Lect 6 Microbiota.pptx
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Normal human microbiota refers to the microorganisms that inhabit healthy humans. The microbiota varies by body site and helps prevent pathogen colonization through competition, nutrient absorption, and toxin production. Resident flora are consistently present while transient flora are temporary. When defenses are breached or microbes reach abnormal sites, disease can occur. Common resident flora include Staphylococcus, Streptococcus, and Corynebacterium species in the skin, nose, mouth, ears, and genitourinary tract. The gastrointestinal tract is heavily colonized after birth, initially by Bifidobacteria and Lactobacilli and later mainly anaerobic bacteria in the large intestine.
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Normal flora
The document discusses normal flora, which are microorganisms that inhabit healthy humans without causing harm. Normal flora are found on skin and mucous membranes but not inside organs. The skin and mucous membranes harbor both resident and transient flora. The document then describes characteristics, types, roles, and locations of normal flora in different parts of the body including skin, oral cavity, respiratory tract, digestive tract, and urogenital tract. Common genera of normal flora are discussed for each location.
Human microbial flora
The document discusses the normal microbial flora that inhabit healthy humans. It describes the different microorganisms typically found colonizing various body sites like the skin, respiratory tract, gastrointestinal tract, and genitourinary tract. The flora varies between sites and helps protect against pathogens by competing for resources and binding sites. While important for health, the normal flora can sometimes cause disease if defenses are compromised or microbes reach abnormal body sites. Key resident skin bacteria include Staphylococcus epidermidis and propionibacteria. The mouth harbors streptococci and actinomyces. The GI tract contains large numbers of lactobacilli and bifidobacteria in the small intestine and numerous anaerobes
Chapter 5 Normal Flora of the Human Body
You will learn in this presentation the variety of stains of microorganisms that you can find in the different parts of the human body, including their abundance and implications.
huuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuumanmicrobialflora.pptx
The document summarizes the normal microbial flora that inhabit various sites of the human body. It describes the resident and transient flora of the skin, respiratory tract, oral cavity, gastrointestinal tract, and genitourinary tract. The flora vary between sites and help protect against pathogens through competition, production of antimicrobial substances, and stimulation of the immune system. Disruptions to the flora can allow overgrowth of opportunistic microbes.
Normal flora
This document discusses the normal microbial flora of the skin, intestines, and vagina. It describes the most common bacteria that normally inhabit these areas, including Staphylococcus epidermidis and Streptococcus on the skin. In the intestines, it notes the high numbers of anaerobic bacteria and how the flora changes along the GI tract. It also explains how disruption of the normal flora through factors like antibiotics or medical procedures can allow pathogenic bacteria to colonize.
NORMAL FLORA.pptx
Normal body flora are microorganisms that live on and inside the human body without causing disease. They have a symbiotic relationship with their human hosts, providing benefits like producing vitamins and preventing pathogenic bacteria from growing, while also being provided a habitat. The types of normal flora include resident bacteria that constantly live in one area and transient bacteria that are temporary visitors. Different body sites harbor different normal flora depending on factors like moisture and pH levels. Maintaining a healthy balance of normal flora is important for preventing infection.
Normal flora 2017
The document defines normal flora or normal microbiota as the population of microorganisms that inhabit healthy persons' skin and mucous membranes. These microbes include resident flora that regularly inhabit specific areas, and transient flora that are present for shorter periods. Normal flora provide benefits like aiding digestion and maturation of the immune system. They also act as a first line of defense by preventing pathogenic colonization through mechanisms like bacterial interference. While normal flora are generally harmless in their usual sites, they can cause disease if introduced to sterile sites or if numbers of resident flora are reduced by factors like antibiotics.
NORMAL FLORA OF THE HUMAN BODY.pptx
The normal flora of the human body consists of microorganisms that colonize various areas without causing disease. The skin, nasal passages, mouth, intestines and genitourinary tract each have distinct resident microbial populations that help maintain health and defend against pathogens. These normal flora are mainly bacteria and include both commensal species that do not harm the host as well as mutualistic species that provide benefits like vitamin production.
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Normal flora
The document discusses normal flora, which are microorganisms that inhabit healthy humans without causing harm. Normal flora are found on skin and mucous membranes but not inside organs. The skin and mucous membranes harbor both resident and transient flora. The document then describes characteristics, types, roles, and locations of normal flora in different parts of the body including skin, oral cavity, respiratory tract, digestive tract, and urogenital tract. Common genera of normal flora are discussed for each location.
