The document provides an introduction to key grammatical concepts including subjects, verbs, complements, phrases, clauses, and word morphology. It discusses the different types of subjects, verbs, and complements that can be used in a sentence. It also explains the components of phrases, such as noun phrases and verb phrases. Furthermore, it covers the different types of clauses including noun clauses, adverb clauses, and adjective clauses. Finally, the document discusses word morphology and how words are formed by combining prefixes, roots, and suffixes.

1. SESSION I
INTRODUCTION

2. SUBYEK
• Subyek adalah pelaku dalam kalimat yang
diikuti oleh kata kerja.
• Bentuk Subyek yang umum dipakai adalah
• Noun (kata benda) : Cars
• Noun phrase (frasa benda) : The bank.....
• Pseudo Subject : There / It

3. Berikut ini adalah beberapa
contoh Subyek
Noun
Your lateness
Pronoun
It
makes the teacher upset.
Gerund
Your coming late
Infinitive
To come late
Noun Clause
That you came late
makes the teacher upset.

4. VERB
• Verb adalah kata kerja yang melakukan
tindakan dalam kalimat.
• Bentuk Kata kerja yang umum dipakai adalah:
• - Single word (satu kata) : walks
• - Verb phrase (frasa kata kerja) : is walking

5. COMPLEMENT
Complement adalah kata yang melengkap
kalimat. Bentuknya mirip dengan Subyek yaitu
berbentuk Noun atau noun phrase. Tidak
semua kalimat memiliki complement dan
biasanya hanya ada di kalimat transitive.

6. I
met
SUBJECT
John
VERB
Noun
Cars..
Pronoun
COMPLEM ENT
Single
Word
walks
Noun
John
He…
Noun
Gerund
Verb
Phrase
Is walking
Infinitive
To swim …
N. Clause
To That all students went out …
Pseudo
Subject
MODIFIER
Time
Yesterday
Place
Swimming…
Noun
Phrase
yesterday
Noun
Phrase
John’s sister
At home
Manner
Very fast
Prep.
Phrase
In the morning
on the table
Adv.
Phrase
Last night

7. Phoneme :
- the smallest unit of language
- has NO meaning
- only sounds
Phoneme + phoneme = morpheme
Morpheme :
- has meaning
- bound : preffix, suffix
- free : word (root)
morpheme + morpheme = word

8. Prefixes
Meaning
Words
Meanings
anti-
against
antitoxin
against toxin
bi-
two, twice
bilingual
two language
en-
cause to be encourage
mal-
wrong
malfunction wrong function/failure
pre-
before
prevent
come before/keep from
happening
sub-
under
subway
under way/underground
railway
Etc.
cause to have courage/
give courage

9. Negative
Prefixes
disinimirmisnonun-
Words
disloyal
incapable
impatient
irregular
misplace
nonresident
unable
Meaning
not loyal
not capable
not patient
not regular
not placed correctly
not a resident
not able

10. Suffixes
Forms
-able
adjective
Examples
Understandable,
lovable
-al
-ance
-en
-ly
-ion
-ish
National, burial
Attendance,
Darken, strengthen
Quickly, clearly
Decision, action
Childish, girlish
adjective
noun
verb
adverb
noun
adjective

11. SESSION II
WORDS

12. Adverb and Adjective
Adverbs tell us in what way someone
does something. Adverbs can modify
verbs, adjectives or other adverbs.
Adjectives tell us something about a
person or a thing Adjectives can modify
nouns or pronouns.

13. Examples:
•
•
•
•
Mandy is a careful girl.
Mandy drives carefully.
Mandy is very careful.
Mandy is a careful driver. This sentence is
about Mandy, the driver, so use the adjective.
• Mandy drives carefully. This sentence is about
her way of driving, so use the adverb.

