A nuclear disaster can occur through events like a meltdown at a nuclear reactor plant. This can result in massive amounts of radiation and radioactive material being released into the environment, contaminating the area for hundreds of years. A meltdown happens when the reactor core gets so hot that the nuclear fuel rods and surrounding steel melt. This molten material can sink into the ground and react with water, causing explosions that spread radioactive debris over wide areas. While nuclear power can provide energy, accidents can cause widespread and long-lasting contamination of both the environment and human populations through radiation exposure. Effective prevention and safety measures are necessary to minimize these risks.

3.  A nuclear and radiation accident is defined by the
International Atomic Energy Agency as "an event
that has led to significant consequences to the
people, the environment or the facility." Examples
include lethal effects to individuals, large
radioactivity release in to the environment, or
reactor core melt.
 Technical measures need to be adopted to reduce
the risk of accidents or to minimize the amount of
radioactivity released to the environment.

4. A nuclear disaster could take several forms . The most
obvious would be a meltdown at a nuclear reactor
plant . Though the plant might not explode, the result
of such a disaster would very likely be the release of
massive amount of radiation and radioactive material
into the environment and it would take hundred years
to decay to anything near “safe” levels .

5. Nuclear disasters are usually associated with meltdowns.
When a meltdown occurs in a reactor, the reactor "melts".
That is, the temperature rises in the core so much that the
fuel rods actually turn to liquid, like ice turns into water when
heated. If the core continues to heat, the reactor would get
so hot that the steel walls of the core would also melt. In a
complete reactor meltdown, the extremely hot (about 2700
Celsius) molten uranium fuel rods would melt through the
bottom of the reactor and actually sink about 50 feet into the
earth beneath the power plant.
The molten uranium would react with groundwater,
producing large explosions of radioactive steam and debris
that would affect nearby towns and population centers.

6. In a safe nuclear reactor the condenser and the cooling
tubes work efficiently and the heat applied on the uranium
rods is controlled.

7. Uranium Mining
Fuel Enrichment
Power Generation
Waste Disposal RADIATION INCREASES multifold
at each stage!

8. Radioactive Waste
 Generated at each stage - Mining, Enrichment,
Power Generation
 Waste from Enrichment has been used in
Depleted Uranium (DU) bombs used in Iraq
 Even 21st century science has NO
ANSWER for Nuclear Waste Disposal
 Waste contaminates (beyond scope for
inhabitation) a huge area in its vicinity for
1000’s of years
What about
the
Environment
& People?
Is it
Safe?

9. Radiation Contaminates Always
• Even if there is NO NUCLEAR
ACCIDENT
– Around a Uranium Mine
– Around an Enrichment Facility
– Around a Nuclear Plant
– Around Nuclear Waste
An area of 30-35 km radius gets
contaminated by nuclear radiation
regularly!
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10. Radiation Spares Nothing
 Impacts Vegetation - Agriculture
 Trees near Jaduguda Uranium Mines have
DEFORMED SEEDS
 Agricultural produce is bound to carry
unacceptable amounts of radioactive content
 Impacts Animals
 Radioactive Boars on the rise in Germany (thanks
to Chernobyl)
 Impacts Human Beings
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11. Consequences of nuclear disaster
 Nuclear explosions produce both immediate and delayed
destructive effects. Immediate effects (blast, thermal
radiation, prompt ionizing radiation) are produced and cause
significant destruction within seconds or minutes of a nuclear
detonation. The delayed effects (radioactive fallout and other
possible environmental effects) inflict damage over an
extended period ranging from hours to centuries, and can
cause adverse effects in locations very distant from the site of
the detonation.

12.  Nuclear disaster can produce
climate issues because the high
temperatures of the nuclear
fireball cause large amounts of
nitrogen oxides to form from the
oxygen and nitrogen in the
atmosphere (very similar to what
happens in combustion engines).
Each megaton of yield will
produce some 5000 tons of
nitrogen oxides. The rising fireball
of a high kiloton or megaton range
warhead will carry these nitric
oxides well up into the
stratosphere, where they can
reach the ozone layer. A series of
large atmospheric explosions
could significantly deplete the
ozone layer.

