water and soil quality management for aquaculture ponds and coastal systems. It provides ideal values for various physico-chemical parameters important for aquaculture, including temperature, salinity, dissolved oxygen, pH, alkalinity, hardness, and nitrogenous compounds. Maintaining optimal levels of these water quality parameters is essential for fish growth and health. The document also describes methods for monitoring parameters like turbidity, transparency and controlling imbalances in the system.
A Minimal Water Exchange Aquaculture System, also known as a Recirculating Aquaculture System (RAS), is a modern and sustainable approach to fish farming that minimizes water usage by continuously recycling and treating the water within a closed system. In this system, water is reused and treated to maintain optimal water quality for fish while reducing the environmental impact associated with traditional aquaculture methods.
The key components of a minimal water exchange aquaculture system include:
1. Fish Tanks: These are the primary units where fish are raised. The tanks are designed to provide suitable conditions for fish growth, such as appropriate water depth, temperature, and oxygen levels.
2. Filtration System: RAS incorporates various filtration components to remove solid waste, excess nutrients, and harmful substances from the water. Mechanical filters remove large particles, while biological filters foster beneficial bacteria that convert toxic ammonia into less harmful substances.
3. Water Treatment: Water treatment technologies, such as UV sterilization or ozonation, are used to control pathogens and maintain water quality within acceptable parameters. These methods help to ensure a healthy environment for the fish.
4. Oxygenation: Adequate oxygen levels are critical for fish health. RAS employs techniques such as aerators, oxygen injectors, or oxygen cones to maintain dissolved oxygen levels throughout the system.
5. Monitoring and Control: RAS relies on advanced monitoring and control systems to continuously measure and regulate parameters such as temperature, pH, oxygen levels, and water flow. This ensures optimal conditions for fish growth and allows for timely adjustments if any deviations occur.
The benefits of a Minimal Water Exchange Aquaculture System (RAS) include:
1. Water Conservation: RAS significantly reduces water consumption by recycling and reusing water within the system. It helps conserve this valuable resource and minimizes the environmental impact associated with traditional aquaculture, which often requires large amounts of freshwater usage.
2. Improved Water Quality: The water in a RAS undergoes thorough filtration and treatment, resulting in high-quality water conditions for the fish. By removing waste and controlling water parameters, RAS helps minimize the risk of disease outbreaks and promotes optimal fish health.
3. Reduced Environmental Impact: The closed-loop nature of RAS prevents the release of excess nutrients and waste into the surrounding environment, minimizing the impact on natural ecosystems and reducing the risk of pollution.
4. Increased Production Density: RAS allows for higher stocking densities compared to traditional aquaculture systems. The controlled environment and efficient waste management of RAS enable farmers to maximize production within a smaller footprint.
5. Disease Control: The controlled and isolated environment of RAS helps minimize the risk of disease transmission
All living things require clean, uncontaminated water as the most crucial compound for life on Earth
Ideally, drinking water should be clear, colorless, and well aerated, with no unpalatable taste or odor, and it should contain no suspended matter, harmful chemical substances, or pathogenic microorganisms.
Wastewater discharge from industries, agricultural pollution, municipal wastewater, and poor environmental sanitation are the main sources of water contamination
- Groundwater sampling requires taking a representative sample, properly rinsing sample bottles, filtering and preserving samples in the field, taking accurate field measurements, storing samples on ice, and sending them to a certified lab within 24 hours. It also requires a quality control program.
- There are several methods for collecting groundwater samples, including using in-place plumbing or pumps for wells with or without plumbing.
- Basic water quality parameters that can be tested in the field include pH, conductivity, salinity, turbidity, dissolved oxygen, and temperature, while laboratories can analyze for cations, anions, trace metals, and radioactivity.
Fish depends on water for survival. Without water, aquatic animals ceased to live. It is in this medium that determines their existence, although other factors like food, oxygen also support their growth and survival. Another conditions is the quality of water being supplied. Culture species need good quality water which are free from bacteria. Good water management is necessary to determine fish growth with less mortality
wholesomeness, Requirements for Domestic Use. Impurities in Water. Objects & purpose of Water Analysis.Collection of Samples. Classification of Analysis of Water: Physical,
Chemical & Biological Examination of Water.