Human microbial flora
The document discusses the normal microbial flora that inhabit healthy humans. It describes the different microorganisms typically found colonizing various body sites like the skin, respiratory tract, gastrointestinal tract, and genitourinary tract. The flora varies between sites and helps protect against pathogens by competing for resources and binding sites. While important for health, the normal flora can sometimes cause disease if defenses are compromised or microbes reach abnormal body sites. Key resident skin bacteria include Staphylococcus epidermidis and propionibacteria. The mouth harbors streptococci and actinomyces. The GI tract contains large numbers of lactobacilli and bifidobacteria in the small intestine and numerous anaerobes
Chapter 5 Normal Flora of the Human Body
You will learn in this presentation the variety of stains of microorganisms that you can find in the different parts of the human body, including their abundance and implications.
huuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuumanmicrobialflora.pptx
The document summarizes the normal microbial flora that inhabit various sites of the human body. It describes the resident and transient flora of the skin, respiratory tract, oral cavity, gastrointestinal tract, and genitourinary tract. The flora vary between sites and help protect against pathogens through competition, production of antimicrobial substances, and stimulation of the immune system. Disruptions to the flora can allow overgrowth of opportunistic microbes.
Normal flora
This document discusses the normal microbial flora of the skin, intestines, and vagina. It describes the most common bacteria that normally inhabit these areas, including Staphylococcus epidermidis and Streptococcus on the skin. In the intestines, it notes the high numbers of anaerobic bacteria and how the flora changes along the GI tract. It also explains how disruption of the normal flora through factors like antibiotics or medical procedures can allow pathogenic bacteria to colonize.
NORMAL FLORA.pptx
Normal body flora are microorganisms that live on and inside the human body without causing disease. They have a symbiotic relationship with their human hosts, providing benefits like producing vitamins and preventing pathogenic bacteria from growing, while also being provided a habitat. The types of normal flora include resident bacteria that constantly live in one area and transient bacteria that are temporary visitors. Different body sites harbor different normal flora depending on factors like moisture and pH levels. Maintaining a healthy balance of normal flora is important for preventing infection.
Normal flora 2017
The document defines normal flora or normal microbiota as the population of microorganisms that inhabit healthy persons' skin and mucous membranes. These microbes include resident flora that regularly inhabit specific areas, and transient flora that are present for shorter periods. Normal flora provide benefits like aiding digestion and maturation of the immune system. They also act as a first line of defense by preventing pathogenic colonization through mechanisms like bacterial interference. While normal flora are generally harmless in their usual sites, they can cause disease if introduced to sterile sites or if numbers of resident flora are reduced by factors like antibiotics.
NORMAL FLORA OF THE HUMAN BODY.pptx
The normal flora of the human body consists of microorganisms that colonize various areas without causing disease. The skin, nasal passages, mouth, intestines and genitourinary tract each have distinct resident microbial populations that help maintain health and defend against pathogens. These normal flora are mainly bacteria and include both commensal species that do not harm the host as well as mutualistic species that provide benefits like vitamin production.
7-Normal_Flora_0.pptx
Normal flora are microorganisms that inhabit human bodies. They differ depending on body site but generally include bacteria like staphylococci and diphtheroids. Normal flora protect against pathogens by competing for resources and producing antimicrobial substances. They are found on skin, in the mouth, GI tract, and urogenital system. While usually harmless, normal flora can sometimes cause opportunistic infections when the body's defenses are compromised.
normal floura of human body skin, digective and respiratory system
The document discusses the normal flora of the human body. It defines normal flora as microorganisms that inhabit healthy skin and mucous membranes without causing harm. Internal organs are normally sterile. Normal flora includes resident bacteria that re-establish after disturbance and transient bacteria from the environment. Characteristics are that they do not induce disease and are very abundant. Normal flora provide benefits like producing vitamins and inhibiting pathogens. Different areas of the body have distinctive normal flora, like Lactobacillus in the vagina and Staphylococcus on the skin. Opportunistic pathogens are normally commensal bacteria but can cause disease if the host's resistance is low.
lecture 2.ppt
The document discusses the normal microbiota that inhabits the human body, the causes of dysbiosis or imbalance in the microbiota, and the effects of dysbiosis. It describes the various bacteria that normally colonize different areas like the skin, mouth, respiratory tract, and gastrointestinal tract. Antibiotics, stress, and diet are among the factors that can disrupt the normal microbiota and cause dysbiosis. Dysbiosis has been associated with diseases like inflammatory bowel disease, obesity, and autoimmune disorders. Probiotics, prebiotics, and synbiotics may help treat dysbiosis and restore the normal microbiota.
7.Human and Microbial Interaction.ppt
This document discusses human and microbial interactions, including normal flora, nosocomial infections, and several pathogenic microbes and diseases. It defines normal flora as the mixture of microorganisms regularly found on and in the human body. It notes the major sites of normal flora include the skin, eyes, nose, mouth, ears, urogenital and gastrointestinal tracts. It also differentiates between resident and transient normal flora and lists some beneficial roles of normal flora. It then discusses nosocomial infections, measures to prevent them, and provides details on diseases caused by tetanus, measles and rubella.
