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![Classifying deaths and
diseases (WHO)
• Communicable diseases [Group I]
– Those where death is directly due to the action of
a communicable agent
• Non-communicable diseases
– Diseases [Group II]
• Cancer, diseases of various organ systems (eg
respiratory, cardiovascular etc.), diabetes, mental health
etc.
– External causes (injuries, poisonings and
violence) [Group III]](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/ncd-nov13-151118060008-lva1-app6891/75/Non-Communicable-Disease-Prevention-and-Mangement-3-2048.jpg)
Uploaded byDr. Nizam Uddin Ahmed
Non Communicable Disease: Prevention and Mangement
Non-communicable diseases (NCDs) constitute the leading cause of death globally, accounting for 63% of deaths in 2011, with significant impacts on economics and public health, especially in low and middle-income countries. The prevalence of NCDs is rising due to factors such as urbanization, unhealthy lifestyles, and ageing populations, necessitating effective prevention strategies. Targeted interventions can greatly reduce the burden of NCDs, highlighting the importance of a multi-sectoral approach to health promotion.
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Non Communicable Disease: Prevention and Mangement
- 1. Non Communicable Diseases (NCDs) 1 Dr.Nizam Uddin Ahmed •Faculty, PHD, North South University •Email: nizam1016@gmail.com
- 2. 2 Outline • Definition • Non-communicabledisease mortality worldwide • The Epidemiological Transition • Major risk factors • Infection and non-communicable diseases • Prevention & Control • Summary
- 3. Classifying deaths and diseases(WHO) • Communicable diseases [Group I] – Those where death is directly due to the action of a communicable agent • Non-communicable diseases – Diseases [Group II] • Cancer, diseases of various organ systems (eg respiratory, cardiovascular etc.), diabetes, mental health etc. – External causes (injuries, poisonings and violence) [Group III]
- 4. What are NCDs? •NCD is a medical condition or disease, which is not infectious • NCDs are diseases or medical conditions with long duration and relatively slow progression • NCDs are usually called “Chronic Diseases”
- 5. Why NCDs AreImportant in Public Health? • 65 million deaths that occurred globally in 2011 • 36 million – 63.2%, almost two thirds – were due to NCDs • 9 million death that occurred among people under age 60 • mainly cardiovascular diseases, cancers, diabetes and chronic lung diseases
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- 14. Public Health Agencyof Canada | Agence de la santé publique du Canada 14 1Except in sub-Saharan Africa. NCDs are an increasing global challenge… Most significant cause of death (63%) worldwide1 Even in African nations, NCDs are rising rapidly, projected to exceed communicable, maternal/perinatal, and nutritional diseases as the most common causes of deaths by 2020 NCDs cause premature deaths under age 60: 13% in high income countries 29% in low middle income countries Source: World Health Organization (WHO). 14
- 15. Public Health Agencyof Canada | Agence de la santé publique du Canada 15 • NCDs represent a major fiscal and productivity risks for the economies of low, middle, and high income countries • NCDs increase income inequities, deplete household wealth, increase health spending and lower labour productivity • Most countries will not be able to address NCD challenge with medical care alone: Prevention is critical …and their impacts extend beyond health. Source: World Bank 2011. 15
- 16. 16 The epidemiologic transition (Omran,1971) Change in the balance of disease in a population from communicable diseases to non-communicable disease
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- 19. 19 Urbanisation 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 1950 1960 19701980 1990 2000 2010 2020 2030 Urbanpopulationas%oftotal North America Latin America & Caribbean Europe Oceania Asia Africa WORLD 2007
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- 21. Drivers of theepidemiological transition in low and middle income countries • Population ageing • Major socio-economic changes (especially urbanisation) – changes in risk factors such as diet, physical activity, smoking etc.