Pond management involves proper site selection, construction, and maintenance of water quality parameters. Key water quality factors to monitor include oxygen, pH, temperature, salinity, turbidity, and nitrogen compounds. Pond preparation between crops requires removing settled waste through dry or wet cleaning methods. Maintaining optimal conditions of these water quality parameters is important for health, growth and productivity of farmed aquatic species.
Aquaculture presentation in Al-Quds University by Dr.Mutaz QutobAnas Noor
The document discusses aquaculture, including its definition, history, and commonly cultured species. Aquaculture is defined as the farming of aquatic organisms under controlled conditions. Historically, aquaculture has been practiced for thousands of years, with carp farming in China dating back to 2500 BC. Currently, tilapia and carp are two of the most important species cultured globally due to their hardiness, prolific breeding, and high market value. The document also reviews considerations for aquaculture systems including water quality management.
The document discusses safe and wholesome water. It defines safe water as free from pathogens and harmful chemicals, pleasant tasting, and usable for domestic purposes. It then discusses various water sources like rain, surface water, and ground water. It explains water purification processes at large scale like storage, filtration, and disinfection which usually involves chlorination. For small scale purification, it discusses boiling, filtration, and chemical disinfection methods.
conservation and quality for water.pptxssuser98cc4c
The document discusses water quality testing and rainwater harvesting. It provides details about:
- Average annual rainfall in India and how it varies significantly in different areas
- The importance of harvesting rainwater, which can be done through surface storage or groundwater recharge
- Key water quality parameters like turbidity, bacteria, chemicals, hardness and how to test for them
- Health impacts of common contaminants like arsenic and fluoride and guidelines for safe levels
- Ongoing research at CoreValleys laboratory related to water and food analysis, product development, and more.
Recirculating aquaculture systems (RAS) operate by filtering water from the fish (or shellfish) tanks so it can be reused within the tank. This dramatically reduces the amount of water and space required to intensively produce seafood products.
Water quality describes the condition of the water, including chemical, physical, and biological characteristics, usually concerning its suitability for a particular purpose such as drinking.
A workshop hosted by the South African Journal of Science aimed at postgraduate students and early career researchers with little or no experience in writing and publishing journal articles.
Strategies for Effective Upskilling is a presentation by Chinwendu Peace in a Your Skill Boost Masterclass organisation by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan on 08th and 09th June 2024 from 1 PM to 3 PM on each day.
How to Build a Module in Odoo 17 Using the Scaffold MethodCeline George
Odoo provides an option for creating a module by using a single line command. By using this command the user can make a whole structure of a module. It is very easy for a beginner to make a module. There is no need to make each file manually. This slide will show how to create a module using the scaffold method.
Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering.pptxDenish Jangid
Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering
Syllabus
Chapter-1
Introduction to objective, scope and outcome the subject
Chapter 2
Introduction: Scope and Specialization of Civil Engineering, Role of civil Engineer in Society, Impact of infrastructural development on economy of country.
Chapter 3
Surveying: Object Principles & Types of Surveying; Site Plans, Plans & Maps; Scales & Unit of different Measurements.
Linear Measurements: Instruments used. Linear Measurement by Tape, Ranging out Survey Lines and overcoming Obstructions; Measurements on sloping ground; Tape corrections, conventional symbols. Angular Measurements: Instruments used; Introduction to Compass Surveying, Bearings and Longitude & Latitude of a Line, Introduction to total station.
Levelling: Instrument used Object of levelling, Methods of levelling in brief, and Contour maps.
Chapter 4
Buildings: Selection of site for Buildings, Layout of Building Plan, Types of buildings, Plinth area, carpet area, floor space index, Introduction to building byelaws, concept of sun light & ventilation. Components of Buildings & their functions, Basic concept of R.C.C., Introduction to types of foundation
Chapter 5
Transportation: Introduction to Transportation Engineering; Traffic and Road Safety: Types and Characteristics of Various Modes of Transportation; Various Road Traffic Signs, Causes of Accidents and Road Safety Measures.
Chapter 6
Environmental Engineering: Environmental Pollution, Environmental Acts and Regulations, Functional Concepts of Ecology, Basics of Species, Biodiversity, Ecosystem, Hydrological Cycle; Chemical Cycles: Carbon, Nitrogen & Phosphorus; Energy Flow in Ecosystems.