6-a-Normal_Flora.pptx
Normal flora are microorganisms that normally inhabit various areas of the human body without causing harm. They have a symbiotic relationship with their human hosts and provide several beneficial functions like protecting against pathogens and stimulating immune system development. The major sites inhabited by normal flora include the skin, eyes, respiratory tract, oral cavity, gastrointestinal tract, and urogenital tract. Disruptions to normal flora populations can allow potential pathogens to overgrow and cause opportunistic infections.
Commensal and pathogens
The document summarizes the microbiota that normally reside on and inside the human body. It describes how microbes colonize different body sites, such as the skin, nasal passages, mouth, lungs, gut, and urogenital tract. A healthy microbiome exists in balance and provides benefits like aiding digestion and competing against pathogenic bacteria. Disruptions to the normal microbiota, such as from antibiotics, can allow opportunistic pathogens to grow out of control and cause infection. Maintaining a diverse microbiome is important for health.
Normal flora of human body by Pranzly.pptx
Types of Normal flora
Association between human and normal flora .
Characteristics of normal flora
Tissue specificity
Specific aadherence
Biofilm formation
Normal flora of skin
Normal flora of oral cavity
Normal flora of conjunctiva
Normal flora of respiratory tract
Normal flora of gastro intestinal tract
Normal flora of urogenital tract
Beneficial effect of normal flora
Harmful effect of normal flora
Disease caused by normal flora
normal flora.pptx
Normal flora is the term used to describe the various bacteria and fungi that are permanent residents of certain
body sites, especially the skin, oropharynx, colon, and
vagina (Tables 6–1 and 6–2). Viruses and parasites (protozoa
and helminths), which are the other major groups of
microorganisms, are usually not considered members of
the normal flora, although they can be present in asymptomatic individuals. The normal flora organisms are often
referred to as commensals. Commensals are organisms
that derive benefit from another host but do not damage
that host. The term human microbiome is often used to
describe the normal flora.
The members of the normal flora play a role both in the
maintenance of health and in the causation of disease in
three significant ways:
(1) They can cause disease, especially in immunocompromised and debilitated individuals. Although these
organisms are nonpathogens in their usual anatomic location, they can be pathogens in other parts of the body.
(2) They constitute a protective host defense mechanism.
The nonpathogenic resident bacteria occupy attachment
sites on the skin and mucosa that can interfere with colonization by pathogenic bacteria. The ability of members of the
normal flora to limit the growth of pathogens is called colonization resistance. If the normal flora is suppressed, pathogens may grow and cause disease. For example, antibiotics
can reduce the normal colonic flora that allows Clostridium
difficile, which is resistant to the antibiotics, to overgrow and
cause pseudomembranous colitis.
(3) They may serve a nutritional function. The intestinal bacteria produce several B vitamins and vitamin K.
Poorly nourished people who are treated with oral antibiotics can have vitamin deficiencies as a result of the reduction in the normal flora. However, since germ-free animals
are well-nourished, the normal flora is not essential for
proper nutrition.
THE HUMAN MICROBIOME
The human microbiome is the term used to describe the
thousands of microbes (“microbiota”) located on the skin,
on mucosal surfaces, and within the lumen of the
TABLE 6–2 Medically Important Members of the Normal Flora
Location Important Organisms1 Less Important Organisms2
Skin Staphylococcus epidermidis Staphylococcus aureus, Corynebacterium (diphtheroids), various streptococci,
Pseudomonas aeruginosa, anaerobes (e.g., Propionibacterium), yeasts (e.g.,
Candida albicans)
Nose S. aureus3 S. epidermidis, Corynebacterium (diphtheroids), various streptococci
Mouth Viridans streptococci Various streptococci, Eikenella corrodens
Dental plaque Streptococcus mutans Prevotella intermedia, Porphyromonas gingivalis
Gingival crevices Various anaerobes (e.g.,
Bacteroides, Fusobacterium,
streptococci, Actinomyces)
Throat Viridans streptococci Various streptococci (including Streptococcus pyogenes and Streptococcus
pneumoniae), Neisseria species, Haemophilus influenzae, S. epidermidis
Colon Bacteroides fragilis, Escherichia
Normal flora(1)
The document discusses the normal microbial flora found on and within the human body of healthy individuals. It describes the various factors that influence the composition of the normal flora and defines resident and transient flora. It then provides details on the normal flora found at different anatomical sites of the body including skin, eyes, nose, mouth, ears, genitourinary and gastrointestinal tracts. It lists examples of common bacterial species found at each site and discusses their roles and benefits in maintaining human health.
Lec 07. Normal flora
Sebghatullah Mansoor
BS, MS (Microbiology), MPH (Continue)
Malalay University
Kandahar, Afghanistan
10_Normalflora_...................1.pptx
The document describes the normal flora of the human body. It states that normal flora are bacteria and fungi that normally inhabit several body sites, helping maintain health. Key body sites and their normal flora include the skin (e.g. Staphylococcus epidermidis), respiratory tract (e.g. viridans streptococci in the throat), and intestines (e.g. Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes in the colon). The normal flora protect against pathogens, aid nutrient absorption, and maintain a healthy balance when present.
