This document summarizes normal fetal development from the first to third trimesters of pregnancy. It describes the key physical changes that occur in each week, such as implantation in week 4, formation of the neural tube in week 6, development of the brain and face in weeks 7-8, and appearance of fingernails and genitals in weeks 11-12. The second trimester sees rapid growth, eye opening, and fetal movement. In the third trimester, the fetus gains weight and body systems further mature in preparation for birth. Fetal growth is assessed using ultrasound measurements like crown-rump length to determine gestational age.
Being a mother is the most beautiful feeling in the world.A child makes you a complete woman and changes your entire perspective towards the world.The golden nine months of pregnancy, teaches you patience and makes you responsible, no matter how much fun loving and careless you were in your early life
Prenatal development includes the development of the embryo and of the fetus during a viviparous animal's gestation. Prenatal development starts with fertilization, in the germinal stage of embryonic development, and continues in fetal development until birth.
Being a mother is the most beautiful feeling in the world.A child makes you a complete woman and changes your entire perspective towards the world.The golden nine months of pregnancy, teaches you patience and makes you responsible, no matter how much fun loving and careless you were in your early life
Prenatal development includes the development of the embryo and of the fetus during a viviparous animal's gestation. Prenatal development starts with fertilization, in the germinal stage of embryonic development, and continues in fetal development until birth.
lecture from chapter 2 of GENERAL PSYCHOLOGY
REFERENCE: Aguirre, Felisa U., Monce, Ma. Rosario E. and Dy, Gary C. Introduction to Psychology (2011). Malabon City: MUTYA Publishing Company, 2012
Pulmonary Thromboembolism - etilogy, types, medical- Surgical and nursing man...VarunMahajani
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Anti ulcer drugs and their Advance pharmacology ||
Anti-ulcer drugs are medications used to prevent and treat ulcers in the stomach and upper part of the small intestine (duodenal ulcers). These ulcers are often caused by an imbalance between stomach acid and the mucosal lining, which protects the stomach lining.
||Scope: Overview of various classes of anti-ulcer drugs, their mechanisms of action, indications, side effects, and clinical considerations.
Prix Galien International 2024 Forum ProgramLevi Shapiro
June 20, 2024, Prix Galien International and Jerusalem Ethics Forum in ROME. Detailed agenda including panels:
- ADVANCES IN CARDIOLOGY: A NEW PARADIGM IS COMING
- WOMEN’S HEALTH: FERTILITY PRESERVATION
- WHAT’S NEW IN THE TREATMENT OF INFECTIOUS,
ONCOLOGICAL AND INFLAMMATORY SKIN DISEASES?
- ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND ETHICS
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ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN HEALTHCARE.pdfAnujkumaranit
Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the simulation of human intelligence processes by machines, especially computer systems. It encompasses tasks such as learning, reasoning, problem-solving, perception, and language understanding. AI technologies are revolutionizing various fields, from healthcare to finance, by enabling machines to perform tasks that typically require human intelligence.
Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex System Analysis, S...Oleg Kshivets
RESULTS: Overall life span (LS) was 2252.1±1742.5 days and cumulative 5-year survival (5YS) reached 73.2%, 10 years – 64.8%, 20 years – 42.5%. 513 LCP lived more than 5 years (LS=3124.6±1525.6 days), 148 LCP – more than 10 years (LS=5054.4±1504.1 days).199 LCP died because of LC (LS=562.7±374.5 days). 5YS of LCP after bi/lobectomies was significantly superior in comparison with LCP after pneumonectomies (78.1% vs.63.7%, P=0.00001 by log-rank test). AT significantly improved 5YS (66.3% vs. 34.8%) (P=0.00000 by log-rank test) only for LCP with N1-2. Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: phase transition (PT) early-invasive LC in terms of synergetics, PT N0—N12, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells- CC and blood cells subpopulations), G1-3, histology, glucose, AT, blood cell circuit, prothrombin index, heparin tolerance, recalcification time (P=0.000-0.038). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and PT early-invasive LC (rank=1), PT N0—N12 (rank=2), thrombocytes/CC (3), erythrocytes/CC (4), eosinophils/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), segmented neutrophils/CC (8), stick neutrophils/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10); leucocytes/CC (11). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (area under ROC curve=1.0; error=0.0).
CONCLUSIONS: 5YS of LCP after radical procedures significantly depended on: 1) PT early-invasive cancer; 2) PT N0--N12; 3) cell ratio factors; 4) blood cell circuit; 5) biochemical factors; 6) hemostasis system; 7) AT; 8) LC characteristics; 9) LC cell dynamics; 10) surgery type: lobectomy/pneumonectomy; 11) anthropometric data. Optimal diagnosis and treatment strategies for LC are: 1) screening and early detection of LC; 2) availability of experienced thoracic surgeons because of complexity of radical procedures; 3) aggressive en block surgery and adequate lymph node dissection for completeness; 4) precise prediction; 5) adjuvant chemoimmunoradiotherapy for LCP with unfavorable prognosis.