Water Pollution: Water Quality standards, Introduction to Treatment & Disposal of Waste Water. Reuse and Saving of Water, Rain Water Harvesting. Solid Waste Management: Classification of Solid Waste, Collection, Transportation and Disposal of Solid. Recycling of Solid Waste: Energy Recovery, Sanitary Landfill, On-Site Sanitation. Air & Noise Pollution: Primary and Secondary air pollutants, Harmful effects of Air Pollution, Control of Air Pollution. . Noise Pollution Harmful Effects of noise pollution, control of noise pollution, Global warming & Climate Change, Ozone depletion, Greenhouse effect
Text Books:
1. Palancharmy, Basic Civil Engineering, McGraw Hill publishers.
2. Satheesh Gopi, Basic Civil Engineering, Pearson Publishers.
3. Ketki Rangwala Dalal, Essentials of Civil Engineering, Charotar Publishing House.
4. BCP, Surveying volume 1
Leveraging Generative AI to Drive Nonprofit InnovationTechSoup
In this webinar, participants learned how to utilize Generative AI to streamline operations and elevate member engagement. Amazon Web Service experts provided a customer specific use cases and dived into low/no-code tools that are quick and easy to deploy through Amazon Web Service (AWS.)
LAND USE LAND COVER AND NDVI OF MIRZAPUR DISTRICT, UPRAHUL
This Dissertation explores the particular circumstances of Mirzapur, a region located in the
core of India. Mirzapur, with its varied terrains and abundant biodiversity, offers an optimal
environment for investigating the changes in vegetation cover dynamics. Our study utilizes
advanced technologies such as GIS (Geographic Information Systems) and Remote sensing to
analyze the transformations that have taken place over the course of a decade.
The complex relationship between human activities and the environment has been the focus
of extensive research and worry. As the global community grapples with swift urbanization,
population expansion, and economic progress, the effects on natural ecosystems are becoming
more evident. A crucial element of this impact is the alteration of vegetation cover, which plays a
significant role in maintaining the ecological equilibrium of our planet.Land serves as the foundation for all human activities and provides the necessary materials for
these activities. As the most crucial natural resource, its utilization by humans results in different
'Land uses,' which are determined by both human activities and the physical characteristics of the
land.
The utilization of land is impacted by human needs and environmental factors. In countries
like India, rapid population growth and the emphasis on extensive resource exploitation can lead
to significant land degradation, adversely affecting the region's land cover.
Therefore, human intervention has significantly influenced land use patterns over many
centuries, evolving its structure over time and space. In the present era, these changes have
accelerated due to factors such as agriculture and urbanization. Information regarding land use and
cover is essential for various planning and management tasks related to the Earth's surface,
providing crucial environmental data for scientific, resource management, policy purposes, and
diverse human activities.
Accurate understanding of land use and cover is imperative for the development planning
of any area. Consequently, a wide range of professionals, including earth system scientists, land
and water managers, and urban planners, are interested in obtaining data on land use and cover
changes, conversion trends, and other related patterns. The spatial dimensions of land use and
cover support policymakers and scientists in making well-informed decisions, as alterations in
these patterns indicate shifts in economic and social conditions. Monitoring such changes with the
help of Advanced technologies like Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems is
crucial for coordinated efforts across different administrative levels. Advanced technologies like
Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems
9
Changes in vegetation cover refer to variations in the distribution, composition, and overall
structure of plant communities across different temporal and spatial scales. These changes can
occur natural.
This presentation includes basic of PCOS their pathology and treatment and also Ayurveda correlation of PCOS and Ayurvedic line of treatment mentioned in classics.
How to Setup Warehouse & Location in Odoo 17 InventoryCeline George
In this slide, we'll explore how to set up warehouses and locations in Odoo 17 Inventory. This will help us manage our stock effectively, track inventory levels, and streamline warehouse operations.
How to Manage Your Lost Opportunities in Odoo 17 CRMCeline George
Odoo 17 CRM allows us to track why we lose sales opportunities with "Lost Reasons." This helps analyze our sales process and identify areas for improvement. Here's how to configure lost reasons in Odoo 17 CRM
How to Create a More Engaging and Human Online Learning Experience
Aku3201 l3
1. Site Selection
-Site selection is the first and generally most critical step for
establishing a sustainable aquaculture facility.
-In selecting a site for specific culture system both technical
and non technical issues need prime consideration.
