Noun and verb phrases.pptx
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Noun and verb phrases are the two main constituents of English sentences. A noun phrase contains a head noun and any modifiers, and functions as a noun within the sentence. A verb phrase contains a head verb and any auxiliaries, modifiers, or complements, and expresses the action or state of being in the sentence. Many English sentences can be divided into a noun phrase and a verb phrase. The verb must agree with the subject noun or noun phrase in terms of number and person. Auxiliary verbs can affect subject-verb agreement when they precede the main verb.
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1. Notional concord refers to agreement of verb with subject based on meaning rather than actual grammatical number. Collective nouns like "the public" are notionally plural but grammatically singular.
2. A coordinated subject consists of two or more noun phrases joined by "and". It can be appositional, where the verb is singular, or non-appositional where reduction is possible and the verb is plural.
3. With coordinated modifiers before a single noun, the verb is plural. A clause composed of two structures takes a plural verb. Agreement depends on number and position of nouns with "either/or" and "neither/nor".
Chapter seven - lecture 7
This document discusses subject-verb agreement in English sentences. It states that the verb must agree with the subject in number, person, and gender. Some exceptions to this rule are then outlined. These include: 1) a clause acting as the subject is singular, 2) a prepositional phrase as subject is singular, 3) "there is/was" takes a singular verb, 4) some singular nouns ending in s are singular, 5) coordinate phrases used as names/titles/quotations are singular, 6) nominal relative clauses are plural, and 7) some nouns without an s inflection are plural. The document concludes by noting titles of some works can be singular or plural.
Chapter Seven - lecture 6
This document discusses different types of subjects and objects in sentences. It defines locative, temporal, and eventive subjects. Locative subjects refer to places, temporal subjects refer to times, and eventive subjects refer to arrangements or activities. It also discusses using the empty "it" as a subject. For objects, it defines affected, locative, cognate, and effected direct objects. It further discusses effected objects that are verbal forms preceded by general verbs. Finally, it defines an indirect object as a "recipient" and can be affected when the sentence has two objects and the verb is give, pay, or owe.
Chapter Seven - lecture 5
The document discusses different types of subjects in sentences: agentive subjects are animate actors performing actions; instrumental subjects are inanimate tools causing events; affected subjects experience actions denoted by intransitive or "be" verbs. It also discusses agentive and instrumental subjects with verbs like "have" and "own" denoting possession, and perceptual verbs like "see" and "hear". Recipient subjects receive actions and can be associated with perceptual verbs like "taste", as in "John tasted the soup".
Chapter Seven - lecture 4
The document discusses the different semantic roles that elements in a clause can play. It defines the subject as the animate entity causing the action, the direct object as the affected animate or inanimate entity receiving the action, and the indirect object as the recipient of the action that is not fully affected. It also discusses subject complements and object complements, noting they can be current attributes with stative verbs or resulting attributes with dynamic verbs.
Chapter Seven - lecture 3
This document discusses different sentence structures in English including SVOC, SVO, and SVOO. SVOC structures contain a subject, verb, object, and complement, such as "I imagined her beautiful." SVOO structures contain two objects and can be transformed into SVOA structures by placing the indirect object at the end of the sentence and adding a preposition before it, like changing "She sent John a card" to "She sent a card to John." Prepositions like "with", "of", and "at" can be used before the indirect object depending on the verb.
Chapter Seven - lecture 2
Adverbs can indicate process, place, or time and can be optional or obligatory parts of sentences depending on the clause type. Passive voice is formed by making the object of an active sentence the subject of the passive sentence, using a form of "to be" plus the past participle verb. It is the best example for explaining syntactic transformation, where the active sentence structure of subject-verb-object changes to subject-verbpassive in the passive sentence.
Chapter Seven.pptx
This document discusses different types of clauses and sentences. It defines a simple sentence as having one independent clause that can stand alone, while a complex sentence contains one independent clause and at least one dependent clause. Dependent clauses cannot stand alone as a complete sentence. The document then lists 7 different clause types, including sentences with subjects, verbs, objects, and complements. It provides examples for each clause type and defines subject and object complements as elements that describe the subject or object of the sentence.
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- 1. The Syntax of English Noun and verb phrases
- 2. Noun Phrase Noun phrase is a group of words ( two or more words) . It has a noun ( head of the phrase ) and includes a number of modifiers such as ( the , a , an , of them , with her ) . The modifiers can precede or follow the head. Noun phrase plays the role of noun . It can be in subject position , object position , complement… etc.
- 3. head head modifier modifier head modifier The fence The old fence That new aluminum fence
- 4. Modifier modifier modifier modifier Modifier Modifier The fence between the houses The old fence which was painted green The old fence between the houses which was painted green head head head
- 5. Verb Phrase Verb phrase consists of a verb and all the words and words groups that belong with the verb and cluster around it. The verb itself is called the head. The other words and word groups are the auxiliaries , modifiers , and complements.
- 6. Examples modifier modifier modifier complement aux. complement axu. complement Soon arrived Arrived late Soon arrived at the station Was waiting at the door May have been stolen by the cashier head head head head head
- 7. Noun and verb phrases Many English sentences can be divided into two parts : noun phrase and verb phrase. Sentence Noun phrase Verb phrase
- 8. Examples I smile. Many students attend the Christmas party. noun phrase verb phrase The senior who sells the most tickets will be honored at the prom. noun phrase verb phrase The white pony in the garden galloped along the fence. noun phrase verb phrase
- 9. Examples • I am a teacher. We are teachers. • He is a teacher. They are teachers. • The boy plays football. The boys play football. • Child cries loudly. Children cry loudly. • The man who helps you is my teacher . • The men who help you are my teachers.
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- 12. Notes 1- The auxiliaries will , can , shall , must , would , should… etc. have the same form in singular or plural as in : He will go. They will go. 2- The subject ( singular or plural ) will not affect the form of the verb if the tense of the sentence is past simple tense. For example He sang. They sang.