This document presents information on nuclear hazards from a group presentation. It discusses radioactive pollution and its sources from natural occurrences like cosmic rays and radioactive materials in the earth's crust, as well as man-made sources such as nuclear power plants, nuclear weapons, and mining. Nuclear accidents can cause meltdowns when temperatures rise too high in nuclear reactors. The effects of nuclear hazards include cancer, reduced lifespan, and genetic mutations in organisms and future generations. Examples of major nuclear accidents provided are at Three Mile Island, Goiania, Chernobyl, and Fukushima. Preventing nuclear hazards involves containment, isolation of wastes, and dilution of wastes.

1. Presentation on:
Nuclear hazards

2. Group members :
Ahsan Jamal.
Ramakant Pandey.
Shripad Dongare.
Sahil Nikam.
Shahrukh Shaikh.

3. Nuclear Hazards :
Radioactive (nuclear) pollution is a special form of
physical pollution related to all major life-supporting
systems – air, water and soil.
 It is always convenient to discuss radioactive pollution
separately because its nature of contamination is
different from other types of pollution. Its effects are
also of special kinds.

4. Sources of nuclear hazards:
1. Natural sources :
1.)Cosmic rays from outer space. The
quantity depends on altitude and latitude; it is
more at higher latitudes and high altitudes.
2.)Emission from the radioactive
materials from the earth’s crust.

5. 2. Man-made sources :
1.)Nuclear power plants.
2.)X-rays.
3.)Nuclear bombs nuclear accidents.
4.)Mining and processing of radio
active ores.
5.)Use of radio active materials in
nuclear weapons.

6. Causes & hazards of nuclear accidents:
A nuclear disaster all starts with a nuclear plant, and a thing
called a Nuclear Reactor.
It is impossible for any nuclear reactor to explode like an
atomic bomb.
This is because in order for an uncontrolled chain reaction to
occur that is similar to an atom bomb, the uranium fuel must
be extremely enriched, much more than the 4% 235U that is
present in regular, commercial nuclear reactor fuel.

7. So, if it can't explode, what does happen in a
nuclear reactor?
The answer is what is
called a meltdown.

8. When a meltdown occurs in a reactor, the
reactor "melts". That is, the temperature rises in
the core so much that the fuel rods actually turn
to liquid, like ice turns into water when heated.
 If the core continued to heat, the reactor would
get so hot that the steel walls of the core would
also melt. In a complete reactor meltdown, the
extremely hot (about 2700 Celsius).

9. Effects of nuclear hazards:
All organisms are affected from radiation pollution,
and the effects are extremely dangerous.
The effects may be somatic (individual exposed is
affected) or genetic (future generations) damage.
The effects are cancer, shortening of life span and
genetic effectsor mutations. Some of the possible effects
are listed as under:

10. Effects are such as:
Break DNA in
cells
Man do not die, but
suffer from fatigue,
nausea, vommiting
and loss of hair
Bone marrow is
affected & blood cells
are reduced

11. Kill organism by damaging the
tissue of heart and brain
Develops different
types of cancer
Through foodchain
also,radioactivity effects are
experienced by man
But the most significant effect of radioactivity is that it causes
long range effects, affecting the future of man and hence the
future of our civilizations.

12. Nuclear disaster effects on human:

13. Nuclear disaster effects on
animals

14. Nuclear accidents
• Three mile island – march 28, 1979
Three Mile Island
Nuclear Generating
Station (TMI) is a nuclear
power plant located on
Three Mile Island in the
Susquehanna River,
south of Harrisburg,
Pennsylvania in
Londonderry Township.

15. Goiania accident september 13, 1987
Located in brazil

16. Chernobyl accident – April 26, 1986
Chernobyl, is
the name of a
city situated
in northern
Ukraine near
the border
with Belarus.

17. Fukushima Disaster – March 11, 2011
It is located in japan, in the towns of okuma and futaba.

18. Preventing measures for nuclear
hazards:
Basically, there are only few options for radiation waste
treatment involving:
1) Containment of the waste in radiation-shielded
containers usually buried under ground.
2) Isolation of radiation waste in remote locations such as
remote caves or abandoned mines - which may also
involve the use of some kind of barriers (shields).
3) When the first two alternatives are not possible, the waste
may be diluted till background values are achieved.

19. Source:
GOOGLE