The document discusses how the power of monarchs grew across Europe during the Middle Ages. In England, kings gained power through conquest and centralizing authority, culminating in Magna Carta and the formation of Parliament to advise the king. In France, the Capetian dynasty extended control over the country. The Holy Roman Empire was decentralized, with local dukes maintaining authority. Kings in Iberia gained power by driving out the Moors through the Reconquista.

1. Preview Main Idea / Reading Focus

2. The English Monarchy

3. Faces of History: Eleanor of Aquitaine

4. Other European Monarchies

5. Map: The Holy Roman Empire The Growth of Monarchies

6. Reading Focus How did the power of the English monarchy grow and change?

7. How did kings increase their powers in the other monarchies of Europe? Main Idea The power of kings grew and the nature of monarchy changed across Europe in the early Middle Ages. The Growth of Monarchies

8. Alfred drove the Viking forces north of London to what became the Danelaw, a territory under Viking control. England was one of the first countries in Europe to develop a strong central monarchy. Under the Anglo-Saxons, who first unified the country, and then under the Normans, who conquered the Anglo-Saxons, the English kings exercised considerable power. The English Monarchy Anglo-Saxon rulers descendants of Angles, Saxons who invaded in 400s

9. For most of period, England divided into seven small kingdoms

10. Each had own laws, customs Anglo-Saxon England 800s, Danish Vikings invaded, conquered several Anglo-Saxon kingdoms, not all of England

11. 878, Viking campaign cut short by Alfred the Great , king of Wessex in southern England Danish Vikings

12. Alfred’s descendants ruled England for most of next two centuries

13. 1066, king died without heir; two men claimed throne: Harold, Anglo-Saxon nobleman from England; William, duke of Normandy in France

14. Supported by English nobility, Harold named new king The Norman Conquest William decided to take crown by force; gathered army, sailed for England where Harold met him

15. Two armies fought in Battle of Hastings; William won

16. Became King William I of England, known as William the Conqueror William William stronger king than Anglo-Saxon rulers

17. Claimed all English land as personal property

18. Divided land into fiefs for his Norman soldiers; new nobility created, all owing loyalty to king Strong King

19. French Culture William, Normans introduced elements of French culture into England

20. Most of England’s new nobles born in France, spoke French, practiced French customs

21. Most of lower classes kept old Anglo-Saxon language, habits Domesday Book William ordered survey taken to learn more about kingdom

22. Wanted to know who lived in each part of England, what they owned, how much they could afford to pay in taxes

23. Resulting in Domesday Book , used to create central tax system for England

24. The English in France Even more territories in France added when Henry married powerful French duchess, Eleanor of Aquitane

25. Together they ruled England, half of France

26. In theory, French holdings made English kings vassals of king of France

27. In practice, kings of England stronger than kings of France, ignored feudal obligations More Territories Kings following William gained even more power as time passed

28. New power came from acquisition of new lands, many in France

29. Descendants inherited position as duke of Normandy; great-grandson Henry II also son of a French duke

30. Henry inherited father’s lands in France, which became part of England More Lands

32. By about 1200 the power of the English king started to worry some nobles. They feared kings would abuse their powers. Magna Carta Nobles concerned their rights would be taken away

33. 1215, concerns reached crisis point under King John

34. John caught in war with France, lost almost all of England’s French holdings

35. Tried to raise money with new tax on nobility

36. Nobles refused tax, took up arms against king Nobles’ Concerns Rebellious nobles forced John to accept document outlining their rights, Magna Carta

37. Restricted king’s power; even kings not above the law

38. King had to obtain consent of nobles before raising taxes

39. Ended king’s ability to arrest, punish people without cause or take property illegally New Rights

40. Dissatisfaction Magna Carta addressed many concerns, but some nobles still not satisfied

41. King constantly asked for approval to raise taxes of which they disapproved

42. 1260s, nobles began another rebellion to obtain say in how kingdom was run Powers For several years the powers of Parliament remained undefined

