Norman Kings
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The document discusses how the power of monarchs grew across Europe during the Middle Ages. In England, kings gained power through conquest and centralizing authority, culminating in Magna Carta and the formation of Parliament to advise the king. In France, the Capetian dynasty extended control over the country. The Holy Roman Empire was decentralized, with local dukes maintaining authority. Kings in Iberia gained power by driving out the Moors through the Reconquista.
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3) The beginnings of Parliament emerged from the Model Parliament called by Edward I, which included representatives from the counties.
Germanic Tribes and Vikings5th-11th centuries The My.docx
Germanic Tribes and Vikings
5th-11th centuries
The Myth of the Dark Ages
Germanic tribes took over Roman lands.
Hundreds of little kingdoms took the place of the Western Roman Empire in Europe.
Modelled Roman law, customs, and Christianity
Kingdoms were always at war with one another.
Myth of the Dark Ages
Germanic tribes adopted Christianity
Monasteries – communities of nuns and monks who were servants of God
They were Europe’s best educated
They opened schools
Maintained libraries
Copied important books: this preserved Greco-Roman cultural achievements
The Franks
In A.D. 481, Clovis united the Franks and became their king.
Clovis converted to the Christianity.
Essentially, the Franks blended Germanic and Roman cultural practices
He established the Merovingian Kingdom
The Franks
By 800s Franks ruled much of western, central Europe
Leaders most influential in expansion of Franks all belonged to one family—Charlemagne’s family, the Carolingians
One of first Carolingians to gain power, Charlemagne’s grandfather
Charles Martel, political adviser, war leader for Frankish king
Led Frankish army in many crushing defeats of opponents, notably at the Battle of Tours
Age of Charlemagne
Charlemagne 742-814 AD
Overview:
Charlemagne became king of the Franks in 768 A.D. He tried to recreate the glory of the old Roman Empire.
He conquered vast territories and was eventually proclaimed emperor of the Holy Roman Empire by Pope Leo III.
He gave land to his nobles in exchange for their loyalty and military service.
Charlemagne
Charlemagne was a Frankish king that lived during the 8th and 9th centuries
He became king in 768 after his father Pepin the Short died
Charlemagne was an ambitious ruler and expanded the Frankish territory
Because of his successful campaigns, he has been considered by some as the Father of Modern Europe.
Charlemagne and pope Leo
In 773 Charlemagne began his attack on the Lombard kingdom, which was in northern Italy
Pope Leo called on him for help when the Lombards attacked Papal States, 774
The Papal states was a region in central Italy under control of pope
By 774, he had the Lombards on the verge of defeat and he received the Iron Crown
The Iron Crown made him king over the Franks and Lombards
Charlemagne and Pope Leo
In 799, Charlemagne helped Leo III again. Eventually, Charlemagne was named emperor of the Roman people
The Pope’s action suggested that Charlemagne’s rule had the backing of the church and God
Th effects of this were massive:
Charlemagne now rivaled the Byzantine’s as the inheritors of Rome
It placed the Roman papacy firmly in the sphere of the west isolating it from the influence of the Byzantines
Charlemagne also considered marrying the Byzantine queen Irene to unite the empires
The West was now further unified politically and spiritually
Charlemagne
Charlemagne had tremendous power as emperor
His empire was large and not easy to rule; he made c ...
Lecture 13 Francef19Taxation in EuropeDomain states an.docx
Lecture 13 France
f19
Taxation in Europe
Domain states and tax states
Starting around 1500 there was a large increase in tax revenues and the size of armies in Spain, France, Austrian Empire, England
Kings consolidated territories (easier for defense)
Kings hired mercenaries from at home and other countries
Contrast with China, which went directly to conscription of mass armies by 200 BCE
Revenues used mainly for military (90%)
France
French state was built up from a base around Paris that was the property of the royal family; these provinces were ruled directly by the king; other provinces were added over time but were allowed to retain their own inherited rules; let’s call these the core provinces and the peripheral provinces
In general the provinces had Estates, composed of the three orders: clergy, nobility, and commoners, or the first, second, and third estates
The provincial Estates gained privileges for themselves, with different rules for different provinces, especially in the more recently acquired peripheral provinces
France
There was also an Estates General, representing the whole country; it failed to restrain the king in the 1440s as France was driving England out of France; the Estates General was last called together in 1614 and again failed; not called again until 1789
After 1500 French kings continued to bargain with provincial estates (now called parlements); elites at provincial and local levels bargained for tax exemptions; these elites came to include wealthy businessmen as well as aristocrats and clergy; the tax burden fell on non-elites
French kings’ desire for revenue exceeded tax revenues; they resorted to borrowing from financial centers in Italy, Switzerland, Germany
France
Lenders borrowed on the promise of future tax receipts; kings at times failed to pay, and renegotiated the loans
Kings turned to the sale of offices; office holder was entitled to receive part or all of the revenue from a particular tax in a particular location
In early 1600s king offered to make some offices hereditary in return for a fee (the paulette); this venal office holding spread; system of office holding and taxation became very complex, with special privileges for individuals, some of whom were aristocrats, others merely wealthy
France
Kings’ credibility was low among foreign lenders; kings resorted to demanding loans from office holders, who after all had a stake in the system; this is called “inside finance”
Administrative centralization; kings appointed officials to go into the provinces and supervise the collection of taxes; they served at the pleasure of the king’s finance minister and were independent of local elites and venal office holders; these royal officials were called intendants; typically a recently ennobled man, with an assistant who was a commoner
Practice 11, 12 Political Accountability
France
Thirty Years War 1618-48 was very costly for France; heavy taxation and large accumulated debt; the new king ...