Human microbiome
This document discusses the human microbiome, which refers to the microorganisms that inhabit different areas of the human body. It notes that the microbiome develops immediately after birth and includes bacteria, yeasts and protozoa. The microbiome plays an important role in health, such as immune system development, but can also contribute to diseases. The document then describes the types of microbes typically found in different body sites like the gut, skin, respiratory and genitourinary tracts.
Normal flora
in this presentation are totally include important information about normal flora and also contain types of normal flora and also called normal micro biota . you can also receive from in video form from Youtube channel .https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SEVDO9BkENo
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Microbial growth refers to the growth of a microbial population through cell division, not the growth of individual cells. Environmental factors like temperature, pH, nutrients, and oxygen levels influence the growth rate. Bacteria divide through binary fission and the population increases exponentially over time. A bacterial growth curve shows four phases: lag phase, logarithmic growth phase, stationary phase, and death phase. Microbes require water, carbon sources, nitrogen, sulfur, phosphorus, minerals, and optimal pH and temperature to grow. Their oxygen requirements classify them as aerobic, anaerobic, or facultative. Batch, continuous, synchronous, and diauxic growth describe different patterns of microbial population growth over time. Physical and chemical antimicrobial agents
Normal microbial flora
The document discusses the normal flora of the human body, including resident and transient flora. It notes that the largest population of normal flora bacteria is found in the colon, with over 400 identified species including Bacteroides fragilis as the most common. The document outlines both beneficial and harmful effects of normal flora, and discusses probiotics which can support normal flora when it is suppressed.
human diseases caused by bacteria strepto coccal diseases,
This document summarizes several human diseases caused by bacteria:
1) Streptococcal diseases like strep throat and necrotizing fasciitis can be caused by Streptococcus bacteria. Typhoid fever is caused by Salmonella typhi bacteria.
2) Cholera results in severe diarrhea and dehydration from Vibrio cholerae bacteria. Clostridium tetani bacteria cause tetanus through toxin production.
3) Mycobacterium leprae bacteria lead to leprosy, affecting nerves and skin. Tuberculosis is caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis, which forms lesions in the lungs.
Pathogenicity of bacteria
This document discusses the human microbiome and normal flora. It begins by explaining that the human body is inhabited by many microorganisms, mostly bacteria, that are generally harmless. These microorganisms are termed normal flora and help maintain a healthy balance. The document then examines the human microbiome using both traditional and modern molecular techniques, finding greater bacterial diversity than previously known. It explores the dominant microorganisms found in different body sites like skin, mouth, gut, and urogenital tract. The document also discusses how normal flora can be beneficial but also potentially harmful if displaced or allowing overgrowth of pathogens.
Normal Microflora of Human body
The document discusses the normal microbial flora that inhabit healthy humans. It is divided into resident and transient flora. The resident flora consists of microorganisms regularly found in a given area, while the transient flora inhabits areas temporarily. The four major phyla that make up most of the human microbiota are Actinobacteria, Firmicutes, Proteobacteria, and Bacteroidetes. The normal flora varies across body sites like skin, mouth, respiratory and GI tracts. Maintaining the balance of the normal flora is important for health.
Human health and disease by mohan bio
This document provides information on human health and diseases. It defines health and discusses factors that affect health such as genetics, lifestyle, infections. It classifies diseases as infectious and non-infectious. Common infectious diseases in humans like typhoid, pneumonia, common cold, malaria and their causes, transmission and symptoms are described. The life cycle of the malaria parasite is explained in detail. Other infectious diseases like amoebiasis, ascariasis, filariasis, and ringworm are also outlined. The document then covers immunity, including innate and acquired immunity. It describes the roles of phagocytes, natural killer cells, interferons and inflammatory response in innate immunity. The roles of T lymphocytes and B lymphocytes in acquired immunity
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Viruses are non-living agents that infect all life forms and are obligate intracellular parasites. They contain either DNA or RNA and have a protein coat called a capsid that is sometimes enclosed in an envelope. Viruses have a specific host range determined by attachment sites and cellular factors, and they replicate either through a lytic cycle that ends in host cell lysis or a lysogenic cycle where the host cell remains alive. Bacteriophages in particular can undergo lytic cycles involving attachment, penetration, biosynthesis, maturation and release steps or lysogenic cycles where the phage DNA is incorporated into the host genome.
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The document discusses the normal flora of the human body. It defines normal flora as microorganisms that inhabit healthy skin and mucous membranes without causing harm. Internal organs are normally sterile. Normal flora includes resident bacteria that re-establish after disturbance and transient bacteria from the environment. Characteristics are that they do not induce disease and are very abundant. Normal flora provide benefits like producing vitamins and inhibiting pathogens. Different areas of the body have distinctive normal flora, like Lactobacillus in the vagina and Staphylococcus on the skin. Opportunistic pathogens are normally commensal bacteria but can cause disease if the host's resistance is low.