14. Types of adverbs
1) Adverbs of manner
quickly
kindly
2) Adverbs of degree
very
rather
3) Adverbs of frequency
often
sometimes
4) Adverbs of time
now
today
5) Adverbs of place
here
nowhere

15. The position of adverbs
in sentences
• We can put adverbs in different positions in
sentences. There are three main positions
but also a lot of exceptions.
• In English we never put an adverb between
the verb and the object.
We often play handball. - CORRECT
We play often handball. - WRONG

16. The three main positions of adverbs
in English sentences
1) Adverb at the beginning of a sentence
Unfortunately, we could not see Mount
Snowdon.
2) Adverb in the middle of a sentence
The children often ride their bikes.
3) Adverb at the end of a sentence
Andy reads a comic every afternoon.

17. • If there are more adverbs at the end of a
sentence, the word order is normally:
• Manner - Place - Time
Peter sang the song happily in the bathroom
yesterday evening.

18. Word : - has meaning
- has components : preffix, root, suffix
- classified as : noun, verb, adjective, adverb
Examples of NOUN :
mother
competitor
endeavor
inferiority
achievement
father
moviegoer
behavior
identity
development
theorist
teenager
producer
capacity
eminence
attention
situation
difficulty
ability
intelligence
Quiz :
“Can you count how many morphemes there are in each word?”
Hints :
Morphemes (preffix or suffix) to form nouns are :
--y, --tion, --er/--or, --ity, --ment, --ance/--ence, --ist, --ess, etc.

19. Examples of VERB
optimize
enlarge
redden
modify
delimit
analyze
enrich
blacken
glorify
demoralize
summarize
entrust
widen
identify
deconstruct
hypothesize
ensure
lengthen
beautify
etc.
Note:
preffix/suffix to form a verb are such as : --ize, en--, --en, --fy, de--, etc.
Quiz: Count the number of morphemes of the words above!
Other forms of verb:
V.o :
She will go..., The tool is to open... (verb)
V.1 :
She goes..., He works..., (verb)
V.2 :
She went..., John took... (verb)
V.3 :
She has gone... (verb), The child is pampered. (adjective)
V.ing : She is going...(verb), Watching football is...(noun)

20. EXERCISE : Name the forms of the underlined verbs below!
1.
2.
3.
4.
The first child begins life as an only child.
Alfred Adler is the first theorist to include .....
The child may battle for the lost position.
Birth order is understood in the context of individual’s special
circumstances.
5. They dreamed of constant running without getting anywhere.
6. Even if the weather cooperates.....
7. The origin of the term has been traced .....
8. They are usually afraid of having a ......
9. Couples started their new life living together .....
10. Phobias stem from an unconscious ......

21. SESSION III
PHRASE

22. Phrase : -- has meaning
-- has roles as noun (noun phrase) and as verb (verb phrase)
-- has components : head and Modifier
NOUN Phrase :
1. Noun + Noun (head)
ex: birth order
children problem
anxiety care
nerve system
family man
identity formation
2. Adjective + Noun (head)
ex: early influence
strong reaction
flexible character
special personality
sensitive response
etc.
3. V.ing + Noun (head)
ex: abusing parents
growing moments
living quarters
4. V.3 + Noun (head)
ex: pampered child
developed process
hidden character

23. Continued:
5. Noun (head) + preposition + Noun
Ex: risk of sickness
children with autism
children from preschool needs for dependency
6. Noun (head) + V.o + Noun
Ex: attempts to explain motives
ability to fing balance
teraphy to treat patients with insomnia
7. Noun (head) + V.3 + Noun
Ex: types categorized by action
skill resulted by special methods
test known as intelligence quotient
8. Noun (head) + V.ing + Noun
Ex: programs resulting in creative skills
tendency having a negative persistence

24. VERB Phrase
The forms of verb in English:
 Infinitive (V.o) :
(to) go, (to) have, (to) be, (to) study, (to) understand, etc.
 Present (V.1) / (V.1 + s/es) :
goes, has, studies, understands, cries, treats, etc.
 Past (V.2) :
went, had, studied, understood, did, treated, etc.
 Past Participle (V.3) :
gone, had, been, understood, studied, done, etc.
 Present Participle (V.ing) :
going, having, understanding, studying, treating, etc.

