The document discusses several non-communicable diseases including blindness, cancer, diabetes, and cardiovascular disease. It outlines their causes such as lifestyle factors, genetics, and environment. Prevention methods include improving hygiene, reducing risk factors like smoking and obesity, early detection through screening, and treatment of underlying conditions.

1. Mr. R. R. Patil
Dr. Shivajirao Kadam College of
Pharmacy, Kasabe Digraj, Sangli

2. In India communicable diseases constitute one
of the most important problem, however in
developed countries, non-communicable
diseases becomes a leading problem.
It is difficult to control non-communicable
diseases.
Various factors or causes have the responsible
for non-communicable diseases.

3. The cause of disease may lie in life style
which is difficult to alter.
e.g. smoking…is closely related to
cardiovascular diseases.
 Diseases like diabetes mellitus, asthma
etc. genetic factors play important role.
 Environmental factor also play important
role in that diseases.

4. Cancer
Diabetes
Blindness
Cardiovascular diseases

5. As per WHO blindness is defined as, is an
inability to count fingers at a distance of 3
meters.
Causes of blindness:-
- Communicable diseases like trachoma,
smallpox, veneral diseases.
- In India, small fox is responsible 60% &
trachoma 20% responsible for blindness.

6. - Also non-communicable diseases like
cataract, glaucoma, diabetes are
responsible for blindness.
- X-rays, UV-rays are also responsible for
that..
- Peoples working in factories, welding
processes, workshop are liable to cause
eye injuries.

7. PREVANTION & CONTROL
Treatment of infectious diseases.
Improving nutrition's
Personal hygiene of eye.
Persons working in factories, workshop are
provided with Vit A soln.
People should be educated regarding
diseases of eye & it’s preventive
measures.

8. Cancer is abnormal growth of cells.
Or…Cancer is a group of diseases
characterized by abnormal & uncontrolled
growth of cells with ability of destroy tissues &
even organs.

9.  CAUSES OF CANCER:
 Tobacco..leads to lungs, pharynx, mouth etc.
 Alcohol…causes liver, stomach cancer
 Exposure of chemicals like benzene, arsenic,
cadmium may cause cancer.
 Sunlight, radiations are related with skin cancer.
 Hepatitis B virus can be produce cancer of the
liver.
 Use of oral contraceptives may produce breast
cancer.
 Genetic factors are also responsible in some
cases.

10. Drugs like butazolidine, urethane,
oestrogens are associated with cancer.
Biological factors like schistosomiasis in
urinary bladder cancer are linked.
Chemical carcinogens like coal tar & it’s
derivatives are also responsible for cancer.
Physical agents like sunlight, local heat,
ionizing radiation also responsible for
cancer.

11. TYPES OF CANCER:
- Carcinomas: developed from ectodermal &
endodermal cells. e.g. skin & brain cancer.
- Sarcomas: develop in connective tissues &
mesoderm e.g. bone cancer.
- Lymphomas: developed from lymph glands.
- Leukemia's: developed from blood tissues
e.g. blood cancer.

12. PREVANTION & CONTROL
- Improvement of personal hygiene.
- Protect the workers from industrial
carcinogenic chemicals.
- Testing of food, drugs & cosmetics for their
carcinogenic activity.
- Control of tobacco & alcohol consumption.
- Earlier diagnosis & surgical removal is useful
in breast cancer.
- Exfoliative cytology, endoscopy may be done
in periodic health examination.

13. Diabetes is a group of diseases characterized
by a state of chronic hyperglycemia.
Types
- Insulin dependent diabetes mellitus or Type-1
or IDDM
- Noninsulin dependent diabetes mellitus or
Type-2 or NIDDM

14.  CAUSES OF DIABETES
- Obesity.
- Carbohydrate rice diet.
- Repeated pregnancies.
- Physical & mental stress in terms of infection.
- Genetic defect.
- Low exercise & low rest.
- Renal failure.
- High intake of sugar.
- Excessive in take of alcohol.

15. PREVANTION & CONTROL
- Prevention of obesity.
- Early diagnosis through regular check up.
- Physical exercise.
- Diet control.
- To avoid consumption of alcohol.
- Be free from stress & strains.
- Use of anti-diabetic drugs like insulin,
phenformin, metformin.

16. Cardiovascular disease refers to the class of
diseases that involve the heart or blood
vessels (arteries and veins). While the term
technically refers to any disease that affects
the cardiovascular system, it is usually used to
refer to those related to atherosclerosis
(arterial disease).

17. Hypertension (high blood pressure)
Coronary heart disease (heart attack)
Cerebrovascular disease (stroke)
Peripheral vascular disease
Heart failure
Rheumatic heart disease
Congenital heart disease or congenital heart
defect.
Cardiomyopathies or myocardium

18. CAUSES OF CVD
- Smoking.
- Heredity or genetic disorder.
- Altered hormonal secretions .
- Lack of physical activity.
- Alcohol consumption.
- Diabetes.
- Hypertension.
- Use of oral contraceptives.

19. PREVANTION & CONTROL
- Reduce fat intake.
- Reduction in dietary cholesterol.
- Consumption of fruits, vegetables, etc.
- Avoid alcohol & smoking.
- Reduce salt intake.
- Regular exercise.
- Be free from stress & strain.