Chapter Seven - lecture 11
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This document discusses negation in English sentences. It explains that to negate a sentence with an auxiliary verb, "not" is added after the auxiliary verb. To negate a sentence without an auxiliary verb, a form of "do" plus "not" is added after the subject. There are also non-assertive forms that do not occur naturally outside of negative, interrogative, or conditional clauses, such as "any", "yet", or "at all". Certain words like "seldom" and "rarely" are negative in meaning but not appearance and take non-assertive forms.
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This document discusses subject-verb agreement in English sentences. It states that the verb must agree with the subject in number, person, and gender. Some exceptions to this rule are then outlined. These include: 1) a clause acting as the subject is singular, 2) a prepositional phrase as subject is singular, 3) "there is/was" takes a singular verb, 4) some singular nouns ending in s are singular, 5) coordinate phrases used as names/titles/quotations are singular, 6) nominal relative clauses are plural, and 7) some nouns without an s inflection are plural. The document concludes by noting titles of some works can be singular or plural.
Chapter Seven - lecture 6
This document discusses different types of subjects and objects in sentences. It defines locative, temporal, and eventive subjects. Locative subjects refer to places, temporal subjects refer to times, and eventive subjects refer to arrangements or activities. It also discusses using the empty "it" as a subject. For objects, it defines affected, locative, cognate, and effected direct objects. It further discusses effected objects that are verbal forms preceded by general verbs. Finally, it defines an indirect object as a "recipient" and can be affected when the sentence has two objects and the verb is give, pay, or owe.
Chapter Seven - lecture 5
The document discusses different types of subjects in sentences: agentive subjects are animate actors performing actions; instrumental subjects are inanimate tools causing events; affected subjects experience actions denoted by intransitive or "be" verbs. It also discusses agentive and instrumental subjects with verbs like "have" and "own" denoting possession, and perceptual verbs like "see" and "hear". Recipient subjects receive actions and can be associated with perceptual verbs like "taste", as in "John tasted the soup".
Chapter Seven - lecture 4
The document discusses the different semantic roles that elements in a clause can play. It defines the subject as the animate entity causing the action, the direct object as the affected animate or inanimate entity receiving the action, and the indirect object as the recipient of the action that is not fully affected. It also discusses subject complements and object complements, noting they can be current attributes with stative verbs or resulting attributes with dynamic verbs.
Chapter Seven - lecture 3
This document discusses different sentence structures in English including SVOC, SVO, and SVOO. SVOC structures contain a subject, verb, object, and complement, such as "I imagined her beautiful." SVOO structures contain two objects and can be transformed into SVOA structures by placing the indirect object at the end of the sentence and adding a preposition before it, like changing "She sent John a card" to "She sent a card to John." Prepositions like "with", "of", and "at" can be used before the indirect object depending on the verb.
Chapter Seven - lecture 2
Adverbs can indicate process, place, or time and can be optional or obligatory parts of sentences depending on the clause type. Passive voice is formed by making the object of an active sentence the subject of the passive sentence, using a form of "to be" plus the past participle verb. It is the best example for explaining syntactic transformation, where the active sentence structure of subject-verb-object changes to subject-verbpassive in the passive sentence.
Chapter Seven.pptx
This document discusses different types of clauses and sentences. It defines a simple sentence as having one independent clause that can stand alone, while a complex sentence contains one independent clause and at least one dependent clause. Dependent clauses cannot stand alone as a complete sentence. The document then lists 7 different clause types, including sentences with subjects, verbs, objects, and complements. It provides examples for each clause type and defines subject and object complements as elements that describe the subject or object of the sentence.
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- 2. To negate a sentence with an auxiliary verb ( an operator ) , we add not after that aux. Ex: He is coming . He is not coming. To negate a sentence without an auxiliary verb , we add ( do , did , does ) + not after the subject Ex: John eats an apple. John does not eat an apple. Ex: John ate an apple. John did not eat an apple. Ex: They eat apples. They do not eat apples. 7.33 Negation
- 3. To negate a sentence with verb to be as its main verb , we add not after the verb Ex: She is clever. She is not clever.
- 4. There are a number of forms do not occur naturally outside negative , interrogative , and conditional clauses as ( any , yet , at all ) : We have seen some soldiers. Assertive form We have not seen any soldiers . Non assertive form Note : You should read p. 185 to know all the non – assertive forms. 7.35 Non-assertive forms
- 5. ( by any means , a bite ) can be used instead of ( at all ) as non- assertive expressions of extent . Ex : He helped to some extent. He didn’t help by any means. ( at all , whatever ) are used to emphasize the negative determiners and pronouns . Ex: You have no excuse whatever. ( Never ) can be repeated for emphasis . Ex: I’ll never , never go there again. 7.36 Negative intensification
- 6. There are a number of words which are negative in meaning but not in appearance . They are : 1- Seldom and rarely 2- Scarcely , hardly , barely 3- Little , few , only They have the following characteristics : 1- They are followed by non-assertive forms only Ex: I seldom get any sheep.
- 7. 2- They can cause inversion for the subject and the operator Ex: Rarely does crime pay so well as Mr. John seems to think. operator S 3- They are followed by positive tag- question Ex: She scarcely seems to care , does she ? Note : There are a number of verbs , adjectives , and prepositions can be followed by non-assertive forms Ex: Without any delay. Ex: I forget to ask for any change.