- 22. Public Health Agency ofCanada Agence de la santé publique du Canada The Cost… 22
- 23. Public Health Agencyof Canada | Agence de la santé publique du Canada 23 …and NCD rates are increasing at 14 percent each year. Source: Centre for Chronic Disease Prevention and Control, Public Health Agency of Canada, using POHEM Model, Statistics Canada. 23
- 24. Public Health Agencyof Canada | Agence de la santé publique du Canada 24 COSTS Individual Household Employer Government Health care Out of pocket drugs Lost productivity Disability Economic burden of NCDs …and so is our economy. NCDs cost $190 billion in 2010. 24
- 25. Canada’s declining deathsfrom heart disease due in part to an increase in treatment. Public Health Agency of Canada | Agence de la santé publique du Canada 25 Treating NCDs is costly. Source: Centre for Chronic Disease Prevention and Control, Public Health Agency of Canada, using data from OECD HEALTH DATA 2010; and CMAJ, July 7, 2009 - 1881 (1-2). 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 Expenditures on cardiovascular disease medication (Billion $) Deaths per 100,000 pop. (sdr) Years Deaths Expenditures 25
- 26. Public Health Agencyof Canada | Agence de la santé publique du Canada 26 …but the economic impact goes beyond the health sector. about twice the direct health care costs Direct health care costs in 2010 = $68 billion Indirect costs due to income and productivity losses = $122 billion estimated Source: Centre for Chronic Disease Prevention and Control, Public Health Agency of Canada, using data from the Canadian Institute for Health Information and from the data of the Economic Burden of Illness in Canada, 1986, 1993, 1998. 26
- 27. Public Health Agency ofCanada Agence de la santé publique du Canada The Cost-effectiveness Options… 27
- 28. Source: Global StatusReport on Noncommunicable Diseases 2010, World Health Organization. Public Health Agency of Canada | Agence de la santé publique du Canada 28 NCDs Raised blood pressure Overweight/obesity Raised blood glucose Raised lipids Tobacco use Unhealthy diet Physical inactivity Harmful use of alcohol Globalization Urbanization Population ageing Social Determinants of Health We understand the pathway to NCDs...
- 29. Public Health Agencyof Canada | Agence de la santé publique du Canada 80% of heart disease, diabetes and respiratory diseases and 40% of cancers are preventable by eliminating four common risk factors NCDs Common risk factors Tobacco use Unhealthy diets Physical inactivity Harmful use of alcohol Cardiovascular diseases Diabetes Cancer Respiratory diseases Source: WHO, Raising the priority of non-communicable disease in development work at global and national levels. …and we know prevention is critical.
- 30. Public Health Agencyof Canada | Agence de la santé publique du Canada For every $1 invested in labelling on cigarette packages there is a saving of $52 for the Canadian economy including $8 for Government1 For Worksite Health Promotion, the Atlantic Health and Wellness Institute found that returns per dollar ranged from $1.64 to $3.98 based on employee risk factors after 3 months of intervention2 Intervention for prevention works... Sources: 1Health Canada, 2011. 2Spencer & Associates, 2002. 30
- 31. Public Health Agencyof Canada | Agence de la santé publique du Canada 31 Assessing results of nine prevention approaches, a study using OECD/WHO model predict both the per capita investment costs and their likely outcomes in improving population health. Mainly, the study concluded the best return for the prevention dollar came from a combination of several interventions from public and private sector sources. … and healthy promotion is everyone’s business. Health Outcomes at the Population Level (average effects per year) School-based interventions Mass media campaigns Food advertising self-regulation Food labelling Worksite interventions Food advertising regulation Physician counselling Fiscal measures Physician-dietician counselling 0 10,000 20,000 30,000 40,000 Disability- adjusted life years Life years 31
- 32. Public Health Agency ofCanada Agence de la santé publique du Canada The Macroeconomic options… 32
- 33. Actions by many sectors havean impact on our lifestyles and health. NCDs Agri-food Work Places Transport Economic Development Education Income Urban Planning Environment and Sustainable Development Finance Trade
- 34. Public Health Agency ofCanada Agence de la santé publique du Canada 34 Conclusions…
- 35. Summary • Non-communicable diseasesare now the most common cause of death world wide • Increasing rates in low and middle income countries because of change in lifestyles (urbanisation) • Key risk factors have very large effects • Interventions are effective and can reduce burden • The need to combine results and have large studies 35
- 36. Group Work • Group1: What are causes of NCDs and how to prevent and control? • Group 2: Why Hypertension and Diabetics are increasing and how to prevent and control? • Group 3: NCDs mortality is high, why major programs are not in place? • Group 4: What are major strategies of NCDs prevention and control in Bangladesh? 36
- 37. Acknowledgements • I wouldlike to acknowledge all references that are utilized for this presentation. 37