25. Usually, the Infinitive form (V.o) is preceded by the words of:
Noun
Verb
: ability, attempt, change, desire, need, opportunity, readiness,
willingness, way, etc.
: afford, agree, appear, ask, attempt, choose, arrange, decide,
demand, forget, etc.
Whereas, the Present Participle (V.ing) is preceded by the words :
Admit, appreciate, celebrate,avoid, consider, deny, delay, dislike, enjoy,
explain finish, go, imagine, keep, mention, mind, miss, practice, recall,
report, resist, risk, stop, suggest.

26. Basic construction of Verb Phrase
1) Modals (can, may, must, shall, will) + V.o
It has meaning as: dapat, kemungkinan, keharusan, nasehat, spekulasi,
waktu yang akan datang, etc.
Example:
They will notice the children’s attitude.
2) To have (have, has, had) +V.3
It has meaning as : sudah / belum
Example:
She has treated the pasient with the therapy.
3). To be (is, am, are, was, were) + V.ing
It has meaning as: sedang (berlangsung)
Example:
The psychologist is watching the changing.....
4). To be (is, am,are,was, were) + V.3
It has meaning as : di--- / ter---- (passive)
Example:
Rudi was interviewed in the test.

27. The basic constructions can be developed into combinations of :
 (1) + (2) = modals + V.o/have + V.3
 (1) + (3) = modals + V.o + to be + V.ing
 (1) + (4) = modals + V.o + to be + V.3
 (2) + (3) = have + V.3 / to be + V.ing
 (2) + (4) = have + V.3/to be + V.3
 (3) + (4) = to be + V.ing + to be + V.3
 (1) + (2) + (3)
 (1) + (2) + (4)
 (2) + (3) + (4)
 (1) + (2) + (3) + (4)

28. SESSION IV
CLAUSES

29. CLAUSE
~ a group of words forming part of a sentence but has a Subject and a Predicate.
~ can occupy the position as a Noun, Adjective, or Adverb
Noun Position:
Do you notice the beauty? (noun)
Do you notice the beauty of the scenery? (noun phrase)
Do you notice that it is a beautiful scenery? (noun clause)
Adverb Position:
He speaks English well. (adverb)
He speaks English pretty well. (adjective phrase)
He speaks English so well that I can understand his speech.
(adjective clause)
Adjective Position:
It is a beautiful thing. (adjective)
It is a thing of a great beauty. (adjective phrase)
It is a thing that is full of beauty. (adjective clause)

30. NOUN CLAUSE
~ a clause as a noun in a sentence ( Subject or Object)
SUBJECT
It was interesting. (noun/pronoun)
His story was interesting. (noun phrase)
What he said was interesting. (noun clause)
OBJECT
I heard that. (noun/pronoun)
I heard their story. (non phrase)
I heard what they said yesterday. (noun clause)
Words to begin a noun clause are:
~ question words ( when, what, where, why, who, which, etc.)
~ whether / if
~ that
Mind this !!
The clauses from questions (both “yes-no” and “wh-question”)
change the sentence arrangement into “Subject + Predicate”

31. NOUN CLAUSE
SESSION V

32. Examples with Question Words:
What did she say?
What she said surprised me.
Who is the girl?
Please tell me who the girl is.
Where does Amir live?
The teacher asks me where Amir lives.
What can I do for you?
He asked what he could do for me.
Which one is Ben’s house?
We don’t know which one is Ben’s house.
Examples with “whether/if”:
Will she attend the party?
She doesn’t tell whether she will attend the party.
Did you have a good time?
He asked me if I had a good time.
Are you hungry?
They are not sure if I am hungry.
Does Mary teach English?
John is curious whether Mary teaches English.
Examples with “that”
My father is a good doctor.
The world is round.
Romeo loves Julie.
He thinks that his father is a good doctor.
That the world is round is a fact.
It is a fact that the worls is round.
Everybody knows that Romeo loves Julie.