13. Fukushima disaster caused many people to
become aware of potassium iodide tablets,
available from your local drug store, via
outlets online, and sometimes distributed by
utilities or local officials to people living near
nuclear facilities experiencing problems.
This stable form of iodine, which is used by
the thyroid gland to produce necessary
hormones for metabolism and fetal brain
development can protect your thyroid gland
from radioactive iodine-131. But it does not
protect against any other limiting isotopes
likely to be released from a nuclear event.

14. However, these measures are not enough to completely
moderate the harmful effects of a nuclear disaster. A nuclear
disaster causes the depletion of the ozone layer which in turn
leads to skin diseases. The only way to insure safety of people
is to build robust nuclear reactors and efficient coolants.
Prevention is better than cure.

15.  Nuclear explosions can release high levels of radiation,
an energy that removes electrons.
 Nuclear radiation can damage DNA.
 While areas around a nuclear explosion are
immediately exposed, radiation can also remain in the
atmosphere for decades, traveling great distances
before it settles to the ground-level air or earth's
surface
 Disposing of one's outer clothing can remove up to
90% of radioactive material after a nuclear disaster.
 The peace symbol was initially designed for the Direct
Action Committee Against Nuclear War (DAC).

16. Cycle of Radioactive Materials

17. Apart from its disastrous potential, nuclear radiation is one of the
most effective means of providing electricity to the country and
ensuring economic development. If handled carefully, nuclear
energy can be a greener alternative to other forms of energy like
coal and petrol.
Proponents, such as the World
Nuclear Association, the IAEA
and Environmentalists for
Nuclear Energy believe that
nuclear power is a safe,
sustainable energy source that
reduces carbon emissions

18. In case of a Nuclear Disaster
 People should stay inside buildings or areas far
away from the nuclear plant
 Phones should not be used unless absolutely
necessary, the lines may collapse if everybody is
using phones and phone lines are very necessary
for emergency equipment.
 There should be a ban on consumption of
agricultural products or water. For example in
Japan there was a ban on consumption of
products from near the nuclear plant.

19. International Nuclear
Event Scale

20. Exhibition Severity Symptoms
Some millisieverts only possible long-term
Several hundred millisieverts No immediate effect Possible temporary nausea
and slight fever
Between 1 000 and 2
000 millisieverts
remarkable
medical Effect
vomiting, fatigue,
fever, risk of infection,
cancer
Between 2 000 and 4
000 millisieverts
serious medical Effect vomiting, fever, digestive
disorders, bleeding, hair
loss,
leukemia, other cancers
Between 4 000 and 10
000 millisievertsand
probability greater
than 50% death,
property
damage neurological (dizzin
ess, disorientation) and can
cers of many types
Excess of 10 000 mSv safe Death

21. Some Nuclear and Radiation
accidents -
 1952 - AECL Chalk River Laboratories, Chalk River,
Ontario, Canada. Partial meltdown, about 10,000 Curies
released.
 September 1957 - a plutonium fire occurred at the
Rocky Flats Plant, which resulted in the contamination
of Building 71 and the release of plutonium into the
atmosphere, causing US $818,600 in damage.
 September 1957 – Mayak nuclear waste storage tank
explosion at Chelyabinsk. Two hundred plus fatalities,
believed to be a conservative estimate; 270,000 people
were exposed to dangerous radiation levels. Over thirty
small communities had been removed from Soviet maps
between 1958 and 1991. (INES level 6).

22.  October 1957 - Windscale fire, UK. Fire ignites
plutonium piles and contaminates surrounding dairy
farms.An estimated 33 cancer deaths.
 1959, 1964, 1969 - Santa Susana Field Laboratory, Los
Angeles, California. Partial meltdowns.
 July 1961 – Soviet submarine K-19 accident. Eight
fatalities and more than 30 people were over-exposed to
radiation.
 1962 – Radiation accident in Mexico City, four fatalities.
 January 1969 – Lucens reactor in Switzerland
undergoes partial core meltdown leading to massive
radioactive contamination of a cavern.
 July 1979 - Church Rock Uranium Mill Spill in New
Mexico, USA, when United Nuclear Corporation's
uranium mill tailings disposal pond breached its dam.