-For the long term sustainability of aquaculture enterprise it
is good investment sense to select an environmentally sound,
low risk site at the outset.
-Poor site selection can lead to failure
2. Site Selection
• Water supply reliability and quality
• Soil characteristics
• Topography
• Labor source
• Environmental impact
Sites that have access to an abundant supply of good quality
water is a key to successful aquaculture enterprise
3. • Public utilities security
• Easy communication system
• Protection from natural disasters
• Access to the road
- Easy access for marketing
- Seed supply
- Room for expansion
3
Site Selection
4. Water Quality
• Source
• During culture
• Discharge
“Water quality issues should be taken into account
at every point of the aquaculture cycle.”
Dr.Claude E. Boyd
8. Alternative water sources
• Rainwater:
free, unpredictable, only a supplement,
often acidic, poorly buffered.
• Municipal water:
limited potential due to cost/unit volume,
also contains disinfectants (e.g.,
chlorine).
• Recycled water:
conserves water, environmentally
friendly, biofiltration required, high pumping
cost.
9. Water Quality in Aquaculture
The key challenge in aquaculture is to
maintain high growth rates under high
stocking densities without degrading the
water quality.
Options for gravity flow on a site should be
maximized as it is efficient and cheap
Poor water quality = poor harvest
11. What is turbidity?
• Optical property of
water that causes light
to be scattered or
absorbed rather than
transmitted through
the water in a straight
line.
• Caused by suspended
materials in the water
such as soil particles,
plankton and organic
detritus.
Low turbidity High turbidity
12. Sources of turbidity
Soil erosion
phytoplankton
animals
fish
aerators
deforestation
13. Advantages of turbidity
Prevents growth
of rooted
aquatic plants
High turbidity
Low turbidity
Pond water with no turbidity
14. Advantages of turbidity
Phytoplankton turbidity
provides dissolved oxygen
and fish food organisms
6CO2 + 6H2O + light energy C6H12O6 + 6O2
15. Advantages of turbidity
Lowers predation of
cultured species by
birds
High turbidity
Low turbidity
19. Secchi Disc Values for Aquaculture
Visibility Comments
< 20 cm Danger of DO problems every
night
20-30 cm Plankton becoming too abundant
30-45 cm Ideal
45-60 cm Plankton becoming too scarce
> 60 cm Water too clear, inadequate
plankton and danger of aquatic
weed problem
25. Temperature
• All animals have a temperature range, the ‘biokinetic range’,
within which they can survive.
• This range is limited by the upper and lower tolerance limit,
and beyond these critical temperatures the animals may live
briefly but would eventually die.
• Species with wide range of tolerance - eurythermal
• Species with a narrow range of tolerance – stenothermal
• Eurythermal fish – Goldfish, Common Carp
• Stenothermal fish – Salmonids - < 20-25°C
• Temperature acts as a controlling factor regulating
metabolism and thereby growth – important for
aquaculturists.
30. Testing Water Quality
Water quality parameters
often tested are:
Dissolved oxygen
Water temperature
pH
Total Ammonia Nitrogen
Nitrite
Alkalinity/Hardness
Salinity
Water test kit
31. How water quality values are
expressed as:
Parameter Value
Dissolved oxygen mg/L or ppm
Water temperature Degrees C or F
pH
Total ammonia nitrogen mg/L or ppm
Nitrite mg/L or ppm
Alkalinity/Hardness mg/L or ppm CaC03
Salinity g/L or ppt salt
32. Dissolved oxygen and water
temperature
dissolved oxygen and water
temperature usually vary over
a 24 hour cycle.
Surface dissolved oxygen, mg/L
Surface water temperature, C
31
29
27
6 a.m. noon 6 p.m. midnight 6 a.m.
15
10
5
0
25
summer
Oxygen meter
33. Dissolved oxygen and water
temperature
Stratification can cause dissolved oxygen and
temperature to vary at different depths in the
same pond.
Epilimnion
Thermocline
Hypolimnion
High temperature
High dissolved oxygen
Low dissolved oxygen
Low temperature
34. Dissolved Oxygen
• Oxygen enters an aquatic system through:
1.Diffusion (resapan) – naturally
(wind-aided) or through
aeration
2.Photosynthesis
3.Entry of new water (inflow,
runoff)
4.Rain
35. Dissolved oxygen
• Atmospheric O2 enters to water through
diffusion
- O2 move from region of high conc. (air) to
region of low conc. (water)
• Faster through wind (water circulation)
- Why?