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar leads (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
Report Back from SGO 2024: What’s the Latest in Cervical Cancer?bkling
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These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
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Normal foetal development and assessment of growth final
1. Normal fetal development and
assessment of growth
Dr. Shazia Iqbal
Assistant Professor (Obstetrics & Gynaecology)
Director of Medical Education Unit
Faculty of Medicine
Alfarabi College of Medicine, Riyadh
siqbal@alfarabi.edu.sa
https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Shazia_Iqbal7
https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4890-5864
2. Outline
First trimester
Second trimester
Third trimester
Assessment of growth
Useful Videos
Summary
3. Firsttrimester
o Weeks 1 and 2: Getting ready
• The woman is not actually pregnant in the first week or
two of her pregnancy time. Conception typically occurs
about two weeks after the last period begins.
o Week 3: Fertilization
• The sperm and egg unite in one of the fallopian tubes to
form a one-celled entity called a zygote.
o Week 4: Implantation
• The rapidly dividing ball of cells — now known as a
blastocyst — has begun to burrow into the uterine lining
(endometrium).This process is called implantation.
4.
5. Firsttrimester
o Week 5: Hormone levels increase
• The levels of HCG hormone produced by the
blastocyst quickly increase. This signals the ovaries
to stop releasing eggs and produce more estrogen
and progesterone. Increased levels of these
hormones stop menstrual period, often the first
sign of pregnancy, and fuel the growth of the
placenta.
6. Firsttrimester
o Week 6:The neural tube closes
• Growth is rapid this week. Just four weeks after
conception, the neural tube along the baby back is
closing. The baby's brain and spinal cord will
develop from the neural tube. The heart and other
organs also are starting to form and the heart
begins to beat.
o Week 7-8:
• Baby brain and face are growing. Depressions that
will give rise to nostrils become visible, and the
beginnings of the retinas form.
• Lower limb buds that will become legs appear and
the arm buds that sprouted last week now take on
the shape of paddles.
7. Firsttrimester
o Week 9:
• Arms grow and elbows appear. Toes are visible and
eyelids form.
• might be a little less than 3/4 inch (16 to 18
millimeters) long from
o Week10:
• head has become more round.
• baby can now bend his or her elbows.
8. Firsttrimester
o Week 11: Baby's genitals develop
• The baby is now officially described as a fetus. the
eyes widely separated, the eyelids fused and the
ears low set. Red blood cells are beginning to form
in the liver. By the end of this week, the baby
external genitalia will start developing into a penis
or a clitoris and labia majora.
• 2 inches (50 millimeters) long from crown to rump
and weigh almost 1/3 ounce (8 grams).
o Week 12:
• The fetus is sprouting fingernails. baby face now
has taken on a more developed profile. His or her
intestines are in the abdomen.
• By now fetus might be about 2 1/2 inches (61
millimeters) long and weigh about 14 grams.
9. Second
Trimester
o Week 13 to Week 16
• Growth - rapid growth continues
• Head - head has straightened up
• Musculoskeletal - ossification is proceeding
o Week 17 to Week 20
• Neural - Spinal cord myelinization begins
• Adipose Tissue - brown fat is forming
• Musculoskeletal - active movements of the fetus in
the uterus (kicks)
10. Second
Trimester
o Spleen Week 18 - alpha-SMA-positive reticulum cells
increase in number and began to form a reticular
framework. An accumulation of T and B lymphocytes
occurred within the framework, and a primitive white
pulp was observed around the arterioles.
o Hearing - Outer Ear Development week 18 - External
auditory meatus is already fully expanded to its
complete form.
o Neural - Cerebrum central sulci and opercularization of
the insula (week 18-20, GA 20-22 weeks)
11. Second
Trimester
• Week 21 to Week 25
• Vision - eyelids and eyebrows developed
• Growth - face and body are usually as they will be
at birth.
• Fetuses born after the 25th week of gestation are
generally viable
13. ThirdTrimester
o Week 26 to Week 29
• Vision - eyes are opened again and eyebrows and
eyelashes are well formed
• hair grows, subcutaneous adipose tissue deposits round
the whole body, becomes chubby and plump
• tooth Week 29 - Permanent premolars (correspond to the
milk molars) appear.
14. ThirdTrimester
o Week 30 to Week 34
• Integumentary - body becomes chubby and the skin is
pink
• fingernails have reached the ends of the fingers
• toenails are visible
• Genital male gonad (testes) descending W30
o Weeks 35 to 37
• Baby weighs about 5 1/2 pounds (2.5 kilograms).
• Baby has definite sleeping patterns.
• Heart and blood vessels are complete.
• Muscles and bones are fully developed.
15. ThirdTrimester
o 38 week
• The average weight of a baby at 38 weeks of pregnancy is
about 3.1kg (6.8lb), and the average length is about
49.8cm (19.6in).
• Head hair is now coarse and thicker.
• The lungs become mature during this time in preparation
for birth.
16. Assessmentof
growth
o What Is Crown-Rump Length?
• CRL may be useful in calculating gestational age. With this
gestational age, doctors can estimate potential due date.
The earlier the first ultrasound is performed, the more
accurate the baby's gestational age will be.
20. Summary
If the assessed fetal size is within the expected range for
the duration of pregnancy, then the fetal growth is
regarded as normal.
There are many examination to detect the age of fetus
like ultrasound (Crown rump length) and gestational age
Each week of pregnant is important for any changes in
the fetus to know if any abnormal happen