43. Edward I one of first kings to clarify role of Parliament, work effectively with governing body Parliament As part of agreement to end rebellion, king agreed to meet with members of nobility, clergy, middle class to discuss key issues facing country

44. Resulting council developed into English governing body, Parliament Parliament

45. 1295, Parliament summoned by Edward included nobles, clergy, representatives from every English county, town Had power to create new taxes, advise king on lawmaking, royal policy

46. Edward strengthened England’s central government, reformed system of laws

47. Saw Parliament as tool for strengthening monarchy, not limiting it; kept Parliament in secondary role to power of king Central Government Strengthened

48. Summarize How did Magna Carta and Parliament change the English monarchy? Answer(s): reduced the king's power, formed a council (Parliament) that would create new taxes and advise the king on lawmaking

49. The changes in the English monarchy were unique. During the Middle Ages, kings in other European countries also worked to gain more power, but their experiences were different from those of he English rulers. Other European Monarchies After Charlemagne, kings of France did not rule much territory

50. Limited to area around Paris, Orleans

51. Rest in hands of powerful nobles France Mid-900s, one noble family rose to power when one member elected king

52. Hugh Capet , successors extended power throughout France Capetians Sometimes Capetians fought local nobles for power

53. Other times created allegiances

54. By 1300, ruled almost all of modern France Power

55. Empire Split Emperor Charlemagne had unified most of western Europe into one empire

56. After his death, the empire split into two parts

57. Western part became France; eastern part became known as Germany Otto Worked to unite German lands, conquered parts of northern Italy

58. 962, aided Pope John XII, rewarded by being named Emperor of the Romans

59. Territories united under Otto became known as Holy Roman Empire Germany France remained somewhat unified under one king

60. Germany separated into several small states, each with own ruler, or duke

61. 936, Otto the Great gained enough support to become king of the Germans Holy Roman Empire

62. Holy Roman Empire Called holy because empire had pope’s support

63. Called Roman because Charlemagne had title Emperor of the Roman People Emperors Elected 1100s, Holy Roman emperors did not inherit position, were elected upon death of emperor

64. Group of electors—dukes, archbishops—chose successor Holy Roman Emperors Made decisions, passed laws with help of dukes

65. Dukes maintained full authority on own lands Crowned by Pope Person chosen by electors had to travel to Rome

66. Pope had to crown new emperor before his power fully recognized Description of Empire

67. Growth of monarchy in Spain, Portugal coupled with religious struggles

68. Today the two countries share Iberian Peninsula, which had been conquered by Muslims in early 700s

69. Muslims, called Moors by Christians, built powerful state centered in city of Cordoba.

70. Christians ruled only few kingdoms in far northern part of peninsula Spain and Portugal 722, Christian rulers began to fight Moors, drive them out of Europe

71. Christian rulers continued westward push, little success until 1000s

72. Civil war had broken out in Muslim Spain, weakening Moorish leadership Fighting Moors Christian states began series of campaigns to retake Iberian Peninsula, called the Reconquista

73. 1085, king of Castile won great victory over Moors, inspired rulers of two other Christian kingdoms to join in the Reconquista Campaigns

74. Victories Together three Iberian kingdoms won victory after victory over Moors

75. Early 1100s, Portuguese drove Moors completely out of their lands, established Kingdom of Portugal Modern Spain Modern Spain has origins in late 1400s

76. Royal marriage between rulers of Aragon and Castile united two kingdoms

77. Combining countries and power, they ruled one of strongest countries in Europe Pushing South Rulers of Aragon and Castile continued to push south, captured Cordoba 1236

78. Christians pushed Moors almost all the way out of Spain within a few years

79. Moors not driven completely off Iberian Peninsula until 1492 Victory over Moors

81. Analyze How did rulers in France, the Holy Roman Empire, and Spain gain power? Answer(s): by acquiring new land and territories through alliances, marriage, and conquest