35
36. Dissolved Oxygen (DO)
• Dissolved oxygen (DO) is by far, the most
important water quality parameter in
aquaculture.
• Like humans, fish require oxygen for
respiration, survival and growth.
• Oxygen consumption and DO requirement
by fish increase with temperature and food
consumption
37. Dissolved Oxygen
• Biological processes that influence DO
concentration in aquaculture ponds
are:
– Photosynthesis by green plants
– Respiration by all aquatic animals
38. DO consumption & limits
The levels of oxygen required to
support life, good health and growth
of aquaculture organisms vary,
depending on factors such as:
– species
– body size
– water temperature
– feeding rates
– stress level
39. DO consumption & limits
Implications:
• At a given temperature, smaller fish consume more
oxygen per unit of body weight than larger fish - for
the same total weight of fish in a tank, smaller fish
require more oxygen than larger fish.
• Actively swimming fish consume more oxygen than
resting fish. In raceways, high exchange rates will
increase energy expenditures for swimming, and
oxygen consumption.
• Generally, minimum DO should be greater than 5
mg/L for growth of warmwater fish and 6 mg/L
coldwater fishes at their optimum temperature
40. Dissolved Oxygen
40
0 to 2 ppm
- small fish may survive a short exposure, but
lethal if exposure is prolonged. Lethal to larger
fish.
2 to 5 ppm
– most fish survive, but growth is slower if
prolonged; may be stressful; aeration devices
are often used below 3ppm.
> 5 ppm to saturation
– the desirable range for all.
41. Dissolved Oxygen
• Too much oxygen – hyperoxia - gas bubble disease.
• Too little oxygen – hypoxia - fish
surfacing/suffocating.
• Total lack of oxygen – anoxia – fish dies.
• Most fish stops eating and starts dying below 30%
DO saturation.
• A good rule of thumb – Maintain DO levels at
saturation or at least 4 ppm at all times.
42. Dissolved Oxygen
How to prevent DO depletion at night?
• Run aeration at night
• Maintain Secchi disk visibility above 30-50 cm.
• Use moderate stocking and feeding rates
• Apply fertilizers in moderate amounts and only
when needed to promote plankton blooms.
43. Dissolved Oxygen
How to prevent DO depletion at night?
• Select and manage good-quality feeds – less fines
(habuk) and wastage
• Exchange water
• Dry out bottoms between crops and apply lime to
enhance organic matter decomposition.
44. pH
pH is a measure of acidity (hydrogen ion
concentration) in water or soil.
pH = - log [ H+ ]
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
neutral
acid alkaline
45. Alkalinity and Hardness
The form alkalinity takes is linked to pH of the system.
.
Ca(HCO3 ) 2 CaCO3
bicarbonate carbonate
4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
pH
1.00
0.75
0.50
0.25
0.00
mole fraction
H2CO3 and
free CO2
HCO3 -
CO3 2-
47. Total Ammonia Nitrogen
Total ammonia nitrogen ( TAN ) is a measure of the
unionized-ammonia (NH) and ammonium levels
3(NH+) in the water
4
The ratio of ammonia and ammonium varies in an equilibrium
determined by pH and water temperature.
90%
80%
70%
60%
50%
40%
30%
20%
10%
0%
7
7.4
7.8
8.2
8.6
9
9.4
9.8
pH of water
as % of TAN
NH3
at 20C
at30C
Ammonia as a % of total
ammonia nitrogen
48. Ammonia, Nitrite, & Nitrate (cont.)
• Typical pond has bacteria, which in the presence of DO
converts (oxidizes) ammonia to the intermediate form
of nitrite and then to nitrate. Nitrite is more toxic to
fish than ammonia, however, nitrate is relatively
nontoxic.