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Normal flora are microorganisms that normally inhabit various areas of the human body without causing harm. They have a symbiotic relationship with their human hosts and provide several beneficial functions like protecting against pathogens and stimulating immune system development. The major sites inhabited by normal flora include the skin, eyes, respiratory tract, oral cavity, gastrointestinal tract, and urogenital tract. Disruptions to normal flora populations can allow potential pathogens to overgrow and cause opportunistic infections.
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The document summarizes the microbiota that normally reside on and inside the human body. It describes how microbes colonize different body sites, such as the skin, nasal passages, mouth, lungs, gut, and urogenital tract. A healthy microbiome exists in balance and provides benefits like aiding digestion and competing against pathogenic bacteria. Disruptions to the normal microbiota, such as from antibiotics, can allow opportunistic pathogens to grow out of control and cause infection. Maintaining a diverse microbiome is important for health.
Normal flora of human body by Pranzly.pptx
Types of Normal flora
Association between human and normal flora .
Characteristics of normal flora
Tissue specificity
Specific aadherence
Biofilm formation
Normal flora of skin
Normal flora of oral cavity
Normal flora of conjunctiva
Normal flora of respiratory tract
Normal flora of gastro intestinal tract
Normal flora of urogenital tract
Beneficial effect of normal flora
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Disease caused by normal flora
normal flora.pptx
Normal flora is the term used to describe the various bacteria and fungi that are permanent residents of certain
body sites, especially the skin, oropharynx, colon, and
vagina (Tables 6–1 and 6–2). Viruses and parasites (protozoa
and helminths), which are the other major groups of
microorganisms, are usually not considered members of
the normal flora, although they can be present in asymptomatic individuals. The normal flora organisms are often
referred to as commensals. Commensals are organisms
that derive benefit from another host but do not damage
that host. The term human microbiome is often used to
describe the normal flora.
The members of the normal flora play a role both in the
maintenance of health and in the causation of disease in
three significant ways:
(1) They can cause disease, especially in immunocompromised and debilitated individuals. Although these
organisms are nonpathogens in their usual anatomic location, they can be pathogens in other parts of the body.
(2) They constitute a protective host defense mechanism.
The nonpathogenic resident bacteria occupy attachment
sites on the skin and mucosa that can interfere with colonization by pathogenic bacteria. The ability of members of the
normal flora to limit the growth of pathogens is called colonization resistance. If the normal flora is suppressed, pathogens may grow and cause disease. For example, antibiotics
can reduce the normal colonic flora that allows Clostridium
difficile, which is resistant to the antibiotics, to overgrow and
cause pseudomembranous colitis.
(3) They may serve a nutritional function. The intestinal bacteria produce several B vitamins and vitamin K.
Poorly nourished people who are treated with oral antibiotics can have vitamin deficiencies as a result of the reduction in the normal flora. However, since germ-free animals
are well-nourished, the normal flora is not essential for
proper nutrition.
THE HUMAN MICROBIOME
The human microbiome is the term used to describe the
thousands of microbes (“microbiota”) located on the skin,
on mucosal surfaces, and within the lumen of the
TABLE 6–2 Medically Important Members of the Normal Flora
Location Important Organisms1 Less Important Organisms2
Skin Staphylococcus epidermidis Staphylococcus aureus, Corynebacterium (diphtheroids), various streptococci,
Pseudomonas aeruginosa, anaerobes (e.g., Propionibacterium), yeasts (e.g.,
Candida albicans)
Nose S. aureus3 S. epidermidis, Corynebacterium (diphtheroids), various streptococci
Mouth Viridans streptococci Various streptococci, Eikenella corrodens
Dental plaque Streptococcus mutans Prevotella intermedia, Porphyromonas gingivalis
Gingival crevices Various anaerobes (e.g.,
Bacteroides, Fusobacterium,
streptococci, Actinomyces)
Throat Viridans streptococci Various streptococci (including Streptococcus pyogenes and Streptococcus
pneumoniae), Neisseria species, Haemophilus influenzae, S. epidermidis
Colon Bacteroides fragilis, Escherichia
Normal flora(1)
The document discusses the normal microbial flora found on and within the human body of healthy individuals. It describes the various factors that influence the composition of the normal flora and defines resident and transient flora. It then provides details on the normal flora found at different anatomical sites of the body including skin, eyes, nose, mouth, ears, genitourinary and gastrointestinal tracts. It lists examples of common bacterial species found at each site and discusses their roles and benefits in maintaining human health.