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1. Spain's empire reached its peak under Charles V in the early 16th century, encompassing Spain, the Spanish Netherlands, parts of Italy and Germany, and vast American colonies.
2. Philip II inherited a declining empire in the late 16th century due to economic problems like inflation from silver imports, high taxes, and costly wars including the Dutch Revolt.
3. The Dutch Republic gained independence and became a prosperous trading power in the 17th century, while Spain's empire continued to weaken due to financial troubles and loss of territory.
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Norman Kings
- 3. Faces of History: Eleanor of Aquitaine
- 5. Map: The Holy Roman Empire The Growth of Monarchies
- 7. How did kings increase their powers in the other monarchies of Europe? Main Idea The power of kings grew and the nature of monarchy changed across Europe in the early Middle Ages. The Growth of Monarchies
- 9. For most of period, England divided into seven small kingdoms
- 11. 878, Viking campaign cut short by Alfred the Great , king of Wessex in southern England Danish Vikings
- 13. 1066, king died without heir; two men claimed throne: Harold, Anglo-Saxon nobleman from England; William, duke of Normandy in France
- 15. Two armies fought in Battle of Hastings; William won
- 17. Claimed all English land as personal property
- 18. Divided land into fiefs for his Norman soldiers; new nobility created, all owing loyalty to king Strong King
- 20. Most of England’s new nobles born in France, spoke French, practiced French customs
- 22. Wanted to know who lived in each part of England, what they owned, how much they could afford to pay in taxes
- 23. Resulting in Domesday Book , used to create central tax system for England
- 25. Together they ruled England, half of France
- 26. In theory, French holdings made English kings vassals of king of France
- 28. New power came from acquisition of new lands, many in France
- 29. Descendants inherited position as duke of Normandy; great-grandson Henry II also son of a French duke
- 30. Henry inherited father’s lands in France, which became part of England More Lands
- 33. 1215, concerns reached crisis point under King John
- 34. John caught in war with France, lost almost all of England’s French holdings
- 35. Tried to raise money with new tax on nobility
- 37. Restricted king’s power; even kings not above the law
- 38. King had to obtain consent of nobles before raising taxes
- 39. Ended king’s ability to arrest, punish people without cause or take property illegally New Rights
- 41. King constantly asked for approval to raise taxes of which they disapproved
- 44. Resulting council developed into English governing body, Parliament Parliament
- 46. Edward strengthened England’s central government, reformed system of laws
- 47. Saw Parliament as tool for strengthening monarchy, not limiting it; kept Parliament in secondary role to power of king Central Government Strengthened
- 48. Summarize How did Magna Carta and Parliament change the English monarchy? Answer(s): reduced the king's power, formed a council (Parliament) that would create new taxes and advise the king on lawmaking
- 50. Limited to area around Paris, Orleans
- 53. Other times created allegiances
- 54. By 1300, ruled almost all of modern France Power
- 56. After his death, the empire split into two parts
- 58. 962, aided Pope John XII, rewarded by being named Emperor of the Romans
- 60. Germany separated into several small states, each with own ruler, or duke
- 61. 936, Otto the Great gained enough support to become king of the Germans Holy Roman Empire
- 66. Pope had to crown new emperor before his power fully recognized Description of Empire
- 68. Today the two countries share Iberian Peninsula, which had been conquered by Muslims in early 700s
- 69. Muslims, called Moors by Christians, built powerful state centered in city of Cordoba.
- 71. Christian rulers continued westward push, little success until 1000s
- 73. 1085, king of Castile won great victory over Moors, inspired rulers of two other Christian kingdoms to join in the Reconquista Campaigns
- 76. Royal marriage between rulers of Aragon and Castile united two kingdoms
- 78. Christians pushed Moors almost all the way out of Spain within a few years
- 79. Moors not driven completely off Iberian Peninsula until 1492 Victory over Moors
- 81. Analyze How did rulers in France, the Holy Roman Empire, and Spain gain power? Answer(s): by acquiring new land and territories through alliances, marriage, and conquest