49. • Nitrite + haemoglobin in fish =
methaemoglobin
• Haemoglobin = chemical that carries
oxygen throughout fish body
• Methaemoglobin = will not combine with
oxygen
- Fish will be asphyxiated
- Chocolate brown blood
49
Nitrite/Nitrate
50. Salinity
Fresh water is less than 2 g/L
Brackish water is 2 g/L to 34 g/L
Sea water is more than 34 g/L
NaCl
51. Site Selection
Soil:
• The site must have soils that hold water and can be compacted
• Soils should contain no less than 20% clay
• Soils with high sand and silt compositions may erode easily
• Soil distribution, particle form and composition, uniformity,
and layer thickness are equally important
• Suitable soils should be close to the surface and extend deep
enough that construction, harvest activity or routine pond
maintenance will not cut into a water permeable layer
52. Site Selection
Topography
• Large commercial fish farms are typically built on flat land
• Topography with slopes of 0-2% is better for pond
construction. Extensive earth moving may be required on land
with slopes greater than these; increasing construction costs.
53. Location
-Not flood prone areas
(Check 10-20 years background history )
-No earthquake, soil erosion
-Far from industrial site
(potential pollution- acid rain,
underground water contamination)
- Close to market (retail/wholesale/hypermarket)
- Access to road, near to airport (for export purpose)
- Access to services (water & electricity supply)
-Access to communication system- telephone, internet
54. Labour source
- Cheap & easily available
- Reduce foreign labour
55. Environmental Impact
- Consideration on environmental impact of the aquaculture establishment
to the surrounding areas
- No damaging impact to organism & habitat
-No impact to the existing local activities (i.e. farming)
(*Aquaculture project > 50 hectare require EIA)
Factors can influence on all further construction and operational decisions
Water quality impacts on the ability to farm aquatic animals from the location of our culture facilities to the harvest of our crop. Water used to fill enclosures, ponds, tanks or cages, must be high quality. Water quality during culture must be monitored to ensure that the crop grows fast and remains healthy until harvest. Nutrient rich water discharged from culture enclosures at harvest should be controlled or treated so receiving waters are not polluted.
The amount of water available is an important consideration when locating an aquaculture facility. Water quantity will determine the management system used to grow the crop and the crop weight that can be harvested per unit area or volume of container.
Surface waters are usually cheap but may contain harmful nutrients, toxic chemicals or unwanted fish that compete with the farmed animals for space and food and transfer diseases to the crop. Water flowing from animal pastures, farm lands or heavily populated areas will contain more nutrients and chemicals than waters originating from forests or unpopulated areas. Ponds filled by rainfall are managed to take advantage of periods of heavy rainfall but often lack water when needed. Subsurface water pumped from wells is normally free of toxic products or unwanted fish and available on demand. However, pumping water from wells can be expensive.
Water fertility and transparency must be considered during culture. Clear water of low fertility will provide good water quality and a healthy environment for the crop. However, crop yield per area or volume will be low because little food is available for the crop to eat. Water receiving fertilizers or feeds will be fertile, resulting in the growth of green plants, usually microscopic algae called phytoplankton, giving the water a green color. Water transparency of fertile water is lower than unfertile, clear water. Fertile water has more food for the crop to feed on and yields per area or volume will be higher than in clear water. Suspended soil particles give the water a brown color and reduce water transparency. Water carrying soil particles can enter containers after heavy rainfall. Suspended soil turbidity reduces the amount of sunlight entering the water and restricts phytoplankton growth.
Most aquaculturists make subjective measurements of pond water appearance:
Turbidity.
Appearance.
Color.
These subjective measurements can indicate a lot about the water quality in the pond.
External:
Runoff water input which can bring in suspended soil particles.
Runoff from woodland areas can bring humic turbidity.
Internal:
Erosion of levees.
Agitation by fish and benthic animals.
Plankton.
Resuspension of sediment by aerators.
Humic substances from manure and pond weeds.
Water discharged from enclosures during culture or at harvest can be nutrient rich depending on the management system used. Nutrient rich effluent can increase the fertility of receiving waters, causing harm to natural vertebrate and invertebrate animal populations. Fertile discharge water should be treated before release into the environment.
Water quality during culture is influenced by rates of photosynthesis and respiration, water temperature, levels of fertilization and feeding, mechanical aeration and the amount of water exchanged in the culture enclosure daily.
