The document summarizes key developments in Europe between 1100-1300, including technological advances that supported population growth and urbanization. Peasants were tied to the land in a three-field crop rotation system. Long distance trade expanded markets for goods. Towns specialized in trade, manufacturing, or as centers of learning like Paris and Bologna. Guilds organized craftsmen and merchants. Feudal relationships gave local lords power, while national monarchies in England, France, and Germany centralized power to different degrees through the 1200s.

1. The
Consolidation
of Europe
1100-1300

2. Technological Advances
 Heavy wheeled plow
 Water mills
 Windmills
 Increased population
 Urbanization
 Market for goods

3. Peasants
 Tied to the land
 Strip farming
 Tenants in kind
 Three field system of crop rotation
 Adaptable to climate
 2 growing seasons
 Higher yields

4. Commerce
 Long distance trade controlled by
Venetian, Pisan and Genoese navies
 Created expanding market for Eastern
luxury goods
 Champagne Fairs

5. Town Speicalization
 Parisand Bologna: universities
 Venice, Genoa, Cologne & London: long
distance trade
 Milan, Florence, Ghent and Bruges:
manufacturing centers

6. Universities

7. The Sorbonne
University of Bolognia

8. The Guild System
 Male dominated professional associations of
craftsmen
 Master craftsmen
 Journeymen
 Apprentice
 Preserve monopolies and limit competition
 Controlled prices
 Wages
 Methods of production
 Masterpiece
 Merchant guilds

9. Feudalism

10.  Feudalism:
A highly decentralized political system in
which public powers of minting, justice, taxation
and defense were vested in the hands of a private
lord.
What was the relationship between Feudalism and
the rise of national monarchies?

11.  Fief: contract in which someone granted
something of value to someone else in return for a
service
 Land grant implied subordination
 Vassal
 Lord
 Homage
 Most developed and lasted the longest in France
 10th and 11th centuries-minimal feudal pyramids
 12th & 13th powerful lords insisted on pyramid structure
Feudalism 101

13.  England
 Battle of Hastings 1066
 William the Conqueror (1066-1100)
 Normans—extensive grants of English land
 King
 Only the king could coin money
 National land tax
 Summon population to arms
 All landholders owed loyalty to crown
Feudalism and Government in England

14. William the Conqueror
From the Bayeaux Tapestry

15.  Created the Exchequer
 Appointed sheriffs to supervise counties
 Traveling circuit judges
 Checked power of landowners and sheriffs
Henry I (1100-1135)

16. Henry II of England

17.  England
 Henry II (1154-1189)
 Grandson of Henry I
 Ruled Normandy; Anjou; Aquitane & England
 Expanded use of juries to determine facts in civil (not
criminal) cases
 Conflict with the Church
 Two sons-Richard I (Lionheart) & John
Henry II (1154-1189)

18. Henry II of England Tomb

19. Richard I of England
(R. 11889-1199)
 Richard I
 3rd Crusade
 Spent only 6 months in England During his
reign
 Imprisoned in Germany and Ransomed by
John I

21. Trifels Castle in Germany, James Emerson, World Images Group

22. John I of England (R. 1199-
1216)
 Taxes and fines on aristocracy and free
artisans to recover lands in France and
ransom Richard I
 1214 failed military campaign in France
 1215 Runnymede, forced to sign Magna
Carta

23. John I of England

24.  Henry III (1216-1272)
 Perfected legal system ―English Common Law‖
 Taxed both Nobles and commoners in proportion to
their income
Henry III of England (R. 1216-1272

25. Tomb of Henry II
Westminster Abbey

26.  Parliament
 Assembly of nobles, clergy and townsmen
 Announce tax levies
 Hear judicial cases involving higher nobility
 Review local administration
 Hear complaints
Edward I of England

29. What was the relationship between Feudalism
and the rise of national monarchies?
 France
 Capetian Dynasty
 Produced uninterrupted line of sons for 300 years
 Long-lived
 Direct rule over Paris and surrounding area
 Rich agriculture
 Protectors of popes
 Patronized University of Paris (Sorbonne)
 Louis VI (the Fat) (1108-1137)
 Consolidated control over land around Paris
 Louis VII (1137-1180)
 Incited rebellions by Henry II’s sons against their father
 Kept Henry II from increasing power in France

31.  France
 Philip II (1179-1223)
 Claimed homage from John in return for lands in France (which John already
owned as son of Henry)
 Confiscated lands
 Appointed royal officials with judicial, military and administrative authority (no
separation of powers)
 Louis VIII (1223-1226)
 strengthened French administrative control into lands seized from John
 Louis IX (Saint Louis) (1226-1270)
 increased French control of lands in France
 Engaged in last crusades
 Philip IV (1285-1314)
 Wars against Flanders and England
 Raised taxes on commoners but not nobility who were exempt from paying direct
taxes to crown
 Estates General
French Monarchs
Centralized Bureaucracy
King as Penultimate Feudal Lord

32.  Germany
 Territories
 Switzerland
 Eastern France
 Belgium & Netherlands
 Northern Italy
 Relied heavily on cooperation with Church
 Church leaders frequently members of royal family appointed by emperor
 Henry IV & Henry V (1056-1125)
 Conflicts with Dukes of Saxony & Pope Gregory VII
 Civil war
 Investiture
 Enabled German princes to rule ―principalities‖ with larger independence
than existed in France or England
 New Emperors must be elected from among the Princes and approved by
the Pope
Centrality of Church to power of King
Independence of Princes