33. Exercises
:
Change the questions and statements below into noun clause
of your own sentences!
1. Where is the library?
2. Did he borrow your dictionary?
3. Is Drew having a big problem now?
4. Who is doing the temporary job?
5. How far is Tenggarong from Balikpapan?
6. Should we wait for the boys?
7. Are there any hotels in the town?
8. Jack was late to class.
9. It is about 60km away from Yogya to Solo.
10.Mary lives with her grandmother in that small house.
11.Drugs can damage one’s health.
12.Irene failed her final exam.
13.Everybody must speak English in the class.
14.When will the show be started?
15.Whose shoes are left on the stairs last niight?

34. ADJECTIVE CLAUSE
SESSION VI

35. ADJECTIVE CLAUSE
~ a clause to modify a noun (describes, identifies, or gives further
information about the noun.) It is also called : “Relative Clause”.
Words to begin adjective clause are :
that, who, whom, whose, which, where, when
The book is mine.It is on the table
The book which is on the table is mine.
The book that is on the table is mine.
I thanked the woman.
She helped me.
I thanked the woman who helped me.
I thanked the woman that helped me.
The movie was good.
We saw it last night.
The movie which we saw last night was good.
The movie that we saw last night was good.
The man was Mr. Jones. I met him in the meeting.
The man whom I met in the meeting was Mr.Jones.
The man that I met in the meeting wasMr.Jones.

36. EXERCISES
Combine the sentence-pairs below!
1. The girl is happy.
She won the competition.
6. January is the first month.
I was born then
2. We are studying sentences.
They contain adjective clauses.
7. The building is very hot.
They have to stay there for two months.
3. The man called the police.
His wallet has lost.
8. People in Solo are nice.
Visitors like them very much.
4. Boyolali is a small town.
Joko grew up there.
9. I know the woman.
Her daughter has just killed in the robbery.
5. I’ll never forget the day.
I met you for the fisrt time then.
10.The picture was beautiful.
Enny painted it in her teenage.

37. SESSION VII
ADVERB CLAUSE

38. ADVERB CLAUSE
~ functions as an adverb of a sentence: modifying the predicate or the sentence.
~ can be placed in the front, middle, or at the end of the sentence.
Words to begin adverb clause are devided into:
Time:
Cause/Effect:
Opposition:
Condition:
After
Before
When
While
As
Since
Until
As soon as
Once
Whenever
because
since
now that
as
inasmuch as
so....that
in order that
eventhough
although
though
whereas
while
if
unless
only if
even if

39. EXAMPLES
When we were in New York, we saw many plays.
We saw many plays when we were in new York.
Because Adam was sleepy, he went to bed soon.
Adam went to bed soon because he was sleepy.
If it rains now, I will take umbrella.
I will take umbrella if it rains now.
Some people are fat, whereas others are thin.
Whereas some people are fat, others are thin.
As long as they’re not busy, they can help me with this work.
They can help me with this work as long as they’re not busy.

40. SESSION VIII
SENTENCE

41. SENTENCE
>> is a construction consisting of at least a subject and a predicate.
Elements of a sentence:
 Subject : Noun, Pronoun, Infinitive, Gerund, Noun Phrase, Noun Clause
 Predicate : Verb, To be, Auxiliary, Modal, Verb Phrase.
 Complement : Noun, Adjective, Adverb, Pronoun, Prepositional Phrase
 Object : Noun, Pronoun, Infinitive, Gerund, Phrase, Caluse
Basic sentence arrangements:
 Subject + Predicate
Babies cry.
The clients have waited.
 Subject + Predicate + Complement
She talks very slowly.
The patients with cancer are treated in a special room.
 Subject + Predicate + Object
Mary likes poems.
The white skinned girl didn’t understand the clear instructions.