The principal source of dissolved oxygen ( DO ) in water is photosynthesis by green plants. Additional oxygen is obtained from the atmosphere. Oxygen is released into the water as a byproduct of photosynthesis. Aquatic animals “breath” oxygen through their gills. The amount of oxygen released to the water will depend on the abundance of green plants and amount of sunshine, carbon ( CO2 ) and nutrients available for photosynthesis. Dissolved oxygen is stored in the water for use at night as photosynthesis stops in the absence of sunlight. The amount of oxygen stored in freshwater depends on water temperature and atmospheric pressure. Cold water and high atmospheric pressure found at sea level stores more dissolved oxygen than warm water and low atmospheric pressure found at high elevations. Saltwater holds less dissolved oxygen than freshwater at equivalent temperature and atmospheric pressure. All plants and animals respire 24 hours a day. Respiration uses the oxygen generated during photosynthesis and releases carbon dioxide ( CO2 ) into the water. A healthy aquatic environment has a balance between photosynthesis and respiration to maintain enough dissolved oxygen for the respiratory needs of the plants and animals and carbon dioxide for photosynthesis. Sometimes in fertile water with abundant phytoplankton, the amount of oxygen used during respiration by the plants and animals is greater than the amount of oxygen stored in the water. Dissolved oxygen declines to unhealthy concentrations at night and partial or complete mortality of the crop can occur. Learning to maintain adequate levels of dissolved oxygen during culture is important for the farmer that wants a good harvest.
Fish are cold blooded and their body temperature is determined by water temperature. Fish in warm water are active and grow rapidly with adequate food. Fish in cold water are sluggish and growth slows or stops. The metabolic rate of aquatic plants and animals slows during the winter when water temperatures are cold. Respiration rate declines and the amount of dissolved oxygen required by the plants and animals lowers. During the summer, respiration rates of the plants and animals are high and dissolved oxygen consumption increases. As noted, water holds more dissolved oxygen when water temperature is low. Thus, maintaining good water quality is easier in the winter than in the summer when farmed animals are actively feeding and growing rapidly.
Fertilizers are added to water to increase the abundance of green plants. Green plants are the base of an aquatic food chain that expands as the abundance of green plants increases. More aquatic foods are available for the farmed animals to consume and harvest is increased. However, excessive fertilization leads to an overabundance of phytoplankton and declining water quality. The amount of fertilizer applied per unit area of enclosure should be controlled to maintain good water quality.
When natural foods no longer supply enough nutrition for rapid growth of the cultured organisms, feeds are provided to maintain good growth. Feeding the aquatic crop will increase the weight of animals harvested. However, fish wastes and uneaten feed increase water fertility, leading to heavy phytoplankton populations and deteriorating water quality. The amount of feed fed daily per unit area or volume of container must be controlled to ensure good water quality during the culture period.
Water fertilization and feeding of the animals lead to poor water quality. Low dissolved oxygen ( DO ) is the first sign the water quality is deteriorating. Dissolved oxygen concentration is increased with mechanical aeration of the water. Numerous methods of mechanical aeration are available to aquaculturists. Mechanical aeration introduces atmospheric oxygen into the water, increasing dissolved oxygen levels. Mechanical aeration permits higher daily feeding rates than in unaerated enclosures, leading to increased yields.
Daily feeding rates can increase to levels that cause water quality to deteriorate even with mechanical aeration. Fish growth will slow or stop due to the stress caused by poor water quality. Exchanging nutrient loaded water with clean water will flush excess nutrients from the enclosure and improve water quality. Concrete tanks ( raceways ) and floating cages with constant water exchange will allow high daily feeding rates and highest yields per unit of enclosure volume of any management system.
Water quality is monitored on a regular basis. Water quality test kits or battery operated test equipment can be purchased to measure the water quality parameters listed above.
Dissolved oxygen, total ammonia nitrogen, nitrite, alkalinity and hardness are measured in milligrams per liter or parts per million . Salinity is measured in grams per liter or parts per thousand salt. Water temperature is measured in degrees Celsius or Fahrenheit. pH is given a numerical value between 0 and 14.
Dissolved oxygen is strongly influenced by photosynthesis. Thus, dissolved oxygen concentrations are highest during the day when photosynthesis is active and drops during the night when photosynthesis stops and consumption by plants and animals continues. Highest dissolved oxygen concentrations are measured in late afternoon and lowest concentrations are found at daybreak. Water Temperature is also strongly influenced by solar radiation and is highest during the day and lowest at night. A dissolved oxygen meter with thermometer is used to quickly measure dissolved oxygen concentration and water temperature.