Lec 07. Normal flora
Sebghatullah Mansoor
BS, MS (Microbiology), MPH (Continue)
Malalay University
Kandahar, Afghanistan
10_Normalflora_...................1.pptx
The document describes the normal flora of the human body. It states that normal flora are bacteria and fungi that normally inhabit several body sites, helping maintain health. Key body sites and their normal flora include the skin (e.g. Staphylococcus epidermidis), respiratory tract (e.g. viridans streptococci in the throat), and intestines (e.g. Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes in the colon). The normal flora protect against pathogens, aid nutrient absorption, and maintain a healthy balance when present.
Human microbiome
This document discusses the human microbiome, which refers to the microorganisms that inhabit different areas of the human body. It notes that the microbiome develops immediately after birth and includes bacteria, yeasts and protozoa. The microbiome plays an important role in health, such as immune system development, but can also contribute to diseases. The document then describes the types of microbes typically found in different body sites like the gut, skin, respiratory and genitourinary tracts.
Normal flora
in this presentation are totally include important information about normal flora and also contain types of normal flora and also called normal micro biota . you can also receive from in video form from Youtube channel .https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SEVDO9BkENo
Microbial growth
Microbial growth refers to the growth of a microbial population through cell division, not the growth of individual cells. Environmental factors like temperature, pH, nutrients, and oxygen levels influence the growth rate. Bacteria divide through binary fission and the population increases exponentially over time. A bacterial growth curve shows four phases: lag phase, logarithmic growth phase, stationary phase, and death phase. Microbes require water, carbon sources, nitrogen, sulfur, phosphorus, minerals, and optimal pH and temperature to grow. Their oxygen requirements classify them as aerobic, anaerobic, or facultative. Batch, continuous, synchronous, and diauxic growth describe different patterns of microbial population growth over time. Physical and chemical antimicrobial agents
Normal microbial flora
The document discusses the normal flora of the human body, including resident and transient flora. It notes that the largest population of normal flora bacteria is found in the colon, with over 400 identified species including Bacteroides fragilis as the most common. The document outlines both beneficial and harmful effects of normal flora, and discusses probiotics which can support normal flora when it is suppressed.
human diseases caused by bacteria strepto coccal diseases,
This document summarizes several human diseases caused by bacteria:
1) Streptococcal diseases like strep throat and necrotizing fasciitis can be caused by Streptococcus bacteria. Typhoid fever is caused by Salmonella typhi bacteria.
2) Cholera results in severe diarrhea and dehydration from Vibrio cholerae bacteria. Clostridium tetani bacteria cause tetanus through toxin production.
3) Mycobacterium leprae bacteria lead to leprosy, affecting nerves and skin. Tuberculosis is caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis, which forms lesions in the lungs.
Pathogenicity of bacteria
This document discusses the human microbiome and normal flora. It begins by explaining that the human body is inhabited by many microorganisms, mostly bacteria, that are generally harmless. These microorganisms are termed normal flora and help maintain a healthy balance. The document then examines the human microbiome using both traditional and modern molecular techniques, finding greater bacterial diversity than previously known. It explores the dominant microorganisms found in different body sites like skin, mouth, gut, and urogenital tract. The document also discusses how normal flora can be beneficial but also potentially harmful if displaced or allowing overgrowth of pathogens.
Normal Microflora of Human body
The document discusses the normal microbial flora that inhabit healthy humans. It is divided into resident and transient flora. The resident flora consists of microorganisms regularly found in a given area, while the transient flora inhabits areas temporarily. The four major phyla that make up most of the human microbiota are Actinobacteria, Firmicutes, Proteobacteria, and Bacteroidetes. The normal flora varies across body sites like skin, mouth, respiratory and GI tracts. Maintaining the balance of the normal flora is important for health.
Human health and disease by mohan bio
This document provides information on human health and diseases. It defines health and discusses factors that affect health such as genetics, lifestyle, infections. It classifies diseases as infectious and non-infectious. Common infectious diseases in humans like typhoid, pneumonia, common cold, malaria and their causes, transmission and symptoms are described. The life cycle of the malaria parasite is explained in detail. Other infectious diseases like amoebiasis, ascariasis, filariasis, and ringworm are also outlined. The document then covers immunity, including innate and acquired immunity. It describes the roles of phagocytes, natural killer cells, interferons and inflammatory response in innate immunity. The roles of T lymphocytes and B lymphocytes in acquired immunity
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This document provides an overview of drug addiction, its effects, and treatment approaches. It discusses how drug addiction is characterized by compulsive drug use despite negative consequences. It affects individuals through changes in brain chemistry and disruptions to the reward system, leading to drug cravings and impaired behavior. Treating addiction requires addressing psychological factors like mental health issues, as well as developing coping skills and relapse prevention strategies to change behaviors. The prevalence and societal impacts of drug addiction are significant.