23.  March 1984 – Radiation accident in Morocco, eight
fatalities.[
 August 1985 – Soviet submarine K-431 accident. Ten
fatalities and 49 other people suffered radiation injuries.
 September 1987 – Goiania accident. Four fatalities and
249 other people received serious radiation
contamination.
 December 1990 – Radiotherapy accident in Zaragoza.
Eleven fatalities and 27 other patients were injured.
 April 1993 - accident at the Tomsk-7 Reprocessing
Complex, when a tank exploded while being cleaned
with nitric acid. The explosion released a cloud of
radioactive gas. (INES level 4).

24.  1996 – Radiotherapy accident in Costa Rica. Thirteen
fatalities and 114 other patients received an overdose of
radiation.
 September 1999 - Criticality accident at Tokai nuclear
fuel plant (Japan)
 February 2000 - Three deaths and ten injuries resulted
in Samut Prakarn when a radiation-therapy unit was
dismantled.
 April 2010 - Mayapuri radiological accident, India, one
fatality.
 March 2011- Fukushima I nuclear accidents, Japan
(current event).
 March 2011- Fukushima Daichi Power Station -
radioactive discharge

26. Why is Nuclear Power Promoted in
India?
 Current energy policies are designed to
benefit foreign MNCs
General Electrics Westinghouse Areva
Newspapers admit that THEY ARE HERE FOR A $40 BN
BUSINESS
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27. Why is Nuclear Power Promoted in
India?
 Profit for MNCs who will provide reactor designs
 Commission for Indian Politicians, Intellectuals, Scientists
`
10,00,00,00,00,00,000
One Lakh Crores only!
All Nuclear Plants in India offer
lucrative prospects
for these Patriots!
Investment at the
9,900 WM Jaitapur
Nuclear Plant
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28. Nuclear Plants in India (2010)
Narora, UP - 440 MW
Rawatbhata, Raj - 2,580 MW
Kakrapar, Gujarat - 1,840 MW
Tarapur, Mah - 1,400 MW
Kaiga, Karnataka - 880 MW
Kalpakkam, TN - 940 MW
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29. Post Indo-US Nuclear Deal
Existing Plants
Proposed Plants
Narora, UP - 440 MW
Rawatbhata, Raj - 2,580 MW
Bargi, MP
1,400 MW
Kakrapar, Gujarat - 1,840 MW
Mithi Virdi, Gujarat
8,000 MW
Tarapur, Mah - 1,400 MW
Kaiga, Karnataka - 880 MW
Kalpakkam, TN - 940 MW
Jaitapur, Mah
9,900 MW
Haripur, WB
10,000 MW
Kovvada, AP
8,000 MW
Koodankulam , TN
9,200 MW
Kumhariya, Haryana
2,800 MW
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30. Impact of Nuclear Accidents in India
Can you imagine the massive loss of
Human Lives, Forests, Agriculture,
Existing Plants
Proposed Plants
Animals, Economic Activities?
For 1000’s of years!
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31. Why is Renewable Energy
Unknown?
 Very less or No Scope for Investment (read
profit)
 Giants MNCs in the Nuclear Power sector are
too strong to let the Renewable Energy sector
grow
 And hence, almost No Solar or Wind Scientists
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32. And Our Government’s Gift for US
 The Nuclear Civil Liabilities Bill by our
government says that:
Any foreign company WILL NOT be held
liable for any nuclear accidents on Indian
soil, whatsoever
They WILL NOT pay any Compensation
We CAN NOT sue them in Indian or
Foreign courts

33. The ‘West’ is Disowning Nuclear Power
 Most Americans are against Nuclear Power
 Major concerns:
○ Continuous radiation emitted in normal functioning of Nuclear
Plants
○ Nuclear Waste disposal
○ Threats of nuclear accidents
 Australia has never built a Nuclear Power Plant!
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34. Wondering What You Can Do
About This?
 Understand the politics of promoting
Nuclear Power in India
 Spread awareness about this massive
public betrayal
Jago Re !