Thermal stratification in deep ponds can cause dissolved oxygen and water temperature to vary with depth. Water density increases with decreasing water temperature until 40C ( 390F ). Surface waters absorb heat from the sun during warm summer months. As the surface water warms, the water density decreases and surface water will float above the cooler, deeper, bottom water. The difference in water temperatures between surface and bottom water becomes great enough to stop the surface and bottom water layers from mixing and the pond becomes stratified. The warm surface water layer, Epilimnion, is high in DO due to photosynthetic activity. The cool bottom water layer, Hypolimnion, has little or no DO because little sunlight is available for photosynthesis. The Epilimnion and Hypolimnion are separated by a layer of water with rapidly dropping water temperatures called the Thermocline. The surface water will mix with the bottom water when surface water temperature approaches bottom water temperature due to cooling air temperature, heavy, cool rainfall and/or a strong wind to force mixing. Rapid mixing of surface and bottom water layers is called a “turnover” and can cause surface water DO to drop to concentrations that kill fish.
Why?
Because wind stirs up waves and creates currents that increase both the amount of water surface that is in contact with air
Mixes oxygenated water throughout the pond
pH is a measure of acidity in water and soil. Waters with a pH below 7 have a high hydrogen ion concentration and are termed acid and water with a pH above 7 has a low hydrogen ion concentration and are termed alkaline. Water with a pH between 6.5 and 8 are best for aquaculture. Water with a ph below 5 or above 10 are detrimental to aquaculture.
Water with a pH of 7 is considered neutral or water that is neither acid nor alkaline. Carbon dioxide is acidic and lowers pH as the amount of carbon dioxide in the water increases. As pH increases from 7, bicarbonate is formed and the water becomes slightly alkaline. At a pH of 8.3, bicarbonate concentration reaches its highest level and free carbon dioxide ( CO2 ) reaches zero. As pH continues to raise, carbonate becomes the dominant source of alkalinity in most waters. pH fluctuates depending on the amount of free carbon dioxide found in the water. pH increases when carbon dioxide is removed from the water by photosynthesis and decreases when carbon dioxide is added to the water by respiration, especially at night when photosynthesis has stopped. Hardness is not influenced by pH.
Alkalinity buffers against large changes in diurnal pH variation. Photosynthesis activity is strong in fertile aquaculture ponds with a heavy phytoplankton population or bloom. During photosynthesis carbon dioxide is removed from the water and alkalinity will increase.
Waters with high concentrations of bicarbonates and carbonates will only have a moderate increase in alkalinity because the bicarbonate and carbonates will disassociate in the absence of free carbon dioxide to produce more carbon dioxide that can be used by plants during photosynthesis. Waters with little alkalinity have low concentrations of bicarbonate and carbonate
Total ammonia nitrogen is commonly measured in water used for aquaculture. Total ammonia nitrogen is the sum of unionized and ionized ammonia in the water. Unionized-ammonia is very toxic to aquatic animals while ionized ammonia has slight toxicity. Unionized-ammonia ( NH3 ) is a nitrogenous excretory product of most aquatic animals. Fish excrete unionized-ammonia through their gills. Most unionized-ammonia is ionized to ammonium ( NH4+ ) upon contact with water. The amount of unionized-ammonia ionized to ammonium will depend on water pH and temperature. The amount of unionized-ammonia found in water as a percentage of total ammonia nitrogen will increase with increases in pH and water temperature ( graph above ). Thus, warm, high alkalinity water can result in high concentrations of unionized ammonia if total ammonia concentrations are high. As little as 0.05 mg/l unionized ammonia can be toxic to aquatic animals.
Salinity is the total concentration of all ions in water. Most salinity is attributed to sodium chloride but other ions also contribute to salinity. Fresh water has a salinity of less than 2 g/l ( 2 ppt ) and sea water has a salinity of greater than 34 g/l. Brackish water is a mixing of fresh and sea waters and salinity can range from 2 to 34 g/l. Matching the aquacultured animal to its ideal salinity is important for good growth and survival. Most organisms evolved in fresh water will not survive in seawater and visa versa.
Understanding water quality and how it impacts on aquatic farming is important for maximizing yields. Poor water quality will reduce crop yields and lower profits. Daily monitoring of water quality provides evidence that the aquatic environment is within the tolerance ranges of the culture animal and a bountiful harvest is expected.