Lect 7 Microbial Mechanisms of Pathogenicity.pptx
This document discusses the microbial mechanisms of pathogenicity. It begins by outlining how pathogens can damage host cells by using their nutrients, causing direct damage, producing toxins, or inducing hypersensitivity reactions. It then examines the determinants of pathogenesis, including transmission, adherence/invasion, enzymes, toxin production, and immunopathogenesis. Specific adherence structures like fimbriae, capsules, and flagella are described. The roles of enzymes and cell wall proteins in virulence are also summarized. Exotoxins and endotoxins are compared in terms of their source, chemistry, and effects. Examples of exotoxins like those produced by C. diphtheriae, S. pyogenes, and C
covoid 19.pptx
COVID-19 is caused by SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus. It was first identified in Wuhan, China in December 2019 and was declared a pandemic in March 2020. Most people experience mild symptoms, but older people and those with pre-existing medical conditions are more likely to develop serious illness. The virus spreads through respiratory droplets from coughing or sneezing. As of March 2020 there have been over 750,000 confirmed cases worldwide. The R0 value is estimated between 2-3, meaning each infected person spreads it to 2-3 others on average. The definitive diagnostic test is RT-PCR, though false negatives can occur.
Lecture 2 Respiratory System.pptx
The respiratory system has several functions:
1. It oversees gas exchange between the blood and air, extracting oxygen and releasing carbon dioxide in the alveoli.
2. Passageways in the lungs warm, humidify, and purify incoming air before it reaches the alveoli.
3. The system works with the cardiovascular system to provide oxygen throughout the body and remove carbon dioxide.
4.Thinking (1).pptx
Thinking is the process of consciously generating and manipulating ideas in the mind. It allows humans to solve problems, learn new information, understand concepts, and process experiences. There are several theories of thinking including behaviorist, cognitive, and humanist theories. Thinking can take different forms such as perceptual, conceptual, logical, critical, creative, and innovative thinking. Problem solving follows defined steps and is a tool, skill, and process for achieving goals or solving problems.
Practical 1 Methods of Obtaining Blood Samples Choice of Anticoagulants and P...
1. Proper collection, labeling, and preservation of blood samples is important to avoid rejection and obtain accurate test results.
2. Blood can be collected from the capillary, venous, or arterial sites using various equipment like vacutainers, syringes, and lancets depending on the test.
3. A tourniquet is used to locate veins and the site must be cleaned before collection to avoid contamination. Fasting or postprandial timing affects some tests.
Lect 2 Microbial Growth.ppt
Microbial growth and temperature conditions are summarized. There are five main groups of microbes based on optimal temperature: psychrophiles, psychrotrophs, mesophiles, thermophiles, and hyperthermophiles. Bacteria primarily reproduce through binary fission, though some species bud. The bacterial growth curve consists of four phases: lag phase, exponential/log phase, stationary phase, and death phase. A variety of physical and chemical methods are used to control microbial growth, including heat, radiation, filtration, chemicals, and food preservatives.
Polysaccharides.pptx
This document defines and describes starch. Starch is a complex carbohydrate made up of glucose molecules arranged in either straight chains called amylose or branched chains called amylopectin. Starch is found in many plant foods like grains, vegetables, and fruits where it functions as an energy store. It consists of amylose and amylopectin and has a chemical formula of (C6H10O5)n. Starch digestion begins in the mouth and small intestine where enzymes break it down into glucose that can be absorbed. Starch has various uses as a thickener in foods and as a binder in paper production.
LECTURE 5 INFLAMMATION.pptx
This document summarizes the key differences between acute and chronic inflammation. Acute inflammation is an initial rapid response to injury or infection that involves increased blood flow and immune cell infiltration. It is typically short-lived and resolves within days. Chronic inflammation is a prolonged response lasting weeks or longer that can cause ongoing tissue damage. It involves different immune cells and may have no obvious symptoms, increasing risk for serious diseases like cancer if left unaddressed.
microbiology
This chapter provides an overview of microbiology and the diversity of microorganisms. It introduces the domains of bacteria, archaea, fungi, protozoa, algae, and viruses. It describes the shapes and characteristics of bacteria and explains the branches of microbiology like bacteriology, virology, and mycology. The chapter outlines both the beneficial and harmful roles of microbes and how they are used to produce foods, enzymes, antibiotics, and other products through biotechnology.