33. Investiture Conflict
 Pope Gregory VII (1073-1085)
 Election violently supported by a mob of Romans
 Violated terms of Papal decree of 1059
 Caused friction between Pope and Henry IV
 Could a lay person appoint Bishops or Abbots?
 Gregory VII prohibited all clerics from accepting church offices from a
layman even if the layman was a king
 Henry IV refused to accept this and appointed a new archbishop in
Milan
 Gregory reminded Henry that Gregory was the successor to St. Peter
and Henry owed Gregory the same obedience
 Gregory renounced his obedience to Gregory reminding Gregory that
his election as Pope violated the decree of 1059
 Gregory excommunicated Henry and called on his subjects to rebel
 Saxon Nobility renewed their civil war
 Henry must humble himself at Canossa

35. Pope Gregory VII

36. Gregory VII vs. Henry IV
Round II
 Gregory supported Henry’s rival Duke Rudolf of Swabia in 1077
 Henry invaded Rome in 1081 to depose Gregory and set up
Guibert of Ravenna as Pope
 17 Cardinals deserted Gregory
 Guibert was enthroned as Pope Clement III in 1084
 Clement III crowned Henry IV Holy Roman Emperor
 A rival German Prince, Robert Guiscard, allied with Gregory
and Henry and Clement fled Rome
 Gregory was chased out of Rome also because the nobles
were angry that Gregory did not treat the Norman Kings as
harshly as he did the Italian and German princes.
 Gregory fled to Monte Casino and then to Salerno where he
died in 1085.

37. Wax Funeral Effigy of Gregory VII:
Salerno Cathedral

38. The Crusades

39. Original Purposes
 Byzantine Emperor, Alexius hoped to use Norman
mercenaries to defend Byzantium from Seljuk Turks.
 Urban II wanted to demonstrate to Kings of
Western Europe that the Papacy could command
an army that might enforce Papal decrees with
military might.
 Urban II’s call to Crusade
 Clermont in France
 1095
 Any knight who wished to join in the fight to liberate
the Holy Land from its Muslim Captors
 Anyone fighting or dying in the service of Christ would
win total absolution from sins and be transported to
heaven
 Glory, booty, salvation

40. Council of Clermont 1095

41. Pope Urban II

42. Peter the Hermit

43. Centrality of the Church to the Power of the
Monarch
 Germany
 Frederick Barbarossa (1152-1190)
 HolyRoman Empire: descending from Rome
and blessed by God
 Compromised with Princes of Lombard
League and Pope
 Agreement for Henry VI to succeed him
 Henry to marry Norman Princess of Sicily
 Henry became king of Sicily when wife’s brother
died

44. Frederick Barbarossa

45. What Are the Differences in Development of
National Monarchies in England, France and
Germany (Holy Roman Empire)?
 England
 Administrative System
 Departments of Exchequer, Sheriffs and Courts; no
one department controls all power
 All landowners (including Church) must pay taxes and
provide military support to the king;
 Negotiations between King and Aristocracy limits the
power of the King—beginning of Constitutional
government (Magna Carta);
 Distance from Church leadership in Rome
encourages independence of monarchs;
 Development of Parliament and beginning of
participation in government by merchants and
wealthy artisans.

46. What Are the Differences in Development of
National Monarchies in England, France and
Germany (Holy Roman Empire)?
 France
 Focused on increasing territory by taking land from
English monarch;
 King appointed aristocrats to posts which include
collecting taxes, enforcing the law, and judiciary;
 French Kings as ―protectors of the Pope‖ engaged in
military campaigns in Italy and church politics in Rome;
 Controversy over taxing authority of King over church
lands;
 Estates General: appearance of consultation but not
supported by the monarch
 1st Estate Aristocracy- no taxes
 2nd Estate Church – resisted taxes
 3rd Estate Everybody else – high taxes

47. What Are the Differences in Development of
National Monarchies in England, France and
Germany (Holy Roman Empire)?
 Germany (Holy Roman Empire)
 Principalities: territories ruled by princes who
were not strong enough to force other princes
to accept them as the ―lord‖
 Princes elected the Holy Roman Emperor who
had to then be approved by the Pope resulting
in Papal interference in secular authority of
Emperor;
 Princes maintained taxing, enforcement, and
judicial authority
 Never developed strong central authority and
Germany remained divided into Principalities;

48. Innocent III (1198-1216)
 Became Pope at 37
 Goal: bring all of Christendom under Papal
hegemony and to recover Jerusalem from the
Muslims
 Believed that Pope had the right to discipline Kings
who sinned
 Engineered the accession of Frederick II to power
as Emperor of Germany
 Increased church lands in Northern Italy of which
Pope was the secular Prince
 Vatican City
 Power to tax parishes

49. Innocent III

50. Fourth Lateran Council of 1215
 Pope as Supreme head of the Church
 2nd in authority is Patriarch of Constantinople
 Doctrine of Transubstantiation
 Required Jews and Muslims to wear special
identification to distinguish them from Christians
 Required Sacramental Confession at least 1 time
per year
 High conduct for Priests than laiety
 No new Religious Orders
 Rules for trial and punishment of heretics and their
protectors