42.  Subject + Predicate + Indirect Object + Direct Object
Adam gives me red roses.
The lecturer introduces the students new theory.
She bought her children many electrical toys.
 Subject + Predicate + Direct Object + Preposition + Indirect Object
My friends tag some photos to me.
The faculty provides new computer for each lecturer.
Mr.Jones shares his brilliant ideas to his followers.
 Subject + Predicate + Object + Complement
People votes Obama the next president.
They didn’t consider her their step-sister.
The sweet Italian ice cream makes me fat.

43. TYPES of SENTENCE
1) Simple Sentence
contains one full subject and predicate. Such as:
- statement : He lives in New York.
- question : How old are you?
- request : Please close the door.
- exclamation : What a terrible temper he has!
2) Compound Sentence
contains two or more sentences joined into one by :
- punctuation :
The weather was bad; all classes were canceled.
- punctuation and conjunctive adverb :
The weather was bad; therefore all classes were canceled.
- and, or, so, but, yet, for:
The weather was bad, so all classes were canceled.

44. 3) Complex Sentence
contains one or more dependent clause, such as:
- adverb clause :
All classes were canceled because the weather was bad.
- adjective clause:
Children who are under 12 years must be accompanied by parents.
- noun clause :
I can’t understand why you did such a thing.
4) Compound Complex Sentence
contains two or more independent clause and one or more dependent clause.
All classes were canceled because the weather was bad, and students
were told to stand by with their email to find out when classes would
begin again.

45. SESSION IX
CAUSATIVE AND CONDITONAL

46. CAUSATIVE VERBS : EXAMPLES

47. PENJELASAN CHART: CAUSATIVE VERBS

49. CONDITIONALS

50. FACTUAL CONDITIONAL & FIRST
CONDITIONAL

51. SECOND CONDITIONAL & THIRD
CONDITIONAL

52. SESSION X
MODAL

53. CAN
Ex: I can swim
TO BE (IS, AM, ARE)
I’d like to be able to
swim
COULD
I could swim when I
was 6 years old
TO BE
(WAS, WERE, ABLE TO)
Even though I’d hurt
my leg, I was able to
swim back to the boat.
(I managed to swim
back to the boat)
PRESENT
MODAL:
ABILITY
PAST

54. Can I smoke
here?
CAN
(informal)
Asking for
permission
COULD
Could I smoke
here?
(polite)
May I smoke
here?
MAY
(formal)
MAY
MODAL:
PERMISSION
CAN
You can’t smoke
here
BE ALLOWED TO
Refusing
permission
You may not
smoke
You are not
allowed to smoke
here
A:
Giving permission
CAN/MAY
Can/Could/May I
Borrow your
laptop?
B:
Of course you
can/may

55. COULD
It could be a pen
MIGHT
It might be a pen
MAY
It may be a pen
MUST
It must be a lipstick
CAN’T
It can’t be a lipstick
POSSIBILITY
It’s possible < 50%
certain
MODAL:
POSSIBILITY
PROBABILITY
It’s probable 90%
certain

56. SHOULD/OUGHT TO
MODAL:
ADVISABILITY
You should / ought to stop
making
HAD BETTER + Vo
You’d better stop smoking
Put that cigarette out!!
TO BE SUPPOSED TO
You’re not supposed to smoke
here

57. I must leave for school at 6:15.
+
(I think it is necessary)
I have to start teaching at 8:00.
(it’s my teaching schedule)
MODAL:
OBLIGATION
MUST NOT
DON’T HAVE TO
I must leave for school at 6:15.
(I think it is necessary)
She doesn’t have to get up
early today. (It is not
necessary to get up early
today)

58. I must leave for school at
6:15.
MUST
MODAL:
HABIT
(I think it is necessary)
+
HAVE TO
I have to start teaching at
8:00.
(It’s my teaching
schedule)

59. MUST
+
I must leave for
school at 6:15
I have to start teaching at
8:00
MODAL:
OBLIGATION
MUST NOT
I must leave for school at
6:15
( I think it is necessary
_
She doesn’t have to get up early
today
DON’T HAVE TO
(it is necessary to get up early
today (it is necessary to get up
early today)