SAMPLE COLLECTION
This document discusses different types of samples that can be collected for diagnostic testing and how they are collected. It describes blood, urine, stool, tissue, and body fluid samples. For blood samples, it outlines the steps for blood collection including washing hands, using sterile equipment, applying a tourniquet, cleaning the site, inserting the needle at a 15-30 degree angle, collecting the required amount, removing the needle and applying pressure. It also describes different types of vacutainers used including those containing gel, EDTA, citrate, fluoride, and without additives. For tissue samples, it summarizes the gross examination process including specimen receipt, examining features, dissection, sampling, fixation, and providing a macro
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Learning objectives:
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1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. Chapter 3, Cardiology Explained, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK2214/
7. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
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Lect 6 Microbiota.pptx
- 2. Normal Microbial Flora • Population of micro-organisms that inhabit in healthy normal person • Normal microbiota describe the various microorganisms that are permanent residents of certain body sites
- 3. • Normal flora vary in both number and kind from one site to another • The internal organs such as CNS, blood, liver, spleen, Kidneys and bladder are free of organisms
- 4. Types of skin Microbial flora There are two groups of normal flora: • Resident normal flora • Transient normal flora
- 5. Resident normal floras • The resident flora consists of relatively fixed types of microorganisms • regularly found in a given area at a given age • if disturbed, it promptly reestablishes itself
- 6. Transient normal floras • non-pathogenic or potentially pathogenic microorganisms that inhabit the skin and mucus membrane for a short period of time like hours, days and weeks • It is derived from the environment does not produce disease & does not establish itself permanently on the surface • If the resident flora is disturbed, transient micro- organisms may colonize, proliferate and produce disease
- 7. Normal flora can cause disease when: • the defense mechanisms of the body is breached or • when the micro-organism is placed in the abnormal body site
- 8. The role of Normal Flora Synthesis of vitamin K in the gastrointestinal tract Absorption of nutrients & breakdown of products Prevent colonization by pathogenic micro-organisms and possible disease through bacterial interference: a. Competition for nutrition with pathogenic bacteria b. Competition for binding sites with pathogenic bacteria Members of the normal flora may produce disease under certain circumstances
- 9. Normal flora of the Skin The skin is rich in resident bacterial flora, like: • Coagulase negative Staphylococci (S.epidermidis) • Diphtheroids • Propionibacterium acne • Peptostreptococci • Alpha-hemolytic streptococci and non-hemolytic streptococci • Staphylococcus aureus • Non-pathogenic Neisseria sp.
- 10. • Factors that eliminate nonresident microorganisms from the skin: 1) Low pH 2) Lysozyme 3) Fatty acids in sebaceous secretions
- 11. Normal Flora of the Ear • It is an extension of skin normal flora and often profusely colonized • Staphylococcus epidermidis • Diphtheroids • Alpha-hemolytic Streptococci • non-hemolyic Streptococci • Less frequently found are Bacillus spp.
- 12. Normal Flora of Respiratory Tract • The upper respiratory tract is heavily colonized by normal flora • Lower respiratory tract (trachea, bronchi, bronchioles and alveoli) do not have a normal microbiota (it is sterile) as they removed by: The continuous stream of mucus generated by the ciliated epithelial cells Phagocytic action of alveolar macrophages Lysozyme, which is present in nasal mucus has bactericidal effect
- 14. Nose: The flora of the Nose consists of: • Staphylococcus aureus • S.epidermidis • Corynebacteria • Non pathogenic Neisseria • Haemophilus spp.
- 15. Nasopharynx • Some Neisseria species • Staphylococcus epidermidis • Staphylococcus aureus • Diphtheroids
- 16. Normal Flora of the Mouth • The normal flora of the oral cavity contains bacteria able to resist mechanical removal by adhering to surface like the gum and teeth • Sterile at birth, after 4-12 hrs contaminated from birth canal with viridans Streptococci (as resident flora) • Non-pathogenic Neisseria spp. (N. mucosa and N. lactamica) • Diphtheroids • Anaerobes like Fusobacterium spp • Spirochetes • Actinomyces • Streptococci
- 17. Normal Flora of the Intestinal Tract • At birth is sterile. • Newborns (in intensive care): the intestine colonized by Enterobacteriaceae (Klebsiella, Citrobacter, Enterobacter) • infants: - The initial residents of the colon of infants are members of the Bifidobacteria - Large number of Lactobacilli • In formula-fed infants: In formula-fed infants, Lactobacillus spp. predominate
- 18. Small intestine • Lactobacilli • Diphtheroids are occasionally found in the jejunum. • In the distal part of the small intestine (ileum), the microbiota begin to take the characteristics of the colon microbiota • In the jejunum and ileum there are about 105–108 bacteria/ gm of the contents.
- 19. • In ileum the pH becomes more alkaline • As a result anaerobic G-ve bacteria and members of the family Enterobacteriaceae become established • The population size in the cecum and transverse colon is about 108–1010 bacteria/gm • In sigmoid colon and rectum, there are about 1011 bacteria/gm of contents, constituting 10–30% of the faecal mass
- 21. Large intestine • The colon has the largest microbial population in the body • Microscopic count of faeces approach 1012 organisms/gm weight anaerobes (96-99% of resident flora): - Fusobacterium spp. - Bifidobacterium - clostridia (C.dificile in small amount) - anaerobic G+ve cocci (Peptostreptococcus) facultative aerobes includes: - Coliform - Enterococci - small No. of Pseudomonas, lactobacilli, Proteus .
- 22. Normal Flora of the Genitourinary Tract The upper genitourinary tract (kidney, ureters, and urinary bladder) is usually sterile Few bacteria are usually present in the distal part of the urethra such as : • Staphylococcus epidermidis • Corynebacterium spp.