60. Ann loves painting.
WILL
She will paint for hours.
(typical behavior)
WOULD
When we were children we
would play soccer together
(typical behavior in the past
MODAL:
HABIT
USED TO
+
VO
TO BE + USED TO
+ V-ING
He used to smoke.(but he
doesn’t now)
he is used to smoking
(he is accustomed to
smoking)

61. SESSION XI
TENSES

62. TENSES
times
PAST
PRESENT
FUTURE
Forms:
Simple
Studied
study/studies
Continuous
Was/were studying is/am/are studying will be studying
Perfect
Had studied
Perfect
Continuous
Had been studying have/has been
studying
have/has studied
will study
will have studied
will have been
studying

63. PAST TENSES
Started and finished
in the past
---- She typed a letter last night.
Something happened
after another
----
Simple Past
Interrupted past
When I came, she typed the letter.
---- When I came, she was typing a letter.
Continuous
Past
2 actions in progress
at the same time in
the past
----
When I was swimming, she was
typing a letter.

64. An event happened
Earlier than a past event
Perfect Past
Ex: When I came, she had typed a letter.
Perfect
Continuous Past
Recently stopped
before a past event
Ex: She had been typing for two hours when I came

65. PRESENT TENSES
Habit
Ex: She types letter.
(She may not typing now)
Simple Present
Fact
Temporary
Ex: Water boils at 100 degrees.
Ex: He is typing letters this week
because the secretary is on leave.
Continuous
Present
In progress
Ex: The water is boiling.
Can you turn the stove off?

66. Perfect
Present
Result
Ex: He has typed 3 letters this morning.
In progress
Perfect
Continuous
Present
Ex: She has been typing letters all morning.
Recently stopped
Ex: He has been typing letters all morning.
(so he is very tired now)

67. FUTURE TENSES
Prediction/Plan :
Spontaneity :
A: The phone rings!
B: I’ll get it.
Evidence :
Simple
Future
It will rain tomorrow.
I will meet John next week.
It is going to rain.
(because it’s cloudy now)
Decision :He is going to paint his house.
(because he’s bringing a can of
paint)
Definite
Arrangement :
A: What are you doing here?
B: I’m meeting John.
(in a waiting room)
Fixed schedule/
Program :The plane leaves at 10:00 tomorrow

68. Continuous
Future
Action in progress
at a time in the future
I will be studying at 7:00 tonight.
Perfect
Future
Action completed
by a certain time
in the future
I’ll have studied for three hours by
8:00 tonight.
Perfect
Continuous
Future
Action completed by a certain time in
the future and stays in progress
I’ll have been studying in UMS
in 2012.

69. SESSION XII
PASSIVE VOICE

70. PASSIVE VOICE
John
writes
the report.
ACTIVE
Subject
PASSIVE
Subject
The report
Verb
(depends on tenses)
Verb
(To be + Past Participle)
is written
Object
Object
(by agent)
by John.

71. Examples
John wrote the report.
John is writing the report.
The report was written by John.
The report is being written by John.
John was writing the report.
The report was being written by John.
John has written the report.
The report has been written by John.
John has been writing the report.
Not Logical
John had written the report.
The report had been written by John.
John had been writing the report.
Not Logical

72. SOURCES
1) English Sentence Structure
Robert Krohn. University of Michigan 1971
2) A Practical English Grammar
A.J. Thomson & A.V. Martinet. Oxford Univ. Press. 1986
3) Modern English, A Practical Reference Guide
Marcella Frank. Prentice –Hall Inc. 1972
4) Modern English Part II, Sentences and Complex Structures
Marcella Frank. Prentice-Hall Inc. 1984
5) English Grammar In Use
Murphy Brown. Cambridge Univ. Press 1992
6) Understanding and Using English Grammar
Betty S. Azar. Prentice-Hall Inc. 1989